气固流化床内射流穿透深度的CFD模拟及其实验验证

在经典的Gidaspow无黏性双流体模型中考虑离散颗粒对流体和固体动量守恒方程的影响后,建立了一个具有模拟大规模流化床内气固两相流体动力学特性潜在优势的简化数学模型。在CFX4.4商业化软件平台上通过增加用户自定义子程序考察了二维气固流化床(高2.00 m、宽0.30 m)内射流气速、喷嘴尺寸、环隙气速和静床高度对射流穿透深度的影响,并以树脂颗粒(粒径670 μm、密度1474 kg·m^-3)为研究对象在厚度为0.025 m的矩形床内进行了对比实验。结果表明,选取空隙率为0.8的等高线作为射流边界比较合适;射流穿透深度随射流气速或射流喷口尺寸的增加而增大;射流周围环隙气速由0变到最小流化速度时,射流穿透深度随环隙气速增加而增大,在最小流化速度时达到最大值,然后随环隙气速增加单调减小,当环隙气速大于2.5倍最小流化速度时,射流穿透深度减小程度变缓;在相同射流气速下射流穿透深度随着静床高度的增加而减小,静床高度对射流穿透深度的影响随着射流气速增加呈现扩大的趋势。     

气固可压缩湍射流中颗粒扩散的直接数值模拟

A numerical method was developed to directly simulate the compressible, particle-laden turbulent jets.The fourth order compact finite difference schemes were used to discretize the space derivatives. The Lagrangian method was adopted to simulate the particle motion based on one-way coupling. It is found that the turbulent intensity profiles attain self-similar status in the jet downstream regions. At the Stokes number of 1, particles are concentrated largely in the outer boundaries of the large-scale vortex structures with the most uneven distribution and the widest dispersion in the lateral direction. Particles at the much smaller Stokes numbers are distributed evenly in the flow field, and the lateral dispersion is also considerable. Distribution of particles at much larger Stokes numbers is more uniform and the lateral dispersion becomes small. In addition, the inflow conditions have different effects on the particle dispersion. The direct numerical simulation (DNS) results accord with the previous experiments and numerical studies.     

气固多相旋转射流的数值模拟研究

以气固多相旋转射流的偏微分方程组为基础,针对采用k-ε双方程湍流模型模拟旋转湍流场尚存的不足,本文通过对湍流耗散率方程修正的方法,数值模拟研究了气相湍流场、颗粒运动轨迹和轴向速度分布规律,开发研制出相应的通用计算软件,其预测结果与LDV实测值吻合较好.     

扩散过滤燃烧火焰特性

扩散过滤燃烧是新的燃烧技术,具有扩散燃烧和预混过滤燃烧的某些特性。通过二维双温模型,使用单步总包反应,数值研究氮气稀释的甲烷和氧气同轴同平板扩散过滤燃烧特性。模型中考虑热弥散和组分弥散效应。研究小球直径、气体混合物速度和甲烷质量分数对火焰高度和火焰形态的影响。结果表明,与预混过滤燃烧不同,气体和固体高温区存在于燃烧器的不同位置;而在高温区域之外,气体和多孔介质固体的温差很小。当填充床小球直径从6.66 mm减小到2.02 mm,火焰高度从0.048 m增大到0.12 m。增大混合物速度,甲烷的质量分数导致火焰变宽,火焰高度增大。数值模型的有效性得到了实验验证。     

储罐壁面限制条件下喷射火火焰行为

高压燃气储罐泄漏极易诱发喷射火。通过搭建储罐壁面限制条件下不同喷射角度的喷射火实验装置,对近喷口流场受限的喷射火进行了系统研究,并验证了装置测试的可重复性。实验结果表明,储罐壁面限制条件下推举高度小于自由射流的推举高度,并通过数值模拟分析了两种空间条件下空气卷吸流场的差异性,从而物理解释了储罐壁面限制条件对推举高度的影响。两种空间条件下火焰长度都随喷射角度的增加而减小,但自由垂直射流的火焰长度小于储罐壁面限制条件下的火焰长度。火焰行为由浮力控制转为动量控制的临界Froude数与喷射角度和空间限制条件无关。研究还发现,与自由射流相比,储罐壁面的阻塞效应会降低火焰的推举速度,提高火焰的吹熄速度。     

气固脉冲流化床的流体力学特性

在直径７０ｍｍ的流化床中,采用ＦＣＣ、空心玻璃珠、细沙等Ａ类和Ｂ类颗粒,在０￣１０Ｈｚ的频率范围内,测定了气固脉冲流化床的流体力学特性。采用时间继电器改变脉冲气流的频率和脉宽周期比,利用微压传感器记录床层压力变化,研究了瞬时床层压力、平均床层压力,最大床层压降、起始流化速度、床层高度等随操作条件的变化规律,并对脉冲流化床中的气泡现象进行了初步的观察和研究,发现在脉冲流化床中气泡的形成和发展受到了有     

气液固三相体系搅拌功率与气固分散状态的研究

在机械搅拌槽中，针对不同悬浮液浓度及不同通气水平的三相体系，使用翼形轴液浆（Ｋ４），圆盘涡钉（ＤＴ），斜叶（６ＰＴＤ，６ＰＴＵ），研究气体，固体分散状态对搅拌功率的影响规律。实验得出，轴向流成分的多少，直接影响固体在整槽分散的均匀星，气固的分散程度直接影响搅拌功率的变化，从搅拌功率和功能准数形式上间接判断气固分散的状态，而且，对同样的介质体系，翼形桨（Ｋ４）由于其良好分散性，具有较高的混事效率。     

高效能气液固反应技术—喷射回路反应装置

在现有气液固回路反应装置的基础上设计一种用于气液固三相催化反应的高效喷射回路反应装置,介绍该装置的组成,对比分析了该反应技术与现有气液固反应装置相比具有的优点,并考察了该反应技术在苯胺加氢中试装置上的应用效果。     

高压可燃气体泄漏动力学过程与喷射火热灾害分析

以高压可燃气体泄漏诱发的喷射火为研究对象,对泄漏过程中喷口处稳态气流状态参数变化及其被点燃之后的喷射火火焰形态与辐射热流场预测模型研究进展进行了综述。归类分析了基于理想气体状态方程和Abel-Noble状态方程的高压气体泄漏模型及其适用情况,并对不同浮力控制和动量控制范围的几种喷射火火焰几何尺寸模型进行了概括性总结,同时对不同火焰形态下的点源、多点源、固体以及线源4种热辐射模型进行了汇总,最终提出将3种模型耦合联用以建立适用于不同泄漏条件下喷射火热灾害分析预测方法。分析表明,该分析预测方法具有很好的适用性。     

气固固循环流化床密相床层压力脉动研究

在不同实验条件下研究了气固固循环流化床密相床层的压力脉动。压力脉动的情况表明：细颗粒的循环及循环量对粗颗粒的流体力学行为有很大影响。气速越低,影响程度越大。     

Experimental study on the hazards of the jet diffusion flame of liquefied dimethyl ether

Dimethyl ether (DME) has been considered as a substitute for diesel fuel because it has a low auto-ignition temperature and produces less NO_x, SO_x, and particulate matter. However, the introduction of DME vehicles needs widely available DME supply stations. Moreover, the preparation of safety regulations for DME supply stations is very important, and so safety data is needed. Therefore, the present paper reports the hazards of the DME jet diffusion flame, which is one of several hazardous properties of DME, by studying the results of leaking gas and liquid DME. DME jets were released horizontally from circular nozzles whose diameters were 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 2 mm, and the release pressure was varied from the saturated vapor pressure to 2 MPa. When gaseous DME was released at the saturated vapor pressure, the flame was blown out. However, when liquefied DME was released, the flame formed. We obtained the experimental equations for estimating the scale and thermal hazards of DME diffusion flames.     

二维喷嘴内稠密气固射流稳定性实验

利用高速摄像仪对二维喷嘴内稠密气固射流稳定性进行了实验研究,考察了颗粒粒径、料仓压力以及喷嘴收缩角等因素对射流流动模式及稳定性的影响。结果表明：对于颗粒粒径为78μm的气固射流,随着料仓压力的增大,射流出口速度增大,射流固含率降低,在料仓压力≥0.03MPa、射流速度≥4.82m/s、射流固含率≤0.168时,喷嘴内稠密气固射流出现气泡型的不稳定流动模式;随着颗粒粒径的增大,气固射流固含率降低,喷嘴内稠密气固射流从气泡模式转变为颗粒团不稳定流动模式;改变喷嘴收缩角对射流不稳定模式影响不大。利用微型压力传感器对喷嘴直管不同位置压力进行测量,结果表明压力脉动主要是由于气固射流中气泡及颗粒团的产生及演变导致的。研究表明,随着料仓压力增大,颗粒在喷嘴内向下运动过程中压降增加,渗透进颗粒流的气体分率增加,将导致喷嘴内气固相互作用增强,进而引起气固射流不稳定。     

Computational investigation of flame extension height for horizontally oriented rectangular source jet fires impinging on a vertical plate

This paper investigates the flame extension height induced by a horizontally oriented rectangular source fire impinging on a vertical plate, which has rarely been reported in literature. Focusing on the scenarios with nonimpinging flame lengths that are comparable with or larger than the plate‐source distance, a series of numerical experiments were conducted, in which the exit velocities varied from 27.5 to 125 m/s and the orifice aspect ratios ranged from 1 to 4. Results show that the flame extension height increases with increasing exit velocity and becomes larger with increasing orifice aspect ratio at a given fuel exit velocity. New correlations are proposed to predict the flame extension height based on the unburnt fuel after impinging, assuming a kite flame shape of circular and elliptical cross section. Moreover, the new proposed correlations provide a general and practical basis for estimating the flame extension height of horizontally oriented rectangular source impinging jet fires.     

CO2稀释对甲烷反扩散火焰结构的影响研究

基于火焰光谱诊断平台,利用由高分辨率CCD相机成像系统和光纤光谱仪组成的光谱成像系统对甲烷反扩散火焰的光谱辐射特性进行研究。获得了不同氧燃当量比和CO₂稀释水平下CH₄/O₂同轴射流反扩散火焰的OH*、CH*二维辐射分布并进行了Abel反卷积处理。结果表明：随氧燃当量比的增加,OH*火焰逐渐中空,火焰锋面被拉伸,轴向高度和火焰面积均先增大后减小。CH*火焰核心反应区位置和形状随当量比增加变化不明显。随CO₂稀释剂体积分数的增加,OH*火焰被拉伸,并由完全包络状过渡为对称包络状,火焰面积逐渐减小。CH*火焰被拉伸并靠近中央轴线,火焰面积逐渐增大。对比OH*火焰层,CH*火焰层较薄且峰值强度低。     

Experimental study of bluff-body stabilized LPG-H2 jet diffusion flame with preheated reactant

The effects of hydrogen, H₂ addition and preheated reactants on bluff-body stabilized LPG-H₂ diffusion flame for two cases namely, (I) preheated air and (II) preheated air and fuel are reported in the present paper. Results confirm that the H₂ addition leads to a reduction in flame length. Besides this, the flame length is also observed to be reduced with increasing reactant temperature and lip thickness of the bluff-body. The soot free length fraction (SFLF) for both cases is observed to be increased with H₂ addition to fuel stream, which might have caused due to decrease in the C/H ratio in the flame. Interestingly, the SFLF is observed to be reduced with increasing lip thickness and reactants temperature, which can be attributed to the attenuation in induction period of soot formation and enhanced soot volume fraction, respectively. The NO_x emission level is found to be decreased in coaxial burner with hydrogen addition for both case I and II. In contrast, it is observed to be enhanced in bluff-body stabilized flame. The former can be ascribed to the reduction in residence time of gas mixture, whereas the latter can be explained on the basis of enhanced flame temperature. Besides this, emission index of NO_x (EINO_x) is also found to be enhanced with increase in lip thickness and reactant temperature which may be caused due to both enhanced residence time and thermal effect, respectively.     

Role of atomic hydrogen diffusion in hydrogen flame inhibition

A laminar flame propagating in a rich homogeneous hydrogen-air mixture with addition of propylene is numerically simulated. Small amounts of propylene are shown to reduce the concentrations of HO₂ and OH in the low-temperature zone of the flame front, which effectively reduces the laminar burning velocity. In the flame front, propylene is consumed completely with formation of CO, CO₂, CH₄, C₂H₂, H₂, and H₂O, whereas hydrogen undergoes little oxidation compared to propylene. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 3–7, July–August, 2006.