液滴撞击高温梯度表面的动态行为特性

以铜片为基底制备了微方孔结构浸润梯度表面,利用高速摄像技术对液滴撞击高温梯度表面的动态行为特性进行了研究。结果表明：在不同表面温度和韦伯数（We）下,液滴撞击在梯度表面上会出现5种不同的撞击模式,即润湿模式、接触沸腾模式、过渡模式、碎裂模式和反弹模式;当表面温度达到Leidenfrost温度时,液滴进入反弹模式,反弹液滴会沿着梯度能方向发生多次连续弹跳行为,且由于弹跳过程中能量的不断衰减,反弹高度逐渐减小直至趋于零。基于表面物理化学理论分析了液滴的定向弹跳行为,并利用图像处理技术,分析了弹跳液滴的动态特征。进一步地,通过液滴以相同We数撞击不同表面温度实验,研究了液滴在弹跳运动过程中反弹高度、铺展因子和运动的水平加速度变化特征,发现三者随反弹次数的增加具有相似的变化过程,即呈现先快速减小、后逐渐稳定的特征。水平加速度的与铺展因子的变化趋势具有一致性,从而验证了理论分析的合理性。     

液滴撞击亲疏水间隔条纹表面

在高温高压环境下,将线切割成特殊形状的铝片镶嵌在树脂表面,再通过CuCl₂溶液对铝表面腐蚀,利用硬脂酸无水乙醇溶液的恒温水浴,进行表面修饰,适当处理得到亲水区域与疏水区域共存的复合表面。采用高速相机记录了液滴撞击水平与倾斜表面的动力过程,实验结果表明：液滴撞击水平放置的亲疏水复合表面时,其铺展过程与液滴撞击单一润湿性表面相似,但收缩行为差异化明显。液滴在亲疏水间隔表面收缩时,液膜会因亲疏水性并存而产生高度差。液滴撞击倾斜亲疏水复合表面时,液滴撞击的速度越大,其在斜面进行的位移量越大,速度过大的情况下液滴不会被宽度为20mm的斜面捕获;当速度为定值,Oh数越小,液滴跨越的亲疏水段越多,Oh数过小的情况下液滴不会被斜面截留;其他参数不变,比值系数H越小,液滴更易被斜面捕获。     

凸起微结构对超疏水表面液滴弹跳强化机理的研究

研究表明冷凝液滴在超疏水表面上合并时可以诱发弹跳,而调控液桥撞击壁面的位置能够强化这一过程。今制备了两种构型的超疏水表面(只包涵纳米结构的平壁超疏水表面以及带有三棱柱凸起结构的超疏水表面),从液滴侧部和底部两个方向协同拍摄了液滴在平壁超疏水表面上合并弹跳动态过程;实验测量了液滴弹离壁面的速度并计算了相应的能量转化率,研究了三棱柱的结构参数对液滴弹跳速度的影响。结果表明,超疏水表面上液滴合并诱导弹跳过程可以分为四个阶段:液桥生长、液桥撞击壁面、液滴底面积收缩及液滴弹离壁面;当液滴在三棱柱凸起结构上方合并时,液滴弹离壁面的速度随着三棱柱长度增加而增大(三棱柱高度不变),且存在一个最大值;当三棱柱长度一定时,液滴弹离壁面的速度亦随着三棱柱的高度增加而增大。     

单液滴撞击超疏水冷表面的反弹及破碎行为

对直径2.8 mm的液滴撞击冷表面的动态行为进行快速可视化观测，对比研究单液滴撞击普通冷表面以及超疏水冷表面的动力学特性，同时对初始撞击速度以及冷表面温度对液滴动态演化行为的影响进行了对比分析。实验结果表明：与液滴撞击普通冷表面（温度-25~-5℃）发生瞬时冻结沉积相比，液滴撞击超疏水冷表面时均未发生冻结，而且伴随铺展、回缩、反弹以及破碎行为；撞击速度越大，普通冷表面上液滴铺展因子越大，而且液滴越易冻结。液滴低速（We≤76）撞击超疏水冷表面会发生反弹现象，但速度对液滴最大铺展时间无影响；液滴高速（We≥115）撞击超疏水冷表面后会产生明显液指，而且破碎为多组卫星液滴。此外，冷表面温度仅影响液滴反弹高度，对液滴最大铺展因子以及液滴铺展时间影响较小。结果表明超疏水表面可显著抑制液滴撞击冷表面的瞬时冻结沉积。     

单液滴撞击超疏水冷表面的反弹及破碎行为

对直径2.8 mm的液滴撞击冷表面的动态行为进行快速可视化观测,对比研究单液滴撞击普通冷表面以及超疏水冷表面的动力学特性,同时对初始撞击速度以及冷表面温度对液滴动态演化行为的影响进行了对比分析。实验结果表明:与液滴撞击普通冷表面(温度-25~-5℃)发生瞬时冻结沉积相比,液滴撞击超疏水冷表面时均未发生冻结,而且伴随铺展、回缩、反弹以及破碎行为;撞击速度越大,普通冷表面上液滴铺展因子越大,而且液滴越易冻结。液滴低速(We≤76)撞击超疏水冷表面会发生反弹现象,但速度对液滴最大铺展时间无影响;液滴高速(We≥115)撞击超疏水冷表面后会产生明显液指,而且破碎为多组卫星液滴。此外,冷表面温度仅影响液滴反弹高度,对液滴最大铺展因子以及液滴铺展时间影响较小。结果表明超疏水表面可显著抑制液滴撞击冷表面的瞬时冻结沉积。     

超疏水表面液滴合并诱导弹跳现象分析

在紫铜基表面上制备了具有微纳结构的十八烷基硫醇自组装超疏水表面,采用高速摄像和显微技术研究了水平表面上液滴合并运动特性。实验结果表明,超疏水表面上液滴合并过程中释放出的表面能可以克服表面黏附作用诱发液滴弹跳现象,液滴越小,弹跳高度越大。考虑液滴表面黏附功、液滴运动引起的黏性耗散能等,根据能量守恒原理进行了理论分析。理论分析结果表明,液滴合并诱导弹跳现象存在最小液滴半径约为39.9 μm;随着液滴半径的增大,液滴弹跳高度增大,液滴半径为83.7 μm时达到弹跳最大高度点,随着液滴半径继续增大,液滴弹跳高度减小,直至最大半径约3.9 mm时,无液滴弹跳现象发生而是在合并位置发生脉动。     

撞击流内液滴碰撞后续发展行为

为了探索撞击流内液滴碰撞后续发展行为,设计搭建了由激光点光源和高速数码摄像机构成的高速数码摄像系统及气液两相撞击流实验平台。利用高速数码摄像系统记录下同轴对置气液两相撞击流中液滴碰撞导致的融合聚结或二次雾化过程,通过处理记录下的液滴运动过程图像,分析了进口液滴粒径、速度、黏度以及液滴碰撞角度等对撞击流中液滴碰撞结果的影响规律。结果表明：随着进口液滴粒径和速度的无限增大,液滴碰撞后最终发生炸裂;进口液滴黏度越小、表面张力越大、Ohnesorge数越小,液滴碰撞后越容易破碎;在本实验条件下,液滴同轴同向运动发生碰撞时,液滴碰撞后全部聚结,当液滴以一定角度发生斜碰时,碰撞后发生拉伸断裂,而当液滴同轴相向运动发生碰撞时,液滴碰撞后可能发生反射分离也可能炸裂。     

撞击流内液滴碰撞后续发展行为

为了探索撞击流内液滴碰撞后续发展行为,设计搭建了由激光点光源和高速数码摄像机构成的高速数码摄像系统及气液两相撞击流实验平台。利用高速数码摄像系统记录下同轴对置气液两相撞击流中液滴碰撞导致的融合聚结或二次雾化过程,通过处理记录下的液滴运动过程图像,分析了进口液滴粒径、速度、黏度以及液滴碰撞角度等对撞击流中液滴碰撞结果的影响规律。结果表明:随着进口液滴粒径和速度的无限增大,液滴碰撞后最终发生炸裂;进口液滴黏度越小、表面张力越大、Ohnesorge数越小,液滴碰撞后越容易破碎;在本实验条件下,液滴同轴同向运动发生碰撞时,液滴碰撞后全部聚结,当液滴以一定角度发生斜碰时,碰撞后发生拉伸断裂,而当液滴同轴相向运动发生碰撞时,液滴碰撞后可能发生反射分离也可能炸裂。     

柴油液滴撞击壁面运动形态及变化历程的实验研究

液滴碰壁是液体射流过程中的重要现象,对喷雾效果有重要影响。采用高速摄影方法对柴油液滴撞击壁面的运动形态及变化历程进行了研究;根据获取的撞击壁面后不同时刻液滴的运动形态和参数,对液滴撞击壁面的运动过程、铺展运动无量纲润湿长度的变化历程、飞溅运动发生的临界撞击速度以及壁面材料对液滴撞击壁面运动的影响等进行了分析。通过研究,获得了柴油液滴撞击壁面时的运动特性及规律。     

疏水表面液滴合并弹跳过程的数值模拟

液滴合并弹跳对强化热泵空调系统中的凝结传热及防结霜、除霜等方面均有良好的应用前景。在综合考虑固-液、气-固和气-液表面自由能,重力势能,液滴内部黏性耗散功及表面黏附功的基础上建立了液滴合并及弹跳的分阶段能量模型,并进行了超疏水表面不同半径液滴合并弹跳时的模型模拟与实验验证,得到较好的吻合。基于该模型研究了液滴数量、半径均匀性及不同表面状态对液滴合并弹跳过程的影响规律。结果表明,液滴数量增加时,合并阶段临界接触角由120°减小至105°,半径尺寸均匀性增加时,弹跳阶段临界接触角从140°减小至130°。当表面接触角大于140°时,固液接触系数影响微乎其微。可见,液滴数量的增多及液滴尺寸均匀性的提升有利于合并弹跳过程的发生,固液接触系数对合并弹跳过程的影响程度随表面接触角的增大而减小。     

Fabrication of Novel Superhydrophobic Surfaces and Droplet Bouncing Behavior — Part 2: Water Droplet Impact Experiment on Superhydrophobic Surfaces Constructed Using ZnO Nanoparticles

When a liquid droplet impacts a solid surface, it spreads up to a point and the kinetic energy is dissipated by viscosity, collision and surface energy during the process. The droplet can retract if the energy dissipation during the impact process which is only partly governed by surface properties is not too large. Otherwise, the droplet would stick to the surface or break into smaller droplets. In this second part, we introduced contact angle hysteresis (CAH) and studied the impact behavior between a water droplet and a superhydrophobic surface both theoretically and experimentally. On our superhydrophobic surface, the contact angle is about 155° , so the kinetic energy of the droplet can be largely transferred to surface energy. Thus, under certain conditions, the droplet can fully bounce. The impact behavior of normal impact was analyzed theoretically. The critical falling heights for rebound (CFHR) were investigated on constructed ZnO–PDMS superhydrophobic surface in both normal and oblique impact conditions, and CFHR was found to increase with the increase of tilt angle. This shows that the normal Weber number (We _n ) is the major factor governing the rebound, while the tangential Weber number (We _t ) also has effect on the phenomenon. Compared to the energy dissipated by collision and viscosity, the influence of surface properties is relatively small. The adhesion number (N _a ) is the parameter determining the energy dissipated by surface tension and N _a has direct relation with contact angle (CA) and CAH.     

Study on the adhesion behaviour of oil droplets in water on solid surfaces with different wettability and inclination

Microscopic adhesion of oil droplets is a hot research topic within multiphase flow systems in the petrochemical field in recent years, and it is also the key to revealing the mechanism of oil droplet–wall interaction. In this paper, a high-speed camera was used to capture the dynamic process of oil droplets impacting stainless steel, polyethylene, brass, and other materials in water, deeply analyze the influence mechanism of material wettability, droplet size, and inclination on adhesion behaviour in this process, and draw the Re~θ_eq phase diagram. The experimental results show that properly enhancing the lipophilicity of the material can prolong the drainage time and effectively inhibit adhesion. Too much lipophilicity can dramatically shorten the drainage time instead, which easily leads to the rapid adhesion of oil droplets. An increase in droplet size can also prolong the drainage time; at Re ≥46.31, the excessive initial kinetic energy is consumed in the form of oil droplet rebound, which is not conducive to adhesion, and the more lipophilic the material is, the more significant the rebound effect. In addition, although an increase in the inclination can inhibit oil droplet bounce off, it also decreases the wall restraint to oil droplets, resulting in lateral and normal displacements, which greatly increases the drainage time. The findings can facilitate the understanding of oil droplet–wall interaction and provide a scientific basis for the design and development of efficient separation equipment and the optimization of the low-temperature gathering and transportation of high water-bearing crude oil.     

Behavioral patterns of drop impingement onto rigid substrates with a wide range of wettability and different surface temperatures

This article concerns behavioral patterns of droplet impingement onto solid substrates covering a wide range of wettability from hydrophilic to superhydrophobic surfaces heated at different temperatures. For droplet impingement onto partial hydrophobic surfaces (mirror‐polished Cu substrate), the maximum heights of receding droplet undergoing a consecutive increment with surface temperature can be explained taking account of Marangoni flow. Also, the relation to predict the increment of droplet heights with surface temperature was manifested in the light of lubrication approximation combined with energy conservation. However, this relation is only valid for droplet impacts onto partial hydrophobic surface, because the recoiling droplet height was observed to be independent of surface temperature for both hydrophilic and superhydrophobic targets. This phenomenon was attributed to inherent wettability accompanying larger contact angle hysteresis for the hydrophilic substrate and to the presence of an adiabatic gas layer between the composite surface and impacting droplet, for the superhydrophobic target. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009     

Robust Non-Wetting PTFE Surfaces by Femtosecond Laser Machining

Nature shows many examples of surfaces with extraordinary wettability, which can often be associated with particular air-trapping surface patterns. Here, robust non-wetting surfaces have been created by femtosecond laser ablation of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The laser-created surface structure resembles a forest of entangled fibers, which support structural superhydrophobicity even when the surface chemistry is changed by gold coating. SEM analysis showed that the degree of entanglement of hairs and the depth of the forest pattern correlates positively with accumulated laser fluence and can thus be influenced by altering various laser process parameters. The resulting fibrous surfaces exhibit a tremendous decrease in wettability compared to smooth PTFE surfaces; droplets impacting the virgin or gold coated PTFE forest do not wet the surface but bounce off. Exploratory bioadhesion experiments showed that the surfaces are truly air-trapping and do not support cell adhesion. Therewith, the created surfaces successfully mimic biological surfaces such as insect wings with robust anti-wetting behavior and potential for antiadhesive applications. In addition, the fabrication can be carried out in one process step, and our results clearly show the insensitivity of the resulting non-wetting behavior to variations in the process parameters, both of which make it a strong candidate for industrial applications.     

乙醇水溶液单液滴碰撞热壁面的动态演化特性

乙醇添加剂能显著改变去离子水基液滴碰壁动态特性。本文设计并搭建了液滴碰壁动态演化及传热研究实验台,并就溶液表面张力、液滴韦伯数（We）、壁面温度等对液滴碰壁的特性影响进行了实验研究。结果表明乙醇添加剂能够有效增强液滴润湿特性,促进液滴的雾化和破碎现象,同时抑制液滴反弹能力。并且这一能力随着乙醇溶液浓度的增大而增强。润湿特性随着液滴We的增大呈现出先增强后发生反弹现象的趋势,乙醇添加剂能够有效地抑制这种反弹趋势,并使混合液滴继续发生铺展现象。壁面温度125℃时,当We由15增大到33时,水基液由铺展阶段过渡到反弹阶段,而添加乙醇使得液滴继续铺展,没有发生反弹现象。乙醇添加剂能够明显地提高液滴由铺展到反弹的临界转变温度（T_CHF）,扩大液滴核态沸腾对应的温度区域,延迟液滴进入过渡沸腾阶段。     

不同浸润性冷表面上水滴碰撞结冰的数值模拟

对冷水滴撞击不同表面时的动力学行为和相变过程进行了模拟。通过耦合VOF和Level-set方法追踪气液自由界面,结合焓-孔隙度相变模型,模拟水滴撞击冷表面的动力学行为及相变特征。选取亲水（接触角30°）、疏水（接触角114°）和超疏水（接触角163°）3种典型浸润性的表面,计算了多种壁温条件下的水滴撞击结冰过程。结果表明提高表面疏水性,将减小水滴与冷表面的接触时间和接触面积,降低水滴内的相变速率,延缓水滴结冰的时间。在表面温度高于-15℃时,超疏水表面可以避免冷水滴的冻结黏附,保持表面洁净。将模拟得到的最大铺展直径、回缩速率以及冻结情况,与已有实验结果进行对比验证,表明了模拟方法的有效性和准确性。     

波浪结构超疏水表面对液滴聚并弹跳的影响

液滴自发聚并在自然和工业中广泛存在,如何高效去除聚并液滴是强化滴状冷凝换热、防结冰等的重要环节。采用数值模拟方法研究了不同半径比液滴在超疏水平壁面和超疏水波浪形壁面上的聚并起跳行为。研究发现,在平壁面上聚并的液滴水平速度与竖直速度差1～2个数量级,液滴的水平方向位移小,聚并后难以有效去除;在波浪形壁面上,由于液桥撞击在斜面上,产生较大的水平分力,聚并后其水平速度保持与竖直速度在同一数量级,水平位移显著增大;并且波浪结构对液滴弹跳过程影响显著,随波浪高宽比的增大液滴水平位移增大且弹跳高度减小,有效促进了液滴的水平运动,且当高宽比为0.21时,促进作用接近峰值。研究结果为聚并液滴的有效去除提供了新参考。     

波浪结构超疏水表面对液滴聚并弹跳的影响

液滴自发聚并在自然和工业中广泛存在,如何高效去除聚并液滴是强化滴状冷凝换热、防结冰等的重要环节。采用数值模拟方法研究了不同半径比液滴在超疏水平壁面和超疏水波浪形壁面上的聚并起跳行为。研究发现,在平壁面上聚并的液滴水平速度与竖直速度差1～2个数量级,液滴的水平方向位移小,聚并后难以有效去除;在波浪形壁面上,由于液桥撞击在斜面上,产生较大的水平分力,聚并后其水平速度保持与竖直速度在同一数量级,水平位移显著增大;并且波浪结构对液滴弹跳过程影响显著,随波浪高宽比的增大液滴水平位移增大且弹跳高度减小,有效促进了液滴的水平运动,且当高宽比为0.21时,促进作用接近峰值。研究结果为聚并液滴的有效去除提供了新参考。