Life cycle assessment and economic analysis of HFC-134a production from natural gas compared with oil-based and coal-based production

China is the largest producer and consumer of HFC-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) in the world. Coal-based route is mainly adopted to produce HFC-134a, which suffers from large waste and CO₂ emissions. Natural gas is a low-carbon and clean energy resource, and no research has been found on the environment and economy of producing HFC-134a from natural gas. In this study, CML 2001 method was used to carry out the life cycle assessment of natural gas (partial oxidation)-based and natural gas (plasma cracking)-based routes (abbreviated as gas(O)-based and gas(P)-based routes, respectively), and their environmental performances were compared with coal-based and oil-based routes. Meanwhile, considering that China is vigorously promoting the transformation of energy structure, and the application of electric heating equipment to replace fossil-based heating equipment in industrial field, which has a great impact on the environmental performance of the production processes, the authors conducted a scenario analysis. The results showed that the gas(O)-based route had the most favourable environmental benefits. However, the gas(P)-based route had the highest potential for reducing environmental burdens, and its environmental benefit was the most favourable in scenario 2050. Additionally, the economic performance of the gas(P)-based route was significantly better than that of gas(O)-based and coal-based routes.     

CO2 mineralization of carbide slag for the production of light calcium carbonates

The production of polyvinyl chloride by calcium carbide method is a typical chemical process with high coal consumption, leading to massive flue gas and carbide slag emissions. Currently, the carbide slag with high CaO content is usually stacked in residue field, easily draining away with the rain and corroding the soil. In this work, we coupled the treatment of flue gas and carbide slag to propose a facile CO₂ mineralization route to prepare light calcium carbonate. And the route feasibility was comprehensively evaluated via experiments and simulation. Through experimental investigation, the Ca²⁺ leaching and mineralization reaction parameters were determined. Based on the experiment, a process was built and optimized through Aspen Plus, and the energy was integrated to obtain the overall process energy and material consumption. Finally, the net CO₂ emission reduction rate of the entire process through the life-cycle assessment method was analyzed. Moreover, the relationship between the parameters and the CO₂ emission life-cycle assessment was established. The final optimization results showed that the mineralization process required 1154.69 kW·h·(t CO₂)^-1 of energy (including heat energy of 979.32 kW·h·(t CO₂)^-1 and electrical energy of 175.37 kW·h·(t CO₂)^-1), and the net CO₂ emission reduction rate was 35.8%. The light CaCO₃ product can be sold as a high value-added product. According to preliminary economic analysis, the profit of mineralizing can reach more than 2,100 CNY·(t CO₂)^-1.     

煤制乙炔关键中间体BaC2合成的热力学分析

煤制电石(CaC₂)乙炔工艺在我国煤化工行业中占有重要地位。但其关键中间体CaC₂的工业生产过程具有反应温度高、能耗大、CO₂排放严重等问题,严重制约了电石及下游相关产业的发展。开发绿色环保的煤制电石替代工艺具有重要意义。本研究提出采用BaC₂替代CaC₂作为煤制乙炔工艺的关键中间体,从热力学角度分析了BaC₂合成反应体系的特点,并在1550℃进行了合成BaC₂的实验验证。结果表明,以BaC₂替代CaC₂为煤制乙炔的关键中间体、通过BaCO₃-BaC₂-Ba(OH)₂-BaCO₃的钡循环将碳和二氧化碳转化为乙炔和一氧化碳的新路线,具有反应温度低、零CO₂排放、联产CO、固废排放少等优点,可以为现代煤化工的绿色发展提供新的思路。     

离子液体电还原CO2合成甲醇过程评价与分析

CO₂电还原合成化学品因反应条件温和、可利用分布式清洁能源等优势成为国际热点,被视为缓解全球变暖和能源危机的有效途径之一,对该类技术潜在经济及环境效益进行系统评估,可为新技术工业应用提供重要支撑。本文以离子液体电还原CO₂制甲醇工艺为例,首先进行概念设计和建模,建立了基于生命周期的工艺经济性及碳排放评价模型,获得了离子液体电还原CO₂制甲醇工艺的盈利前景和碳减排潜力。通过灵敏度分析,确定了例如法拉第效率、电费及槽电压等影响工艺经济性的关键技术参数。结果表明,与传统煤制甲醇工艺相比,离子液体电还原CO₂制甲醇工艺兼具一定的经济效益与碳减排潜力。在最佳假设前提下,新工艺可节约成本约11.67%。若完全采用可再生能源提供电力,则可实现生命周期内的负碳排放,即每生产1kg甲醇最高可消纳1.29kg CO₂。本研究为低碳合成甲醇变革性技术的研发提供了重要参考。     

微型流化床中生物质半焦水蒸气气化反应特性及动力学研究

利用微型流化床反应分析仪考察了1123~1223 K及10%~40%蒸汽分压(SP)条件下生物质半焦-水蒸气气化的反应特性并计算动力学。结果表明：升高温度和SP有利于缩短反应时间,提高产物(H₂、CO和CO₂)生成率及总C转化率。低温(1123 K)下,反应受SP影响较大,以H₂最为明显,增幅达1.97倍;在1223 K、SP≥20%条件下,因受活性位点制约,SP对反应影响较小。随温度升高,CO/CO₂体积产率比呈现出先减小后增大趋势;在1123 K和1173 K下,随SP升高,CO/CO₂的体积产率比值降低;在1223 K下,该值维持在1.25左右。采用缩核模型求取不同SP下总碳转化活化能(E_a)在71.29~76.78 kJ/mol范围内,H₂、CO₂和CO的生成活化能分别在95.44~101.82、83.56~89.35和70.41~74.86 kJ/mol之间。测试结果弥补了现有分析仪难以测定气化过程中气体产物生成特性和动力学的局限性。     

二氧化碳加氢逆水汽变换反应的研究进展

化石能源的热能利用产生大量的CO₂,破坏了地球生态系统中的碳平衡,严重威胁人类的可持续发展。利用可再生能源产生的氢气与CO₂通过逆水汽变换（RWGS）反应产生CO可以作为F-T合成的主要原料,有望部分替代煤制合成气路线,与此同时还是解决“弃风”、“弃光”等问题的有效方案之一。本文归纳了近年来研究RWGS反应所使用的催化体系,包括负载型金属催化剂、复合氧化物催化剂和过渡金属碳化物催化剂;介绍了在不同催化剂上RWGS反应的反应机理。重点分析了影响CO₂加氢制CO选择性的因素,包括催化剂活性组分的颗粒尺寸、载体效应、助剂、反应条件等以及如何提高催化剂的高温稳定性。总结了RWGS反应在不同催化体系上的优缺点,可为进一步设计高性能的RWGS反应催化剂提供借鉴。     

吸附强化蒸汽重整制氢中CO2固体吸附剂的研究进展

吸附强化蒸汽重整（SESR）制氢技术是集重整反应（H₂生产）和选择性分离（CO₂吸附）于一体的新型技术。该技术的特点为采用固体吸附剂在高温下对CO₂进行原位脱除,以改变反应的正常平衡极限,提高烃类转化率,提高H₂产量,减少CO₂排放。在整个SESR制氢技术中,吸附剂的选择与反应条件至关重要。本文探讨了CaO、水滑石、Li₂ZrO₃、Li₂SiO₃以及双功能吸附剂在SESR制氢过程中的性能,总结了提高这些吸附剂吸附性能的不同方法。确定了固体吸附剂的反应条件,如温度、压力、水蒸气量等因素的影响及相关的反应机理。分析表明,CaO基吸附剂由于其低廉的价格及较高的吸附能力,被认为是最具潜力的吸附剂,然而在SESR制氢过程中,CaO基吸附剂面临着多次循环再生后吸附能力衰减的挑战。集吸附与催化双重功能的吸附催化材料由于可以克服SESR制氢中不同固体催化剂和吸附剂的匹配问题、降低所用固体材料的成本,从而使其在吸附强化蒸汽重整制氢方面具有巨大优势,并成为该领域未来研究的一个重要方向。     

农林废弃物气化合成混合醇生命周期环境影响分析

生物质热化学气化合成混合醇技术具有工艺相对简单、产物的能源化工应用广泛等优点,为准确评价该技术的资源能源消耗、辨析合成燃料的环境性能,基于生命周期分析框架和ReCiPe2016中点评价方法,对农林废弃玉米秸秆和木屑经气化、催化合成混合醇工艺的清单和9种环境影响类型开展分析和比较。结果表明：农林业阶段均为环境影响的主要阶段,秸秆混合醇生命周期影响高于木屑混合醇。前者的臭氧层耗竭潜值、海洋和淡水富营养化潜值、全球变暖潜值均为木屑混合醇相应结果的9倍以上。废弃物原料高碳含量和高混合醇收率有利于降低资源消耗和环境影响。与石化汽油相比,秸秆和木屑混合醇的全球变暖和化石能源消耗潜值均降低40%以上。     

Alkylation of benzene with carbon dioxide to low-carbon aromatic hydrocarbons over bifunctional Zn-Ti/HZSM-5 catalyst

Alkylation of benzene to value-added,high octane number and low toxic toluene and xylenes provides a way to lower benzene content in gasoline pool,and is hence a method to promote fuel quality.On the other hand,CO₂ accumulation in the atmosphere causes global warming and requires effective route for its valorization.Utilization of CO₂ as a carbon source for benzene alkylation could achieve both goals.Herein,alkylation of benzene with CO₂ and H2 was realized by a series of low-cost bifunctional catalysts containing zinc/titanium oxides(Zn/Ti oxides)and HZSM-5 molecular sieves in a fixed-bed reactor.By regulating and controlling oxygen vacancies of Zn/Ti oxides and the acidities of HZSM-5,benzene conversion and CO₂ conversion reached 28.7%and 29.9%respectively,along with a total selectivity of toluene and xylene higher than 90%.In this process,more than 25%CO₂ was effectively utilized and incorporated into the target products.Moreover,the mechanism of the reaction was analyzed and the course was simultaneously traced.CO₂ was transformed into methanol firstly,and then methanol reacted with benzene generating toluene and xylene.The innovation provides a new method for upgrading of fuels and upcycling the emissions of CO₂,which is of great environmental and economic benefits.     

鼓泡床中电石渣加速碳酸化分析与响应面优化

搭建了鼓泡床碳酸化反应器,研究常温常压下电石渣直接液相碳酸化矿化封存CO₂的能力,揭示了重要操作参数表观气速、液固比和CO₂浓度对电石渣矿化封存CO₂能力和碳酸化效率的影响规律。同时构建响应面模型,分析各参数对电石渣碳酸化效率的影响强度,优化获得最大碳酸化效率及相应操作工况。结果表明,增加气速有利于钙离子溶解和CO₂吸收,但反应器中过高气速易导致气相通道效应,不利于气液充分接触。当液固比降低,溶液中钙离子浓度提高,更有利于碳酸化反应,但液固比过低会影响固液间传质。适当增加CO₂浓度有利于提高碳酸化效率,但CO₂浓度增至到一定值后,对碳酸化效率影响降低。响应面建模分析发现,各因素对碳酸化效率影响顺序为：液固比>CO₂浓度>表观气速。优化结果发现碳酸化效率最高为93.58%,工况为表观气速0.07m/s,液固比为8.26mL/g和CO₂体积分数为20.91%。研究可知,鼓泡床中常温常压下电石渣直接液相加速碳酸化反应,具有较大的CO₂固定量和高的碳酸化效率,实验结果为电石渣加速矿化封存CO₂技术的发展提供了基础数据。     

加快生物质废弃物吸附增强制可再生氢气

作为全球性的优质能源载体,氢的主要生产方式包括碳氢化合物（例如天然气、煤炭和生物质）的热化学过程以及使用电力来源与可再生能源（如风能或太阳能等）的水电解过程。目前的水电解技术在大规模制氢方面经济竞争力亟待提升。本文指出：为了在2060年实现碳中和,迫切需要开发绿氢制备新技术,大力发展可再生制氢和低碳制氢。具有碳捕集、利用和封存的碳氢化合物低碳制氢（蓝色）技术将占重要地位,随后逐步转向可再生制氢（绿色）,并有望全面实现零碳制氢,进而对长期低碳化社会的发展至关重要。文章提出我国生物质资源非常丰富,但生物质废弃物制氢的技术成熟度仍然较低,迫切需要开发从生物质中高效生产可再生氢气的新技术,以显著提高氢气产量并降低成本;吸附增强反应代表了一种可用于可持续生产氢的有前景的新技术;氢气的产率和纯度可以通过过程强化得到显著提高,制氢过程的强化可以在多功能反应器中实现,其中重整和/或气化、水煤气变换和CO₂移除步骤可将重整/水煤气变换反应催化剂和CO₂捕集剂混合而集成到一个反应器中。最后指出：由于该过程潜力巨大,因此应助推耦合气化和吸附增强反应过程从生物质废弃物中生产可再生氢气的工艺过程,以加快推进碳中和进程。     

CO2加氢一步制二甲醚展望

CO₂加氢制二甲醚（DME）是有潜力实现CO₂资源化利用的重要途径之一。与光、电催化相比,CO₂的非均相催化转化具有转化效率高等优点,但目前CO₂加氢一步制备DME催化剂的反应活性较低、稳定性较差。本文在简要介绍CO₂加氢一步制DME的铜基双功能催化剂、复合氧化物和氮化镓催化剂的基础上,重点总结了活性中心结构和反应机理的研究进展。对于铜基双功能催化剂,CO₂加氢经甲醇中间体合成DME,其中还原态铜（Cu⁰、Cu⁺及Cu ^δ+,0<δ<2）是其催化活性中心,且还原态铜的分散度及稳定性、固体酸的性质和酸性位分布以及两类活性中心的耦合效应是决定DME收率和催化剂稳定性的关键因素。与此相反,DME是氮化镓催化CO₂加氢的初级产物。这与铜基双功能催化剂有着本质区别,属新催化剂体系。在此基础上,文章对CO₂加氢制DME的可能研究方向进行了展望,认为“二甲醚经济”更具发展潜力。     

Direct carboxylation of thiophene with CO2 in the solvent-free carboxylate-carbonate molten medium: Experimental and mechanistic insights

A feasible synthesis route is devised for realizing direct carboxylation of thiophene and CO₂ in a relatively mild solvent-free carboxylate-assisted carbonate(semi) molten medium.The effects of reaction factors on product yield are investigated,and the phase behavior analysis of the reaction medium is detected through the thermal characterization techniques.Product yield varies with the alternative carboxylate co-salts,which is attributed to the difference in deprotonation capacity ca...     

二氧化碳矿化养护混凝土技术及新型材料研究进展

CO₂矿化养护技术利用早期成型后的混凝土材料和CO₂之间的碳酸化反应和产物沉积过程实现产品力学强度等特性的提升,主要关注的是预养护/早期水化成型后的混凝土中胶凝成分和CO₂之间的矿化反应（即加速碳酸化）。此过程中胶凝材料的水化过程不再是强度形成的主要反应,因此为了充分实现矿化成型和CO₂固定,实现环境效益最大化,研究者近几年积极开发具有CO₂矿化潜力的碱金属矿物材料,并探究其反应后对于混凝土微观结构和性能的促进效应。本文综述了CO₂矿化养护技术在新型混凝土材料方面的研究进展,分别对传统混凝土采用的水化活性硅酸钙材料、水化惰性硅酸钙材料、镁基水泥材料以及工业固废材料等进行了具体介绍,比较了在不同材料与CO₂反应特性以及养护后建材制品性能优化方面的最新成果,并对CO₂矿化养护技术的后续发展进行了展望。主要建议：一是着眼于微观反应机制和矿物材料特性,开发有效的矿化反应强化方法;二是开发水化惰性的低钙硅比硅酸钙材料;三是将工业固废资源化与矿化养护技术结合,实现固废和气废利用流程耦合,推进特定工艺开发和装置研发。     

Pyrolyzing soft template-containing poly(ionic liquid) into hierarchical N-doped porous carbon for electroreduction of carbon dioxide

Heteroatom-doped carbon materials have demonstrated great potential in the electrochemical reduction reaction of CO₂ (CO₂RR) due to their versatile structure and function. However, rational structure control remains one challenge. In this work, we reported a unique carbon precursor of soft template-containing porous poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) that was directly synthesized via free-radical self-polymerization of ionic liquid monomer in a soft template route. Variation of the carbonization temperature in a direct pyrolysis process without any additive yielded a series of carbon materials with facile adjustable textural properties and N species. Significantly, the integration of soft-template in the PIL precursor led to the formation of hierarchical porous carbon material with a higher surface area and larger pore size than that from the template-free precursor. In CO₂RR to CO, the champion catalyst gave a Faraday efficiency of 83.0% and a current density of 1.79 mA·cm^-2 at -0.9 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (vs. RHE). The abundant graphite N species and hierarchical pore structure, especially the unique hierarchical small-/ultra-micropores were revealed to enable better CO₂RR performance.     

ALTERNATIVE GENERATION OF H2, CO AND H2, CO2 MIXTURES FROM STEAM-CARBON DIOXIDE REFORMING OF METHANE AND THE WATER GAS SHIFT WITH PERMEABLE (MEMBRANE) REACTORS

A new process is proposed which converts CO₂ and CH₄ containing gas streams to synthesis gas, a mixture of CO and H₂ via the catalytic reaction scheme of steam-carbon dioxide reforming of methane or the respective one of only carbon dioxide reforming of methane, in permeable (membrane) reactors. The membrane reformer (permreactor) can be made by reactive or inert materials such as metal alloys, microporous ceramics, glasses and composites which all are hydrogen permselective. The rejected CO reacts with steam and converted catalytically to CO₂ and H₂ via the water gas shift in a consecutive permreactor made by similar to the reformer materials and alternatively by high glass transition temperature polymers. Both permreactors can recover H₂ in permeate by using metal membranes, and H₂ rich mixtures by using ceramic, glass and composite type permselective membranes. H₂ and CO₂ can be recovered simultaneously in water gas shift step after steam condensation by using organic polymer membranes. Product yields are increased through permreactor equilibrium shift and reaction separation process integration.

CO and H₂ can be combined in first step to be used for chemical synthesis or as fuel in power generation cycles. Mixtures of CO₂ and H₂ in second step can be used for synthesis as well (e.g., alternative methanol synthesis) and as direct feed in molten carbonate fuel cells. Pure H₂ from the above processes can be used also for synthesis or as fuel in power systems and fuel cells. The overall process can be considered environmentally benign because it offers an in-situ abatement of the greenhouse CO₂ and CH₄ gases and related hydrocarbon-CO₂ feedstocks (e.g., coal, landfill, natural, flue gases), through chemical reactions, to the upgraded calorific value synthesis gas and H₂, H₂ mixture products.     

电化学二氧化碳还原制甲酸催化剂的研究进展

随着日益增长的能源需求,人类社会对于传统碳基化石能源过度依赖,不仅加速了地球上有限能源储备的消耗,还导致大气中二氧化碳(CO₂)不断累积。如何对二氧化碳进行可持续的捕获再利用,实现高效的零碳网络循环,已成为人类亟需解决的重大挑战之一。近年来,使用绿色可持续电力的电化学二氧化碳还原反应(CO₂RR)生产增值化学品成为研究热点。本文首先介绍了CO₂RR的基本电化学反应原理;然后总结了电化学还原CO₂制备甲酸/甲酸盐的主要金属基催化剂,着重介绍了Bi、Sn、In三类金属基催化剂的设计调控策略;进一步概括了电化学相关的原位表征手段,分别介绍了原位光谱技术和原位X射线表征技术;最后对电催化二氧化碳还原研究领域的未来发展进行了展望。     

普通小球藻固定模拟烟气中CO2的实验研究

大气中CO₂浓度增加造成的全球变暖已成为一个严峻的环境问题,利用微藻生物固碳法减排CO₂正成为研究热点.本文以普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris,FACHB-1227)为研究对象,采用SE无碳培养基,在沿程曝气型套管式光生物反应器中通入含不同体积分数CO₂(5%、10%、15%和20%)的模拟烟气培养小球藻,培养周期为17天,以细胞密度和平均固碳速率为检测指标,研究模拟烟气下普通小球藻生长情况及固碳能力.实验结果表明:当模拟烟气中CO₂体积分数为10%时,普通小球藻的细胞密度达到最大值8.76×10⁶cells/mL,相比于5%组、15%组和20%组分别提高了54.23%、66.86%和76.97%;其平均固碳速率达最大值30.18mg/(L·d),较5%组、15%组和20%组分别提高了57.27%、70.89%和81.91%.可见,在模拟烟气中CO₂体积分数为10%时,普通小球藻的生长情况和固碳性能最好.     

含钙镁废渣综合利用的现状及展望

钙镁型废渣可分为氢氧化钙型、碳酸钙型,根据其中镁含量高低,又可分为高镁型和低镁型,只有高镁型废渣才需要对镁元素进行分离回收;常见的钙镁型废渣有电石渣、碱渣、皂化废渣、磷尾矿等。对钙镁型废渣充分综合利用的现状总结归纳为：氢氧化钙型废渣需通过浸取、过滤分离、浸取液碳化等主要化学物理分离步骤;碳酸钙型废渣需要经过煅烧分解、消化浸取、过滤分离、浸取液碳化等化学物理分离步骤,就可实现将钙元素以轻质碳酸钙（PCC）的形式分离出来;如果是高镁型废渣,则需要增加残渣中氢氧化镁的二氧化碳碳化、过滤分离、氨水沉淀分离或碳酸氢镁热解等化学物理步骤来实现镁元素的分离回收。展望未来,钙镁型废渣充分综合利用是一类兼具环境效益、社会效益和经济效益的循环经济项目,值得关注、重视与推广。     

氨碱厂碱渣充分综合利用新技术的研究

以碱渣和二氧化碳为主要原料,通过煅烧反应、消化反应、氯化铵浸取反应、二氧化碳碳化反应、分解反应等工艺步骤,将钙元素和镁元素从碱渣中分离出来,分别得到纯度为99.9%的高纯度轻质碳酸钙、98.9%的碳酸镁和不溶性中性残渣3个产品。新技术使碱渣得到了充分综合利用、母液循环利用和三废零排放,这无疑是碱渣综合利用技术的新突破。其主要原料成本为零,主要成本就是水、电、燃料、设备折旧、人工工资、少量添加剂等,可预期具有良好的环境效益、社会效益和经济效益。新技术一旦实现工业化,结合蒸氨废液资源利用专利技术,将打破氨碱厂可持续发展桎梏和瓶颈。