某核电厂RPV辐照脆化性能预测与延续运行评估

我国自主设计建造的某核电厂已进入延续运行阶段，作为反应堆核心部分的压力容器辐照脆化性能评价采用了国外的辐照脆化预测模型，但该模型基于的辐照数据不能有效代表我国反应堆压力容器（RPV）材料的辐照脆化性能，尤其是针对延续运行阶段。本文基于国内外RPV辐照脆化预测模型及其开发机理，构建了适用于我国工程应用的自主低Cu RPV辐照脆化预测模型，该模型考虑了稳定基体缺陷和合金元素析出沉淀等辐照脆化关键因素，同时根据国产低Cu RPV材料的辐照脆化数据，开展了自主模型的标准偏差和裕量分析，结果表明模型预测置信度较高。最后依据自主模型评估该核电厂RPV的辐照脆化性能，证明其延续运行至60等效满功率年（EFPY）具有可行性。     

反应堆压力容器钢的辐照脆化预测模型研究

对反应堆压力容器（RPV）钢的辐照脆化进行预测是保证核电站长寿期安全运行的重要方法。通过深入分析国外已有RPV钢的辐照脆化预测模型,揭示了已有参数化预测模型的不足,在此基础上建立了新的预测模型PMIE-2012。利用辐照监督数据对PMIE-2012的可靠性进行评价,结果表明,PMIE-2012对RPV钢的辐照脆化预测具有较高的准确性和可靠性。     

反应堆压力容器辐照监督无损评估技术研究

反应堆压力容器（RPV）的辐照脆化问题是核安全的重中之重,影响到核电厂的安全性、经济性与公众信心。介绍了传统RPV辐照监督方案,讨论了现行技术的局限性,梳理了RPV辐照监督无损评估技术国外研究进展与存在问题,在实验与理论研究的基础上创新性地提出了中子辐照条件下RPV钢力学性能预测统一模型,并形成了基于电磁性能的RPV辐照监督无损评估技术,进一步完善后具有较好的工程应用前景。同时指出了开展RPV钢电磁性能实验研究,既有助于从一个全新的角度理解与再认识国产RPV钢长寿期服役时的辐照脆化行为,又有利于揭示RPV钢辐照脆化机理,丰富辐照脆化的基础理论。      

反应堆压力容器材料辐照脆化机理研究进展

反应堆压力容器（RPV）材料辐照脆化机理的研究是提高材料辐照脆化抗力、解释辐照脆化效应、建立辐照脆化预测模型的理论基础。开展RPV材料辐照脆化机理的研究不仅有助于认识辐照脆化现象的本质,建立科学的辐照脆化预测模型,改进RPV材料的成分设计和制造工艺,也有助于提高材料的辐照脆化抗力,对于改进RPV材料的性能具有重要意义。本文从RPV材料的发展和微观结构观测手段的进步两方面论述了RPV材料辐照脆化机理研究的两个发展阶段及其主要成果,并对今后的研究手段及研究方向进行了讨论。     

自主反应堆压力容器辐照损伤预测模型构建分析

反应堆压力容器（RPV）辐照脆化问题是制约RPV安全服役的关键,构建辐照损伤预测模型是预测辐照脆化损伤的有效方法。本文通过研究辐照损伤参数化预测模型、结构化预测模型和人工神经网络预测模型等典型辐照损伤模型的构建机理和构建方法,对比了不同预测模型的优缺点。结果表明：基于辐照机理的预测模型构建技术较能反映辐照脆化的物理作用机理,基于此提出了RPV自主预测模型的构建技术路线。     

国产反应堆压力容器材料辐照效应研究

反应堆压力容器(RPV)材料经受中子辐照后,发生脆化效应导致韧性降低是影响反应堆安全运行的重大因素。为准确评估国产RPV的安全性,采用国产RPV材料在试验堆内加速模拟辐照的试验方法,研究国产RPV材料的辐照脆化性能。结果表明,国产RPV材料在寿期运行工况下,存在一定程度的辐照强化效应和辐照脆化效应。     

国产反应堆压力容器的辐照脆化行为及预测

反应堆压力容器（RPV）是保障核电站运行安全性、经济性的核心构件。对RPV的完整性评估而言辐照脆化是必须面对的问题。我国已开发了第三代设计寿命为60 a的核电站。当达到寿期末时,辐照脆化的行为是未知的,这给国产RPV的辐照脆化预测带来了困难。为研究高注量下的辐照脆化行为,对A508-3钢的材料力学性能试样进行辐照考验,辐照温度为(288±8) ℃,中子注量水平达到反应堆压力容器60 a寿期末的辐照水平1×10²⁰ cm^-2;开展拉伸、冲击和断裂韧性试验,分析辐照脆化行为,在EONY模型基础上,提出针对国产RPV钢的改进的辐照脆化模型。模型的有效性被试验数据证实,其可准确预测国内A508-3材料的辐照脆化趋势。     

低铜合金反应堆压力容器钢辐照脆化预测评估模型

反应堆压力容器（RPV）材料辐照脆化预测评估对保证核反应堆安全运行、预防重大灾难性事故的发生具有重要意义。通过深入了解RPV材料辐照损伤机理和分析国外较为成熟的RPV辐照脆化预测模型,揭示了国外有关压力容器辐照脆化预测模型对低铜RPV辐照脆化预测的不足及其原因。在此基础上,发展和建立了适用于低铜RPV辐照脆化趋势的预测模型CIAE-2009。利用辐照性能数据对CIAE-2009模型进行了验证。结果表明,CIAE-2009对低铜含量RPV材料辐照脆化趋势预测具有较高的准确性和可靠性。     

基于物理的轻水堆压力容器钢辐照脆化预测模型

正轻水反应堆(LWR)的压力容器(RPV)钢在长期正常服役条件下会发生材料性能降级(主要指发生材料脆化),其主要原因在于中子辐照促进或导致的一些微观结构变化,如富Cu沉淀或团簇(CRP)、基体损伤(MD)以及溶质原子(如P原子)在晶界偏析。基于物理机制构建RPV钢辐照脆化预测模型对于高剂量中子辐照下的预测可靠性大有裨益。本项研究从国内RPV钢辐照脆化数据(包括试验堆加速辐照实验数据)出发,在前人研究基础上,构建了含有CRP和MD贡献的物理型RPV     

FeCu模型合金中Cu析出物导致硬化的位错动力学研究

压水反应堆压力容器（RPV）钢服役过程经高能中子辐照产生的溶质-缺陷团簇,导致辐照硬化和脆化,是影响其服役寿命的关键因素。利用位错动力学方法结合分子动力学和分子静力学计算获得的缺陷钉扎力,研究了FeCu模型合金中Cu析出物导致硬化的机理,分析了钉扎力、脱钉临界角等因素对计算结果的影响,并对计算结果的置信度进行了分析。结果表明：半径小于1 nm析出物的脱钉判据主要为力判据,需精确计算缺陷对位错的钉扎力;半径大于1 nm析出物的脱钉判据主要为临界角判据,对于Cu析出物,其临界角约为130°。本研究结果对于深入研究RPV钢辐照硬化机理以及预测辐照脆化趋势具有重要意义。     

Effects of Alloy Elements on Irradiation Embrittlement of Reactor Pressure Vessel Steel: Insights from Neural Network Modelling

As one of the key components that can not be replaced in PWR, the safety and stability of reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steel determine the safety and economy of the reactor. The irradiation embrittlement of RPV steel is the limiting factors for the operation of PWR. The irradiation embrittlement of RPV steel is closely related to its alloy composition. Based on the machine learning method, the relationship between key alloy components (Cu/Mn/Ni/Si/P) and irradiation embrittlement of RPV steel was constructed. The results show that the relationship between the alloy composition and irradiation embrittlement is basically consistent with the traditional cognition. The irradiation embrittlement is sensitive to Cu content, and Cu-Ni has synergistic effect on irradiation embrittlement. In low Cu alloys, Mn-Ni and Ni-Si have synergistic effects on embrittlement.     

Effect of the Cu-rich precipitates on thermal conductivity of RPV model steel

Cu-rich precipitates are the important influence factors for the irradiation embrittlement of the reactor pressure vessel model steels. The microstructure of the Cu-rich precipitates could be revealed by mechanical and magnetic properties. In this article, the effect of the Cu-rich precipitates on thermal conductivity was studied. The reactor pressure vessel (RPV) model steels were aged for different time at 500°C. The results show that the thermal conductivity of RPV model steel is first decreased and then increased during the experiment, with a minimum value at 48.33 ± 0.21 W·m^?1·K^?1 after being aged for 200 h. The changing thermal conductivity is decided by the synergistic effect of the following three factors: (1) the crystal structure transformation of Cu-rich precipitates, (2) the orientation relationship between the matrix and Cu-rich precipitates, (3) the content of Cu atoms in the matrix.     

Reactor pressure vessel design of the high temperature engineering test reactor

The reactor pressure vessel (RPV) of the HTTR is 5.5 m (inside diameter), 13.2 m (inside height), and 122 mm (shell thickness). The RPV contains core components, reactor internals, reactivity control system, etc.2 1/4Cr–1Mo steel is chosen as the material for RPV. The temperature reaches about 400 °C at normal operation. The fluence of the RPV is estimated to be less than 1 × 10¹⁷ n/cm² (E > 1 MeV) and so irradiation embrittlement is negligible, but temper embrittlement is not negligible. For the purpose of reducing embrittlement, content of some elements must be limited in the 2 1/4Cr–1Mo steel for the RPV; embrittlement parameters, J-factor and are used.In this paper, design and structure of the RPV are reviewed first. Fabrication procedure of the RPV and its special feature are described. Material data on the 2 1/4Cr–1Mo steel manufactured for the RPV, especially the embrittlement parameters, J-factor and , and nil-ductility transition temperatures, T_NDT, by drop weight tests, are shown. In-service inspection and results of R&Ds are also described.     

反应堆压力容器老化敏感性分析方法

结合近期开展的大亚湾反应堆压力容器老化分析及大纲编写工作,归纳总结了反应堆压力容器老化敏感性分析方法,提出了较为明确的表单化的老化分析流程,可以为相关的老化分析与评价活动提供借鉴.     

Comparison of microstructural features of radiation embrittlement of VVER-440 and VVER-1000 reactor pressure vessel steels

Comparative microstructural studies of both surveillance specimens and reactor pressure vessel (RPV) materials of VVER-440 and VVER-1000 light water reactor systems have been carried out, following irradiation to different fast neutron fluences and of the heat treatment for extended periods at the operating temperatures. It is shown that there are several microstructural features in the radiation embrittlement of VVER-1000 steels compared to VVER-440 RPV steels that can cause changes in the contributions of different radiation embrittlement mechanisms for VVER-1000 steel.     

反应堆压力容器辐照脆化状态评估

基于大量相似辐照脆化试验测试数据和实际辐照监督测试数据,采用统计分析的方法,选出适合于某核电厂反应堆压力容器（RPV）的辐照脆化评估公式。以该核电厂已经完成的辐照监督管测试数据为输入,对RPV当前的辐照脆化状态进行了评估,并推算、分析了RPV在寿期末的结构完整性;基于辐照脆化计算结果,绘制了各运行阶段RPV的压力-温度限值曲线（P-T曲线）,并给出运行建议。