Y15高硫易切削钢氧含量与硫化物形态控制工艺

西宁特钢Y15易切削钢(%:0.10～0.15C、1.00～1.20Mn、0.30S)由25 t EAF-LF-657 kg铸锭流程生产。试验结果表明,通过控制电弧炉氧化终点[C]0.06%～0.10%和脱氧工艺将[O]控制在(150～250)×10^-6,控制钢中Mn/S=2.77、O/S=0.059时,钢中夹杂物大多数为(Mn,Fe)S和硫化物包裹氧化物,少数为MnS,使钢具有良好的切削性能。     

氧含量对硫系易切削钢Y1215中硫化物的影响

研究了T[O]0.0074%～0.0145%对Y1215易切削钢(/%:0.05～0.06C,0.008～0.010Si, 1.26～1.27Mn, 0.049～0.051P,0.37～0.39S)160 mm×160 mm铸坯中硫化物夹杂的分布、尺寸、形貌的影响和轧制Φ8.0 mm热轧盘条中硫化物的变形情况。结果表明：随着氧含量增加,铸坯中硫化物夹杂的尺寸和分布无明显区别,但复合夹杂物数量明显增多,复合型的夹杂物有以MnS为核心包裹或附着MnO-SiO₂和以MnO-SiO₂-Al₂O₃为核心附着MnS夹杂物。在轧制Φ8.0 mm的盘条中,T[O]为0.0074%时,盘条中硫化物变形明显,部分硫化物由于拉伸变形严重而碎断,硫化物的长宽比为23.2,T[O]为0.0145%时,盘条中硫化物沿轧制方向变形小,主要以纺锤形为主,硫化物的长宽比为3.4。为获得球形或纺锤形的硫化物,冶炼时Y1215钢中的T[O]可控制在0.0095%～0.0145%。     

氧含量对硫系易切削钢切削性能的影响

研究了氧含量对硫系易切削钢中硫化物夹杂及对切削性能的影响。结果表明：在一定范围内,钢中氧含量越高越有利于改善切削性能,其原因是氧含量高时,钢中会形成大量的纺锤形（Mn、Fe）（S、O）复合夹杂物。在切削过程中,这类硫化物能割断基体的连续性,在刀具表面形成一层保护膜,从而降低刀具的磨损。实验室切削试验表明：w（O）=0．014％时,硫系易切削钢的切削性能优于45钢,能够获得理想的切削性能。     

硫系易切削钢中氧含量对硫化物形成的影响

 硫化物夹杂对低碳高硫易切削钢的切削性能具有非常重要的影响,实际生产中希望得到纺锤形或球形的硫化物。钢中的氧含量能显著影响硫化物的种类和形态,主要研究了在铸态和线材中,不同氧含量下,硫化物的成分、粒径、长宽比、圆度的变化情况。结果表明,钢中氧含量的增加,有利于形成纺锤形或球形的硫化物夹杂,在wO=00140%时,能够得到理想的硫化物。     

易切削不锈钢中氧含量和锻造比对硫化物形态及切削性能的影响

易切削不锈钢中硫化物的类型和形貌对切削性能具有重要影响。运用扫面电镜分析、热力学计算、锻造实验、切削实验等方法研究了氧含量和锻造比对易切削不锈钢中硫化物的类型和形貌的影响,以及对切削性能的影响。实验结果表明:随着铸态钢中氧含量的增加,MnS包裹(Mn, Cr)O等氧化物的复合硫化物数量增多,第Ⅰ类硫化物的比例上升,硫化物数量减小,尺寸和面积比增加。在锻造过程中,高氧含量(TO质量分数0.021%)钢样中复合硫化物沿锻造方向变形较小,平均长宽比小于3,钢中硫化物呈纺锤形或球形均匀分布。切削实验发现,高氧含量钢样(TO质量分数0.021%)比低氧含量钢样(TO质量分数0.007%)具有更小的切削力和表面粗糙度,刀具使用寿命增加了44.1%,切削性能整体得到提高。     

钢中氧含量对硫化物夹杂种类和形态的影响

主要研究了钢中氧含量与硫化物夹杂物的种类和形态之间的关系,以控制合适的氧含量,从而提高线材的切削性能,对15个炉次的冶炼过程及其成品取样,分析氧含量对硫化物夹杂的成分、形态及切削性能的影响。结果表明:钢中硫化物与氧化物形成的复合夹杂物的比例会随着氧含量的增加而变大,硅、铝、钙氧化物为核心,外围包裹MnS或CaS的纺锤形或球形复合夹杂对提高切削性能非常有利,应保证成品线材中的氧的质量分数不低于0.0140%。     

碲对易切削钢硫化物及切削性能的影响

为研究碲(Te)冶金在易切削钢中的工业化应用效果,开展了向1215易切削钢中添加Te的工业化生产试验,并对其产品变化规律进行了分析。借助蔡司金相显微镜、小样电解、扫描电镜、能谱仪、维氏显微硬度仪、表面粗糙度仪等方法对比分析了1215易切削钢及1215Te易切削钢方坯、轧材中夹杂物的赋存、成分及切削性差异。结果表明,Te系易切削钢方坯中硫化物尺寸大且更均匀,趋向于球状;含Te轧材中夹杂物变形程度较小,轧制后夹杂物长宽比小于3的纺锤状为60%;轧材在进给量0.10 mm/r下切削时,1215Te钢产生的短螺卷屑比例为66.0%,大于1215钢的58.1%。在相同切削条件下,切削后的1215Te钢工件表面粗糙度小于不含Te的1215钢,说明Te显著提升了1215易切削钢的切削性能。     

碲对303Cu易切削不锈钢切削性能的影响

为进一步提升303Cu易切削不锈钢切削性能,满足高端客户对切削性能更高的需求,开展了向303Cu易切削不锈钢中添加碲元素的工业试验,并对含碲303Cu不锈钢进行易切削相解析,借助测力仪、表面粗糙度仪等开展了量化切削对比试验。试验结果表明,碲的质量分数分别为0(不含碲)、0.003 6%、0.007 0%的303Cu不锈钢盘条,在切削线速度为22.14 m/min、切削深度为0.15 mm、进给量为0.20 mm/r的切削条件下,切削力分别为61.47、51.43、48.51 N,表面粗糙度R_a分别为10.61、8.86、5.91μm,“C型屑”所占比例分别为36%、53%和78%。碲的添加改善了钢中硫化物的形貌及分布,硫化物尺寸变大,长宽比降低,更接近椭球状;增加了材料的断屑性,减少了积屑瘤,进而切削力变小、表面光洁度提升,“C型屑”比例增加;随着钢中碲含量增加,切削性改善更加显著。     

碲系易切削钢及其切削性评价

硫系易切削钢利用硫化物的脆断性来提升钢材的切削性能,硫化物的形态、大小、分布是决定易切削钢切削性能优劣的关键因素.上海大学与芜湖新兴铸管有限责任公司合作,通过在1215MS易切削钢基础上添加碲元素,来改善硫化物的形态及分布,提升产品的切削性能.结果表明:硫系易切削钢添加质量分数0.016％ 的碲后,易切削钢中硫化物三维...     

易切削钢中硫化物形态的研究

以易切削钢20CrMnTiSH为研究对象,通过喂硫线增加钢中硫化物数量,再喂入SiCa线使长条形的硫化物变性为球形或纺锤形,在改善钢材切削性能的同时不降低钢材的机械性能。对LF、VD和轧材取样进行检验。检验结果表明:钙处理后夹杂物数量增多,94%以上的夹杂物粒径集中在0～4μm之间;夹杂物纺锤率平均值达到50.73%,在钢中呈细小弥散的分布;氧、Mn/S、Ca/S是影响硫化物形态的重要因素。     

中碳高硫易切削钢中Zr添加对MnS夹杂物形貌特征的影响

摘要：为改善中碳高硫易切削钢中MnS夹杂物形貌特征,在2kg真空感应炉开展了钢中添加Zr金属的试验。利用SEM-EDS研究了不同Zr含量下钢中氧化物和硫化物的形貌特征,并利用Thermo-Calc软件分析了中碳高硫易切削钢中不同种类MnS的形成过程和机制。结果表明：不添加Zr元素的试验钢中,硫化物主要为簇状形貌的II类,以及少量大尺寸的I类,尺寸和空间分布都很不均匀。加了质量分数为0.0015%的Zr元素后,钢中硫化物基本上是以沿晶界分布的簇状形貌存在,复合硫化物占比只有0.1%。随着Zr质量分数进一步增加至0.0051%,钢中主要生成细小的、纯ZrO2氧化物粒子,为硫化物提供了大量形核核心,减弱了硫化物在晶界聚集的分布行为,提高了硫化物的分布均匀性。试验结果表明,高硫氧比条件下,同样可以利用钢中氧化物粒子改善MnS形貌,关键是得到细小尺寸、高效形核效果的第二相粒子。     

Effect of Zr addition on morphology characteristics of MnS inclusions in medium carbon high sulfur free cutting steel

In order to improve the morphology characteristics of MnS inclusions in medium carbon high sulfur free-cutting steel, Zr alloy with different contents were added into the 2kg vacuum induction furnace in laboratory, and the characteristics of oxides and sulfides in steel with different Zr additions were investigated with scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS). The formation mechanism and process of different MnS inclusions were analyzed with thermodynamic software Thermo-Calc. The results show that sulfides in the experimental steel without Zr element are mainly type II MnS with cluster morphology and a small number of type I MnS with large size, and the size and spatial distribution of the sulfides are extremely uneven. After adding 0.0015 mass% of Zr element, the sulfides in the steel are mainly distributed along the grain boundary with cluster morphology. Complex sulfides account for only 01%. As the Zr content further increases to 0.0051 mass%, fine and pure ZrO2 particles are generated in the steel, which provides a sufficient oxide nucleus for MnS formation, weakens the distribution behavior of sulfides in grain boundary polymers, and improves the distribution uniformity of sulfides. Thus, oxides in steel can be used to improve the morphology of sulfides even under the condition of high S/O ratio. The key is to obtain second phase particles with fine size and efficient nucleation ability.     

Three dimensional morphology analysis of sulfide in 1215MS high sulfur steel billet

1215MS is a typical high sulfur free cutting steel. The morphology and spatial distribution of manganese sulfide have an important influence on the properties of the steel. The sulfide inclusions in the 1215MS cast slab were analyzed by OM, SEM, EDS, and three dimensional inclusion etching technology. The results show that the sulfide size in the chilled layer of 1215MS cast billet is small, with the mean equivalent diameter of less than 15μm. However, in the columnar grain zone the sulfide size gradually increases, and the number density of sulfides decreases. At the 1/4 of the surface of billet, the equivalent diameter of sulfide is maximum about 6μm. In the central equiaxed grain region, the sulfide sizes gradually decrease, while their number densities increase. The equivalent diameter at the center of the billet is reduced to about 46μm, while the number density of sulfide is increased to 1000mm-2. The sulfide morphology from the chilled layer to the center of the cast slab mainly includes ellipsoid, short rod, and long strips. The sulfide is uniformly distributed from the intragranular and grain boundaries of the chilled layer to gradually distributed along the grain boundary.     

1215MS高硫钢连铸坯中硫化物三维形貌的解析

摘要：1215MS是典型的高硫易切削钢,硫化锰的形貌及空间分布对钢的性能具有重要影响。借助OM、SEM、EDS、夹杂物三维腐刻技术对1215MS铸坯中硫化物夹杂进行解析,结果表明：1215MS铸坯激冷层中硫化物尺寸细小,等效直径不大于15μm;柱状晶区硫化物尺寸逐步增大,到距铸坯表面1/4位置处等效直径达到最大6μm左右;中心等轴晶区的硫化物尺寸向内逐渐减少,铸坯中心处等效直径约46μm,硫化物增加至每平方毫米1000个左右。从激冷层到铸坯中心硫化物的形貌主要包括椭球状、短棒状、长条状,硫化物由激冷层的晶内及晶界分布,逐步变为沿晶界分布。     

硫含量对重轨钢中非金属夹杂物的影响

摘要：实际生产过程中由于原料和操作控制不精确,钢中硫含量和非金属夹杂物波动较大,严重影响钢的洁净度。为了准确控制重轨钢中硫化锰等非金属夹杂物的尺寸、形态和数量,在实验室开展了硫含量对重轨钢中非金属夹杂物的影响研究。钢中硫质量分数增至70×10-6、110×10-6、140×10-6后随炉冷却,采用全自动夹杂物分析仪对钢中非金属夹杂物进行统计,获得了硫含量与钢中非金属夹杂物成分、尺寸、形态和数量的关系。结果表明,钢中夹杂物大部分为以氧化物为形核核心的复合型MnS;随着硫含量的升高,复合型MnS、MnO-SiO2和MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-CaO型夹杂增多,CaO-SiO2和MgO-CaO-SiO2夹杂减少;夹杂物平均尺寸随硫含量的升高而增大,且不同尺寸的夹杂物均有所增加,尺寸为2~10μm增多最明显;硫质量分数为(70~140)×10-6的钢液凝固过程液相中都能单独析出MnS,且硫含量越高,MnS析出越早,含量越多。     

Effect of sulfur content on non metallic inclusions of heavy rail steel

Due to the inaccurate control of raw materials and operation in the actual production process, the sulfur content and non-metallic inclusions in the steel fluctuate greatly, which seriously affects the cleanliness of steel. To accurately control the size, shape and quantity of non-metallic inclusions such as manganese sulfide in heavy rail steel, the effect of sulfur content on non-metallic inclusions in heavy rail steel was studied in the laboratory. To investigate the changes of the number and morphology of non-metallic inclusions in steel under different sulfur contents, the sulfur content of test steel was increased to 70×10-6, 110×10-6 and 140×10-6, respectively. During the experiment, the test steel was heated and melted in a tubular furnace according to a certain heating rule, and then cooled naturally in the furnace. Subsequently, the non metallic inclusions in steel were scanned by automatic inclusions analyzer, and the relationship between sulfur content and the composition, size, form and quantity of non-metallic inclusions in steel was obtained. The results indicate that most of the inclusions in the steel are composite MnS with oxides as nucleating cores. With the increase of sulfur content, the quantity density of composite MnS, MnO-SiO2 and MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-CaO inclusions increase, while the CaO-SiO2 and MgO-CaO-SiO2 inclusions decrease. The average size of inclusions increases with the increase of sulfur content, and the number of inclusions with different sizes also increases, especially for inclusions with sizes of 2-10μm which increase obviously. During solidification, MnS can be separated from molten steel with sulfur content of (70-140)×10-6. In addition, the higher the sulfur content is, the earlier MnS inclusions precipitate and the more the MnS content is.     

镁对非调质钢中组织及硫化物的影响

为了探究不同镁含量对非调质钢中组织和硫化物形态、尺寸、分布及成分的影响,采用蔡司金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、小样电解等方法,分析了经高温电阻炉冶炼不同镁添加量的49MnVS3非调质钢。结果表明,由于镁蒸气压较高,在实验室冶炼中大量挥发,导致钢中镁的实际平均收得率仅为3.10%;镁的质量分数为0～22×10^-6时,随着镁的质量分数的增加,钢中硫化物形态由Ⅱ类逐渐向Ⅰ类、Ⅲ类转变;钢中硫化物尺寸增大,硫化物的分布均匀性得到显著改善;钢中复合夹杂物比例明显增加,但MnS的比例出现下降;形成了细小弥散的氧化物,增加了奥氏体形核质点,具有细化组织的趋势。     

46MnVS钢铸坯中硫偏析行为及硫化物分布的研究

摘要：46MnVS钢是一种典型的中硫非调质钢,钢中硫化物的类型、大小、分布和硫偏析对其产品使用性能有重大影响。依托国内某厂的46MnVS连铸坯开展硫偏析行为及硫化物分布的研究,采用了扫描电镜、夹杂物三维腐刻等实验方法,分析了铸坯中硫化物类型、大小、分布的变化规律,总结硫偏析行为规律。研究发现铸坯中心和铸坯1/4处出现严重的正偏析,最大正偏析指数分别为1.13、1.08。计算结果表明,MnS在固相率为0.80、温度为1425.0℃时开始从液相中析出,此时残余液相S含量为钢液初始含量的4.60倍。铸坯激冷层中硫化物的三维形貌多为不规则状;从柱状晶区边部到中心不规则状硫化物逐渐增加;中心等轴晶区从外部到中心硫化物主要为不规则状,八面体占比逐渐降低,板片状硫化物逐渐增大。