铁基沸腾床渣油加氢脱硫催化剂研究

制备了具有相同活性金属质量分数的铁基和非铁基沸腾床渣油加氢脱硫催化剂.通过BET、XRD、Raman、H2-TPR、CO吸附原位红外和吡啶红外技术对催化剂进行表征,并采用模型化合物和减压渣油考察了催化剂的加氢脱硫反应机理和加氢活性.结果表明:催化剂的加氢脱硫反应按照直接脱硫反应路径进行,铁基催化剂表现出更高的渣油加氢脱硫、加氢脱残炭和加氢脱金属活性.这是由于铁的加入,增加了催化剂的红外酸量和MoS2活性物种数量,提高了活性金属的利用率,在活性金属质量分数相当的情况下,使催化剂具有更高的加氢活性.     

渣油加氢催化剂孔结构对反应活性的影响

在3L中型加氢试验装置上考察了渣油加氢脱硫催化剂孔结构对反应活性的影响，试验结果表明，当孔结构发生变化时，催化剂的脱硫、脱氮、脱残炭及脱金属反应活性呈现不同的变化规律。     

焙烧条件对Pt-Fe/AC催化对氯硝基苯加氢性能的影响

考察了焙烧条件对活性炭负载Pt-Fe催化对氯硝基苯选择加氢制对氯苯胺反应性能的影响,同时用X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜和X射线光电子能谱表征了该催化剂的结构。结果表明,焙烧气氛和焙烧温度对催化剂性能影响显著,在空气气氛中200℃下焙烧的Pt-Fe/AC具有较高的催化对氯硝基苯选择加氢制对氯苯胺反应性能。在对氯硝基苯/催化剂质量比为50∶1、30℃、1.0 MPa氢气条件下反应90 min,对氯硝基苯即被100%转化为对氯苯胺。     

焙烧条件对Pt-Fe/AC催化对氯硝基苯加氢性能的影响

考察了焙烧条件对活性炭负载Pt-Fe催化对氯硝基苯选择加氢制对氯苯胺反应性能的影响,同时用X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜和X射线光电子能谱表征了该催化剂的结构。结果表明,焙烧气氛和焙烧温度对催化剂性能影响显著,在空气气氛中200℃下焙烧的Pt-Fe/AC具有较高的催化对氯硝基苯选择加氢制对氯苯胺反应性能。在对氯硝基苯/催化剂质量比为50∶1、30℃、1.0 MPa氢气条件下反应90 min,对氯硝基苯即被100%转化为对氯苯胺。     

TS-1催化剂选择性加氢脱硫性能的研究

通过负载Co -Mo活性组分及乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)对TS-1催化剂进行改性,以全馏分FCC汽油为探针原料,考察其选择性加氢脱硫性能并考察了反应条件的影响.采用XRD、XRF、FT-IR、BET及UV -Vis对催化剂进行了表征.反应结果表明,TS-1具有良好的选择性加氢脱硫性能,其脱硫活性对温度和空速敏感,烯烃加氢活性对温度和空速的变化不敏感;负载Co -Mo后的TS-1在高温下表现出很好的保烯烃性能和较好的脱硫能力;再加入第3组分EDTA改性后的TS-1催化剂脱硫活性和烯烃加氢活性均大幅提高并对反应温度敏感,低温下具有高脱硫活性和高加氢选择性.     

免焙烧对加氢脱硫催化剂选择性影响研究

采用免焙烧方式制备了CoMo/Al_2O_3免焙烧加氢脱硫催化剂,相比于焙烧样催化剂,催化剂分析表征结果表明CoMo/Al_2O_3免焙烧催化剂硫化程度高、活性相分散度适中。在微型固定床加氢装置上考察了催化剂的加氢脱硫选择性能,在反应50 h后,CoMo/Al_2O_3免焙烧催化剂选择性优于CoMo/Al_2O_3焙烧样催化剂反应100h的选择性。在反应100 h后,CoMo/Al_2O_3免焙烧样、焙烧样催化剂在保持较高脱硫率的同时,烯烃加氢饱和率分别降至20.2%、36.2%,选择性因子SF分别上升至14.0、6.6。上述实验结果表明免焙烧的CoMo/Al_2O_3催化剂具有更高的加氢脱硫选择性。     

低温选择加氢脱硫醚催化剂NiMoZn/Al2O3中Zn的作用

以Al₂O₃作为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了多种不同的金属氧化物催化剂,考察其低温选择加氢脱硫醚活性。以1-戊烯和叔丁基甲基硫醚的环己烷模型化合物为反应原料,考察助剂的添加对NiMo/Al₂O₃催化剂性能的影响,并筛选出选择加氢脱硫活性最优的催化剂;接着以FCC全馏分汽油进行150h的长周期实验考察最优催化剂的性能;通过SEM、XRD、H₂-TPR、C₄H₄S-TPD、硫碳分析对催化剂进行了表征。实验结果表明:经过适当组合的三组分催化剂的选择加氢脱硫醚的性能有所改变,其中以NiMoZn/Al₂O₃催化剂的选择加氢脱硫醚性能最好,并在长周期试验中表现出很好的活性和稳定性。表征结果证实Zn的加入起到了分相作用,促进NiO向表面迁移;降低活性组分与载体间的强相互作用,有利于组分的还原;适宜的Zn含量有利于催化剂表面的活性相均匀分布;Zn促进催化剂对硫化物的吸附。     

直接还原Ni/TiO_2催化剂催化顺酐液相加氢

为了获得高性能顺酐加氢催化剂,提高加氢产物γ-丁内酯选择性,采用浸渍后直接还原法制备Ni/Ti O2催化剂,考察其催化顺酐加氢性能,并与焙烧后再还原的催化剂进行对比。采用N2物理吸附-脱附、XRD和H2-TPD等对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,直接还原法制备的催化剂表现出较高的CO加氢活性,主要是由于直接还原法制备的催化剂表面具有较高浓度的氧缺陷位,该氧缺陷位可通过接受CO中氧的孤对电子活化CO,促使其与H2发生加氢反应,表现出高的CO加氢活性。     

新型磷化钨加氢精制催化剂的研究

以γ-Al₂O₃为载体,磷酸氢二铵和偏钨酸铵为原料,通过化学浸渍法制备系列磷化钨催化剂。以噻吩加氢脱硫反应为探针,考察浸渍顺序、WP负载量、焙烧温度和还原温度等因素对磷化钨催化剂加氢性能的影响。研究表明,WP负载质量分数为30％的WP-1催化剂具有较高的噻吩加氢脱硫活性, P的加入在一定程度上能够改善催化剂加氢活性。     

柴油加氢脱硫催化剂的选择

在连续流动固定床加氢装置上,考察Co-Mo型催化剂和Ni-W型催化剂在不同操作条件以及不同脱硫深度下的加氢脱硫反应性能。结果表明,两种催化剂对操作压力改变的敏感度不同;在不同的脱硫深度下,对不同的原料油也表现出不同的脱硫活性。     

焙烧气氛对Ba-Ru/MgO催化剂氨合成性能的影响

采用浸渍法制备Ba-Ru/MgO系列催化剂，考察不同焙烧气氛对Ba-Ru/MgO催化剂氨合成性能的影响，通过X射线衍射、N₂-低温物理吸附、透射电镜、H₂程序升温还原、CO₂程序升温脱附和红外光谱等方法对其进行表征，考察焙烧气氛对负载型钌基氨合成催化剂的物相结构、织构性能、微观形貌、钌物种的还原性能和体系酸碱性能等影响。研究表明，MgO焙烧气氛对制备的钌基氨合成催化剂结构、物化性能以及氨合成活性有较大影响，不同气氛焙烧对Ba-Ru/MgO催化剂碱性强弱影响顺序：Ba-Ru/MgO(Ar)＞Ba-Ru/MgO(N₂)＞Ba-Ru/MgO(空气)＞Ba-Ru/MgO (真空)，在450 ℃、5.0 MPa和5 000 h^-1条件下，空气、Ar和N₂气氛焙烧的MgO制备的Ba-Ru/MgO催化剂活性高于真空气氛焙烧的MgO制备的催化剂。     

孔道结构对渣油加氢脱金属催化剂活性的影响

选择性制备3种不同孔道结构的渣油加氢脱金属催化剂,并进行渣油加氢脱金属和加氢脱硫活性评价。结果表明,一定量大孔(>50 nm)的存在,能够提高催化剂单位表面积的加氢脱金属活性;加氢脱硫活性与体积比表面积成正比。     

Effect of calcination atmosphere on the catalytic properties of PtSnNaMg/ZSM-5 for propane dehydrogenation

The influence of calcination atmosphere (flowing air, static air and flowing N₂) on the catalytic properties of PtSnNaMg/ZSM-5 catalysts for propane dehydrogenation was investigated. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, BET, TEM, and TPR. Results showed that the calcination atmosphere affected greatly the catalysts in many ways including surface area, the structure of the metallic phase and the interaction between platinum and tin, which are related to their catalytic behaviors. Among the catalysts studied, the PtSnNaMg/ZSM-5 catalyst calcined in flowing air exhibited the best catalytic performance.     

Effect of calcination atmosphere on the catalytic properties of PtSnNaMg/ZSM-5 for propane dehydrogenation

The influence of calcination atmosphere (flowing air, static air and flowing N₂) on the catalytic properties of PtSnNaMg/ZSM-5 catalysts for propane dehydrogenation was investigated. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, BET, TEM, and TPR. Results showed that the calcination atmosphere affected greatly the catalysts in many ways including surface area, the structure of the metallic phase and the interaction between platinum and tin, which are related to their catalytic behaviors. Among the catalysts studied, the PtSnNaMg/ZSM-5 catalyst calcined in flowing air exhibited the best catalytic performance.     

Influence of the calcination treatment on the catalytic properties of hierarchical ZSM-5

The effect of the calcination conditions on the properties and catalytic performance of hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite has been investigated using different reactions as catalytic tests: acylation of aromatic substrates and rearrangement of linear and cyclic epoxides. The hierarchical h-ZSM-5 material was prepared by crystallization of silanized protozeolitic units. The removal of the organics present in the as-synthesized ZSM-5 samples has been carried out using two different calcination procedures: (i) directly under air atmosphere; (ii) following a two-step (nitrogen-air) treatment.Clear differences are noticed related to the textural properties of the ZSM-5 samples, since the h-ZSM-5 presents higher BET and external surface area than standard ZSM-5 zeolite. Whereas the calcination method does not affect the properties of the reference ZSM-5 sample, noticeable changes were observed over the hierarchical zeolite. The concentration of Brønsted acid sites decreases by half for one-step air calcination, but only a quarter when using a two-step nitrogen/air calcination, showing that the aluminium present in hierarchical ZSM-5 is very sensitive to the calcination conditions as it may undergo framework extraction and dehydroxylation phenomena. For all the studied reactions, the hierarchical sample, calcined by a two-step treatment, presents higher activity than when using direct air calcination.     

焙烧条件对乙苯脱氢催化剂耐水性能影响的研究

考察了焙烧条件对乙苯脱氢制苯乙烯催化剂耐水性能的影响。提高焙烧温度及延长焙烧时间有利于提高催化剂耐水浸泡能力，减缓水浸泡前后催化剂机械强度下降和磨耗率上升趋势。其原因可能是热处理条件的改变促进了Fe₂O₃和K₂O间的相互作用，形成了大量对水十分稳定的多铁酸钾KFe₁₁O₁₇固熔体，从而提高了催化剂的耐水性，并能与比表面、孔结构、XRD、Mōssbauer谱测定结果较好地关联。     

流化床气相水解制备高纯二氧化钛

针对TiCl₄气相水解制备TiO₂粉体存在Cl含量高的问题，开展了流化床TiCl₄气相水解制备高纯TiO₂。系统地研究了反应条件、煅烧后处理对TiO₂粉体的纯度、形貌、晶型、比表面积的影响。结果表明，TiO₂内部结构和晶型的转变有利于Cl的脱除；提高煅烧温度使TiO₂的内部结构由多孔疏松向致密结构转变，晶型结构由锐钛矿相向金红石相转变，从而有利于提高Cl的脱除率；与空气煅烧比较，水蒸气气氛下的脱氯效率明显提高，归因于水蒸气与TiO₂颗粒内残余的多羟基氯化物进一步反应；氢气气氛下可进一步提高Cl的脱除率，800℃煅烧2 h后Cl的脱除率达到95%，主要归因于氢气还原TiO₂使其晶型结构发生转变。     

Processing of Yttria powders derived from hydroxide precursors

Roles of calcination and sintering schedules on the final sintered density and microstructure of Y₂O₃ compacts were studied. Optimum calcination procedure appeared to be at 1000°C and for one hour in air atmosphere. Final sintered density of 95% theoretical was achieved around 1450° and nearly pore free (>99% theoretical) pellets were obtained at 1650°C for one hour sintering in vacuum. High heating/cooling rates when coupled with high sintering temperature caused discontinuous grain growth and large internal cracks.     

A study on the preparation of supported metal oxide catalysts using JRC-reference catalysts. I. Preparation of a molybdena–alumina catalyst. Part 4. Preparation parameters and impact index

The effects of the volume and pH of the impregnation solution and of the calcination conditions were examined on the physicochemical and catalytic properties of a 13 wt% MoO₃/Al₂O₃ extrudate catalyst. The Al₂O₃ support and drying procedures (static conditions without flowing air) were fixed in the preparations. In the present series of catalysts, the amount of crystalline MoO₃ was marginally small. It was found that the dispersion of Mo oxide species increased as the volume of the impregnation solution increased, gradually approaching a maximum value. The increase in pH (2–8) of the impregnation solution was found to reduce the dispersion of Mo oxide species. The Mo dispersion increased slightly for the impregnation catalysts as the calcination temperature increased (673–873 K), whereas it decreased for the equilibrium adsorption catalysts. The effects of the calcination atmosphere (with or without flowing air, or with flowing humid air) were very small on the dispersion of Mo oxide species under the present preparation conditions. On the other hand, the methanol oxidation activity of MoO₃/Al₂O₃ was sensitive to the preparation parameters examined here. It was demonstrated by means of EPMA and XPS that a considerable migration of Mo took place during the calcination.

In the present study on the preparation of a 13 wt% MoO₃/Al₂O₃ catalyst, an impact index is proposed to measure the magnitude of the effects of the respective parameter(s) on the physicochemical and catalytic properties. With the Mo dispersion, the effects of the preparation parameter decreased in the order, surface area of the support >> drying process > volume of the impregnation solution > pH, calcination temperature and atmosphere. The size of the impact index for the dispersion of Mo sulfide species is 70–75% of that for the Mo oxide species. The HDS activity of the catalyst was less affected by the preparation parameters than the Mo sulfide dispersion. The preparation parameters affected the segregation of Mo on the outer surface of extrudates in a decreasing order: drying process > volume of the impregnation solution > pH, calcination conditions. It was found that the oxidation of methanol was affected most intensely by the drying procedures. The volume of the impregnation solution, calcination conditions and pH of the impregnation solution also strongly affected the oxidation activity. The impact index suggests that the sensitivity to the preparation variables of the physicochemical and catalytic properties of MoO₃/Al₂O₃ decreases in the order, methanol oxidation activity > surface Mo segregation > Mo oxide dispersion > Mo sulfide dispersion > HDS activity.     

The effect of gas atmosphere used in the calcination of MgO on its basicity and catalytic performance in oxidative coupling of methane

Influence of gas atmosphere used in the calcination of MgO (flowing oxygen, air, helium, nitrogen) on its basicity has been investigated. Pure MgO of relatively low basicity and MgO of higher basicity, containing Ca and Na compounds as impurities, were examined. The surface basicity/base strength distribution was measured using a test reaction of transformation of 2-butanol and a temperature-programmed desorption of CO₂. Both methods revealed that the calcination of MgO samples in the stream of oxygen or air gave MgO of lower basicity than obtained by calcination in the stream of helium or nitrogen. This effect may indicate a different character of interactions between various gas-phase molecules and the surface. It was also shown that MgO calcined in oxygen or air when used in the catalytic oxidative coupling of methane, gave lower conversions of methane and oxygen than that calcined in the inert gas atmosphere. The choice of a gas used in the calcination of MgO, may therefore, influence the basicity and catalytic properties of calcined MgO.