集体行动视角下的社区规划辨析与实践

存量空间品质提升与社会治理转型的双重时代背景对参与式社区规划提出了更高要求,但当前我国参与式的社区规划仍停留在概念层面,少数实践也多是形式上的,究其原因在于我国对参与式社区规划的基础理论研究不够,对社区规划实践的指引不强。文章从规划供给公共产品的角度着手,引入集体行动的逻辑理论来指引参与式社区规划的编制,并以此为基础对社区规划的对象、目的和手段进行辨析,最后结合武汉市武昌区老旧社区品质提升的项目实践来验证理论运用的可靠性,以期为推进参与式社区规划提供新的思路和经验借鉴。     

上海普陀区万里社区新时代社区规划思考

万里社区曾经是上海先进社区的典范,也是上一轮社区规划中普陀区的试点街道。设计团队作为社区规划师加入到万里社区的新一轮规划中。规划过程中以上海市、区政府提出的社区规划导则为依据,以提升社区服务水平和居民生活水平为核心思想,研究社区发展后期的规划手段。以万里社区规划为例,提出新时代社区规划应聚焦于进一步提升公众参与、提升设施服务品质及平衡成本投入。     

社会治理创新视角下的社区规划及其地方途径 ——以重庆市渝中区石油路街道社区发展规划为例

党的十八大三中全会提出“实现国 家治理能力的现代化”改革目标,应对新型 城镇化内涵式发展要求。社区是社会生活的 基本单元,也是社会治理的基石,社区规划 是社区发展的有效途径。从社区治理层面延 展社区规划内涵具有理论和实践意义。本文 从社区、社区规划与社会治理三个基本概念 辨析出发,探讨社区规划深入社会治理创新 的基础和机遇;同时以重庆市首个城市社区 发展规划为例,论述社会治理创新视角下社 区规划的地方途径。研究认为,公众全过程 参与社区规划和有效的行动计划是实现社区 治理乃至社区发展的关键;由于地方自然、 人文和经济水平的巨大差异,探索社区规划 的地方途径是社区规划价值得以真正实现的 根本保障。     

从地方到全球:美国社区规划100年

在过去的一个世纪中,美国城市规划者以社区规划为尺度和规划手段来应对复杂的社会问题。本文回顾美国百年以来社区规划历程及演变,关注改变社区物质环境来服务于宏观社会目标。本文综述了六种对规划领域产生重要影响的社区规划形式。佩里的邻里单元模式,为规划者提供了设计好社区的模板,并且引入了社区设计能够影响社区感的概念。城市更新计划,让规划者理解了采取空间途径解决社会问题的局限性,并且认识到邻里社会网络的重要价值及社区居民参与的重要性。社区行动计划为市民参与提供了新的形式,但也表现出一定的局限性,社区行动计划也引入了真正综合的再开发规划。社区经济发展,展示了社区规划及其实施活动能成功地委派给社区组织。市政府支持的社区规划为近来提升的市民参与提供了良好的机制。而最新的社区规划形式,将关注点转向了鼓励步行、利用公共交通、促进社会交往以及创造社区感。回顾美国百年来社区规划的启示在于,它使规划者关注邻里设计是怎样影响城市宜居性和社会行为的,如何在规划制定过程中将市民参与制度化,以及如何在物质开发的基础上考虑社会、经济、政治和环境等相关话题。进入21世纪,社区规划比以往任何时候都更重要,因为它除了传统上关注贫困和社会歧视等社会平等话题之外,更结合城市面临的新挑战,强调融入能源保护、减少温室气体排放等新视角。     

福清玉屏街道社区整合发展规划

加强对社区规划内容和方法的研究,对构建以社区为单元的和谐社会有着积极的作用。本文以福清市玉屏街道社区规划为例,探讨了如何从社区的资源整合、组织管理优化、社区文化和规划实施四个方面来提升社区的居住生活品质、城区环境、社区归属感和凝聚力。     

北京市保障性住房居住满意度提升对策研究

本文以建立的保障性住房居住满意度评价指标体系为工具,通过对北京市五种类型的保障性住房开展典型小区问卷调研,获得数据样本;基于模糊综合评价法对数据进行计算和分析,并进行了各维度的居住满意度评价结果对比分析;基于分析结果,尝试性地提出了提升居住满意度的对策与建议,从保障房的建设及发展层面、保障房的改善及提升、运营及管理三个层面,提出了合理规划选址、完善周边交通与配套、提高保障房性价比、满足住户期望值、提升居住环境的品质、改善和维护社区环境、增强社区管理与服务以及提升居住者的归属感针对性优化建议,为促进北京市住房保障体系平稳与健康发展提供参考。     

新社区规划:美好环境共同缔造

在城市社会转型时期村庄空心化、产业不景气等系列问题不断显现的背景下,厦门提出了美好环境共同缔造的行动计划。本文以乡村社区为研究基本单元,在阐述社区发展过程中,物质环境、人的活动与社会的关系内涵的基础上,分析了新社区规划的工作路径;以厦门市海沧区西山社为案例,从空间环境、群众参与两个方面展现了公众参与促进农村社区活动,空间营造重构社会关系的新社区规划过程;并得出结论:新社区规划是行之有效的村庄规划与治理模式,村庄规划应向社区规划转型,从"蓝图导向出发"转向"问题导向出发"、从"注重空间结构"转向"注重社会关系"、从"编制物质规划"转向"商定行动计划"。     

对我国社区规划的思考

随着经济转型及现代化程度的加速,社区与家庭和个人利益关系更加紧密,城市社区层面将集中反映众多社会问题,社区规划将是每位规划师和设计师都重视和研究课题。因此,从社区、社区发展、社区规划及对策四个方面讨论我国当前和未来社区规划和发展中应关注的社会空间重构,社区规划的公众参与、社区组织完善、社区管理和服务的问题。     

西雅图社区规划的编制、实施机制及其启示

西雅图社区规划编制通过市政府自上而下的顶层设计与公众自下而上的自主行动共同完成;在实施阶段通过调整行政架构加强部门合作、以规划资金引导公众参与、纳入法定规划程序,从而强化了社区规划的实施效力,成为社区规划实施机制中的典范。对比我国"三规"(总体规划、控制性详细规划、修建性详细规划)体系无法完全解决人居环境与社区发展的问题,借鉴西雅图经验,可通过引入社区规划理念构建多主题的规划实施框架,并确定社区规划的法定地位以完善"三规"体系,保证社区规划有效实施。     

上海市社区规划建设研究

社区是城市的细胞,社区建设和管理是城市建设管理的基础,加强社区建设和管理是上海市组织落实实施跨世纪宏伟发展目标的重要举措。本文将社区作为研究城市规划建设与城币更新的基本单位,目标是将居住区规划向社区规划延伸,将城市旧区改建规划与社区规划相结合,将社会学引入城市规划学科,并提出一整套详尽的社区规划指标体系,以取代原有的居住区公建配套指标体系,使社区规划能从目前的物质规划向社会发展规划转变,做到规划为公众服务,为社会公正服务。     

公租房住区公共服务设施需求特征及规划对策 ——以重庆 “民心佳园”公租房住区为例

公租房解决了中低收入人群和新就业人员等“夹心层”的住房问题,但公租房住区的公共服务设施规划缺乏针对性,供应滞后.本文即以重庆公租房住区“民心佳园”为实地调研基础,分析居民的群体特征及其对不同类型公共服务设施的特殊需求,以及设施的发展规律,以满意度评价了解现阶段各类设施配置的可接受程度.从居民需求视角构建公租房社区发展过程中生存型、参与型及发展型三个设施的需求层级,归纳居民对设施“差异化”、“便捷性”和品质提升的需求,并针对这些特点提出跟踪规划实效满足差异化的需求,倡导区域统筹与公交导向相结合,住区发展确定建设时序实现分类规划指导的规划策略.     

Accessibility of Services and Facilities for Residents in Public Housing in Urban Areas of Ogun State, Nigeria

Against the backdrop of the need to improve accessibility of services and infrastructural facilities for urban residents in Nigeria, this study examined the accessibility of services and facilities for urban residents in newly constructed public housing in Ogun State, Southwest Nigeria. The study was based on household surveys and data were collected from 452 respondents in nine public housing estates constructed between 2003 and 2010 in urban centers in the study area using structured questionnaire and observation schedule. It was observed that although the majority of households in the housing estates have good access to human waste disposal system, accessibility to refuse bins, treated water, electricity, and public transport services as well as educational, shopping, recreational, healthcare, drainage, and other vital facilities is poor. One instructive finding of this study is that more emphasis is given to the production of dwelling units than accessibility to basic services and facilities for residents in public housing schemes in the study area. The paper suggests that to improve the quality of public housing and living standard of residents, policy action is required to compel public housing developers to provide basic services and facilities in housing schemes in Nigerian cities.     

Livability of subsidized housing estates in marketized socialist China: An institutional interpretation

To cope with the increasingly severe problem of housing unaffordability brought about by marketization reforms, the government of marketized socialist China has adopted a nationwide policy of constructing large-scale subsidized housing estates. However, the livability of these housing estates is yet to be investigated. Improvements in the livability of these estates must be based on an in-depth understanding of institutional forces and processes. A household survey of 11 subsidized housing estates suggests that the unfavorable quality of built environments, largely owing to the spatially and socially isolated locations, cannot meet the actual needs of low-income residents. The inheritance from the socialist planned economy, including the bureaucratic administrative system, limited and inefficient negotiations between government departments, and a limited and unstable supply of land that rooted in the land marketization reform, has significantly influenced the provision of subsidized housing as well as its livability.     

城市社区公共服务设施规划标准与实施单元研究--以武汉市为例

城市社区公共服务设施的设置规划及实施是城市建设和社区发展的重要组成部分.在梳理了各种社区发展规划理念和居住政策导向后,从基础数据葺的实证调查和统计分析入手,重点考察了武汉市城市社区公共服务设施的配置现状和居民对其的需求现状,参照建设部、北京和上海等地的城市居住区公共服务设施的设计规范,着重研究了武汉市城市社区公共服务设施的规划项目、标准和实施单元,提出了具有一般意义的城市社区公共服务设施规划标准和实施单元建议.     

Social Cohesiveness of Disadvantaged Communities in Urban South Korea: The Impact of the Physical Environment

This paper examines the impact of the physical environment and residents' perception and use of the environment settings on the social cohesiveness of disadvantaged communities in South Korea. Multiple regression and qualitative analysis were applied based on the data collected in four public rental housing estates in Seoul accommodating the lowest income households. This paper argues that social cohesiveness could be operationalised in shared norms and trust, attachment to housing estate and social networking. It was found that the characteristics of social cohesiveness were different across the same type of public rental housing estates, and that this variance was partly due to the different conditions of the physical environment. It was also found that a more positive perception of the physical environment and the more frequent use of facilities generally enhanced community cohesiveness. Desirable land use mix and housing types around the housing estates, preferable community facilities, housing block design and more effective refurbishment programmes within the estates were recommended.     

Achieving Social Justice in Estate Regeneration: The Impact of Physical Image Construction

Like many other countries, Australia is grappling with the issues around the future of large public housing estates. This paper explores questions about physical image construction in six estates undergoing regeneration. Whilst improved housing amenity and image of the areas are crucial components of estate regeneration, it is argued that these aspects will not automatically benefit existing socio-economically disadvantaged residents. In the current political context, three key questions are raised: (1) In whose images the estates are being recreated, housing authorities, private property developers or residents?; (2) Whether the physical images are being imposed or democratised and used for the purposes of community development?; and (3) What the overall consequences and housing policy implications are likely to be? It is argued that the entry of market capital and the buying and selling of place through physical image reconstruction, to attract more affluent residents to the estates, is likely to add to rather than ameliorate the inequality of current public housing residents.     

外围大型居住社区居民出行特征分析

外围大型居住社区是上海市的快速发展地区,其交通需求产生和分布、交通设慈供给等均对上海交通产生重要的影响。通过入户问卷调查获取数据,分析了外围大型居住社区居民的出行行为特征。研究发现,外围大型居住社区居民的出行将长期依赖于公共交通;外围大型居住社区居民与中心城居民的出行差异较大,出行更为不便,且柔性出行需求受到抑制;外围大型居住社区的公共交通配套较为落后,居民公共交通出行的满意度较低,必须优化其公交线网并为其提供更为先进的公交管理技术。研究结果为外围大型居住社区的交通规划,尤其是公共交通规划提供了决策支持。     

Livability in dense residential neighbourhoods of Dhaka

Prime cities in developing countries, like Dhaka experience haphazard and intense horizontal densification. The livability of dense neighbourhoods needs to be investigated, particularly, the role of housing and planning in mitigating density problems and capitalizing the advantages of high-density living. This article argues that housing form and planned community facilities giving respect to socio-cultural practices can significantly influence Dhaka’s livability. Also, a wider definition of housing should be adopted to facilitate improvements in livability. As well, an integrated approach of residential planning is important in intensified housing development projects or planning for dense areas, encompassing housing standards, community facilities, public transport, open space provision and socio-cultural habits. This paper recommends the Bangladeshi Government to ensure enforcement of residential plans, to establish density zones in Dhaka’s main urban areas to guide spatial and transport development and neighbourhood facility provision, and to give greater respect for cultural practices in neighbourhood planning.     

国外城市规划中公众参与的经验及启示

分析提炼了国外城市规划公众参与的经验:公众参与具有法律保障;城市规划相关信息透明公开;制订了详细的公众参与程序;公众参与方式多样,并因规划阶段而异;社区组织和居民团体在公众参与中发挥了主体作用;提高公众参与能力。在分析的基础上,结合我国的具体国情,提出了促进我国城市规划中公众参与进一步发展的几点启示。     

试论居住社区环境人文品质的营造

在城市住房问题及住区环境质量得到极大改善与提高的同时,人们对居住环境中的人本性、文化性及社会性等综合品质的关注程度日益增强,创造良好的精神文化与生活家园的成为居住环境营造的新目标。文章从关注居住社区环境的社会关系与空间系统的研究出发,从人的行为与需求的角度,论述了居民的理想的居住环境的人文特征与实质内容,从居住社区的空间组织与社会文化角度提出了具体的营造原则、体系、设计途径、以及公众参与机制。