LiFePO4锂离子电池的数值模拟：正极材料颗粒粒径的影响

LiFePO₄（LFP）作为正极材料时,锂离子电池安全性高且循环寿命长,是目前应用最广泛的正极材料,但其电池倍率性能较差。提升倍率性能的有效手段之一是将LFP材料颗粒纳米化,但材料纳米化过程中颗粒粒径减小对于锂离子电池充放电过程中锂在固液相的扩散及表面电化学反应的影响机制仍缺乏清晰的认识。采用锂离子电池的准二维模型,模拟锂离子电池的放电过程,定量研究了正极材料颗粒粒径对锂离子电池倍率性能的影响,分析了固液相扩散速率与电化学反应速率受LFP材料颗粒粒径的影响程度。研究结果表明：电极材料中固相扩散阻力是锂离子电池电化学性能的主要限制因素。小粒径的LFP作为正极材料时,电极材料内的金属锂的迁移路径较短,同时颗粒与电解液的接触面积增加,界面的电化学反应速率较快,放电倍率对于锂离子电池性能影响较小;大粒径的LFP作为正极材料时,电极材料内的金属锂扩散路径的增加和较高的固相扩散阻力限制了界面的电化学反应速率,导致锂离子电池的倍率性能显著降低。LFP材料的纳米化可以有效减小固相扩散阻力,提升锂离子电池的倍率性能。     

锂离子电池正极涂层孔隙结构优化的数值模拟

以磷酸铁锂(LFP)为正极材料的锂离子电池在电子产品、电动汽车等领域应用广泛,但其能量密度仍有待提升以进一步满足不同场景应用需求。锂离子在正极孔隙电解液中的扩散过程是LFP锂离子电池性能的控制因素之一,通过优化电极孔隙结构可以在一定程度上减小锂离子在电解质中的扩散阻力进而提升能量密度。采用准二维模型描述电池内部的传质电化学过程,考察了当锂离子电池正极孔隙存在梯度分布后对锂离子电池能量密度的影响及作用机理。通过对比孔隙率均匀分布和梯度分布的电池模拟结果,发现孔隙率的梯度分布能提高单位活性材料的利用率,提升电解质通量和电极活性材料的嵌锂量,从而增加电池能量密度。随着电极厚度的增加,孔隙率分布的梯度越大,对能量密度的提升效果越显著,研究结果对于厚电极涂层的制备工艺具有重要意义。     

聚氨酯分散体粒径及粒径分布与粒径控制

介绍了聚氨酯分散体粒径与粒径分布概念、测定粒径的方法,分析探讨了分散体内在因素和外部因素对粒径的影响以及聚氨酯分散体的粒径控制。     

粒径测试技术及粒径分布对陶瓷生产的影响

介绍几种常用的粉体粒径测试技术及其特点，并结合实例，讨论粒径及粒径分布对陶瓷原料、坯料等诸多加工工艺性能的影响及其关系。     

锂离子电池的研究进展

介绍了锂离子电池的电化学反应原理、一般特性及电池正极材料、负极材料、电解质材料的研究进展,同时也介绍了目前存在的问题和发展前景。     

锂离子电池针刺实验影响因素的研究

锂离子电池因为具有能量密度高、无记忆效应、循环寿命长、环境友好等优点,在化学储能器件中脱颖而出,受到电动汽车、3C等产业的广泛关注。为满足市场对高存储能量的需求,电池的能量密度越来越高,但其安全问题也越来越突出。本文以安全性测试中的针刺环节为出发点,主要研究了测试环境温度、注液量波动性、活化时间、电池容量以及电压波动性等实验变量对针刺稳定性的影响。     

氯化法钛白粉的粒径与粒径分布

介绍了二氧化钛的粒径与粒径分布对金红石型钛白粉主要性能的影响,并结合氯化法钛白生产过程分析了影响二氧化钛粒径与粒径分布的主要因素.     

基于混合建模技术的聚氯乙烯粒径分布预测

针对聚氯乙烯粒径分布在线软测量问题,提出了一种基于机理分析和神经网络的混合建模方法,并将该建模方法应用于聚氯乙烯粒径分布建模研究中。混合模型由机理模型和误差补偿模型所组成。通过机理分析建立氯乙烯悬浮聚合过程的单体液滴群体平衡(Population Balance Equation,简称PBE)模型,由于聚氯乙烯成粒过程的复杂性和强非线性,单纯的机理模型预测与实际分析值相比仍存在一定偏差,因此利用人工神经网络建模方法建立了基于BP神经网络的单体液滴群体平衡模型修正模型,对单体液滴群体平衡模型的输出进行修正,由此建立起聚氯乙烯粒径分布混合模型。由于混合模型既能按照液滴分散与聚并机理对聚氯乙烯颗粒的成长过程进行描述,同时又充分利用了生产现场数据对模型误差进行修正,应用到聚氯乙烯生产过程的测试结果表明,与单纯机理模型相比,聚氯乙烯粒径分布混合模型具有更佳的预测效果。     

锂离子电池发展趋势及回收工艺对比

锂离子电池,是以锂离子嵌入化合物为正极材料电池的总称,是一种二次电池,是通过锂离子在正极和负极之间脱嵌、嵌入来工作的。随着全球低碳减排意识的增强,许多国家正积极摆脱对传统能源的依赖。锂离子电池作为新能源的关键技术,也受到了越来越多的关注。近年来,人们对锂离子电池性能提出了更高的要求,锂离子电池也在高电容量、高倍率性能、高安全性方面得到了快速的发展,一批批具有优越性能的正、负极材料应运而生。锂离子电池的使用周期在6～8年,现主要的回收工艺包括梯次利用、资源再生等技术。     

Model based analysis of lithium batteries considering particle‐size distribution

Performance of lithium ion batteries whose electrodes are composed of particles of different sizes is studied. Simplified model developed in (Henquín and Aguirre, AIChE J. 2015; 61:90–102) is extended and the simulations are compared with experiments from the literature so as to validate this new model. The differences in current density observed in particles of different sizes, which are in contact, depend on particle size and state of charge. Internal particle to particle discharge currents are observed during relaxation times. A parametric study of the applied current and particle sizes of electrodes is performed to evaluate cell performance, with emphasis on cell voltage and final capacity measurement. The evolution of reaction rates on the surface of electrode particles and their corresponding states of charge are depicted. An analysis of relaxation times in terms of cell voltage, current density, equilibrium potentials, and overpotentials is included. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 904–915, 2018     

Measurement based modeling and control of bimodal particle size distribution in batch emulsion polymerization

In this article, a novel modeling approach is proposed for bimodal Particle Size Distribution (PSD) control in batch emulsion polymerization. The modeling approach is based on a behavioral model structure that captures the dynamics of PSD. The parameters of the resulting model can be easily identified using a limited number of experiments. The resulting model can then be incorporated in a simple learning scheme to produce a desired bimodal PSD while compensating for model mismatch and/or physical parameters variations using very simple updating rules. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010     

激光粒度仪测定PTA粒径分布

介绍了激光粒度仪测定PTA粒径分布的分析方法 ,通过试验确定了分析条件 ,并与筛分法分析结果进行了对比。该方法简捷、快速、重现性好 ,适用于PTA产品的粒度分析。     

Remaining useful life prediction of lithium-ion battery based on an improved particle filter algorithm

Because lithium-ion batteries are the main power source of industrial electronic equipment, their degradation process modelling and remaining useful life (RUL) prediction problems have attracted wide attention. The particle filter (PF) method has been successfully applied to suppress the model uncertainty and predict the RUL of the lithium-ion battery. In order to further enhance the stability of the PF method and realize a more satisfactory prediction result, a RUL prediction method based on the hybrid algorithm, which combines the PF algorithm and extended unbiased finite impulse response (EFIR) filter, is proposed. Firstly, the state space model of capacity degradation for the lithium-ion battery is established, and the model parameters are estimated by the extended Kalman filter (EKF) algorithm. Secondly, a preliminary battery capacity is predicted by using a regularized particle filter. The preliminary predictions with large deviations are diagnosed and repaired by combining the EFIR filter and diagnostic strategy. Finally, the optimized RUL prediction results of the lithium-ion battery are extrapolated based on the failure threshold. The experiment results demonstrate that the proposed method has good stability and accuracy in predicting the RUL of a lithium-ion battery.     

高性能粒度调配水泥及其在混凝土中的应用研究

通过设计和调配水泥组分的细度和颗粒分布,制备了一种高性能粒度调配水泥,并测试了该水泥及其配制的混凝土的物理力学性能。试验结果表明:粒度调配水泥的标准稠度用水量与普通球磨水泥相当;在相同熟料含量条件下,粒度调配水泥比对比水泥的抗压强度提高3～4MPa;在混凝土应用中,粒度调配水泥和普通球磨水泥相比具有更为明显的性能优势,利用粒度调配水泥配制的C60高强混凝土不但工作性能良好,而且力学性能优异,28d抗压强度达到了96.1MPa。     

Modeling and simulation of polypropylene particle size distribution in industrial horizontal stirred bed reactors

This work aims at developing a steady-state particle size distribution (PSD) model for predicting the size distribution of polypropylene particles in the outflow streams of propylene gas-phase horizontal stirred bed reactors (HSBR), on the one hand and investigating the effect of the catalyst residence time distribution (RTD) on the polymer PSD, on the other hand. The polymer multilayer model (PMLM) is used to describe the growth of a single particle. Knowing the PSD and RTD of a Ziegler–Natta type of catalyst and polymerization kinetics, this model allows calculating the polymer PSD of propylene polymerization in the HSBRs. The calculated polypropylene PSDs agree well with those obtained from the industrial reactors. The results reveal that both the PSD and the RTD of the catalyst affect the polymer PSD but in different manners. The effect of RTD on the PSD is less significant in the case of a nonuniform size catalyst feed. This model also allows investigating the effects of other process parameters on the polymer PSD under steady-state conditions, including intraparticle mass- and heat-transfer limitations, initial catalyst size, and polymer crystallinity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Control of particle size distribution for the synthesis of small particle size high solids content latexes

A polymerization process to synthesize bimodal latexes with maximum particle diameters below 350 nm and solids content above 65 wt% has been developed.The process is based on an iterative strategy to determine the optimal particle size distribution that gives the maximum packing factor for a given range of particle sizes and at a given solids content. The calculated optimal bimodal PSD was experimentally obtained in a seeded semi-continuous emulsion polymerization reaction as follows: in the first step, a polymer seed latex was loaded in the reactor and grown, under monomer starved conditions, until a given particle size. At this point a fraction of the same seed was added to the reactor and the feed was continued until the desired particle size distribution and solids content were achieved. The point at which the seed was added again to the reactor and the amount of seed required were determined by the iterative strategy and depended on the competitive growth rate ratio of large and small particles that is an input for the iterative strategy.Implementation of the solution obtained from the iterative strategy, and for the first time in the open literature, led to the production of a coagulum free and stable bimodal latex with 70 wt% of solids content and particle sizes below 350 nm.     

传质控制下宽分布石膏颗粒群溶解特性

烟气CO₂直接与工业固废磷石膏矿化反应生成碳酸钙与硫酸铵的控速步骤是磷石膏的溶解。在传质控制下,准确表达溶解特性是矿化反应器设计的理论依据。采用种群平衡模型预测传质控制下粒径宽分布石膏颗粒群溶解特性,采用矩积分法和特征线法对模型进行数值求解并与传统的平均粒径模型表达进行对比。结果显示：种群平衡模型反映了粒径分布对溶解速率的影响,计算得到溶解过程中总容积传质系数的变化,与实验结果吻合良好,证实了种群平衡模型预测的可靠性。与之相比,平均粒径模型预测溶解速率值比实验值偏大,由此解释了工业反应器中物料实际停留时间大于模型计算值的原因。