空气横掠中空纤维膜管束的流动与传热性能

采用标准k-ε模型和增强壁面函数法对空气横掠中空纤维膜管束的强制对流换热进行数值模拟。采用SIMPLEC算法求解速度场和压力场的耦合,守恒方程采用二阶迎风格式离散。计算得到了不同管间距比下的管束平均Nusselt数和阻力系数。分析了纵横管间距比及Reynolds数的改变对管束平均Nusselt数和阻力系数的影响。     

三维槽道的周期性层流流动与传热

应用数值模拟方法分析了以周期性方式布置不同节距比(PR=L/H)、倾角为45°挡板槽道的流动特性与传热特性。挡板在槽道上下壁面对齐布置高度比(BR=b/H)为0.2,以便在槽道内部形成一对沿流向的反向旋涡。数值模拟计算Reynolds数范围为100~1000,流体介质为空气。计算结果表明:布置斜置挡板后,在槽道内诱导产生了沿流向的旋涡流,且在测试段中旋涡流冲击槽道上下壁面和槽道一侧壁面,结果使得传热效率提高;分析了范围内平均Nusselt数比Nu/Nu₀、摩擦系数比f/f₀及传热增强系数η随节距比PR和Reynolds数的变化关系,并建立了相应的准则关系式;当挡板间节距比为0.5时,传热增强系数可达最大值3.0。     

内插不同形状涡产生器管内层流流动与传热特性的对比分析

内插扰流元件是一种可操作性强的管内强化传热方式,其强化传热机理主要是在管内诱导产生了二次流。在均匀壁温热边界条件下,对内插不同形状涡产生器管内层流流动与传热特性进行了数值分析。研究发现：在扭带基础上裁去部分面积相同的条件下,管内插等腰梯形涡产生器的换热能力最强,直角梯形涡产生器次之,矩形涡产生器的换热能力最差,管壁上的局部Nusselt数的峰值所在圆周位置及其大小与涡产生器形状有关,而不同形状的涡产生器对管内流动的阻力系数影响较小。插入涡产生器后,管内二次流强度参数Se和平均Nusselt数Nu均随Reynolds数Re的增大而增大,二者随Reynolds数Re的变化规律具有一致性。平均Nusselt数Nu与二次流强度参数Se呈幂函数相关,内插涡产生器管内的二次流强度决定了其对流换热强度。     

近壁面静止圆球的尾迹特性

圆球在大空间均匀来流下的绕流特性已得到了广泛的研究,但是壁面对圆球绕流特性的影响还未清楚。通过实验方法研究了与壁面接触的静止圆球在明渠流中的绕流特性,重点关注了圆球后尾迹的特性。研究发现,圆球尾迹存在三种状态：稳定状态、非稳定对称状态和非稳定非对称状态。当Re<150时,尾迹呈稳定状态,尾迹关于垂直于壁面的平面对称;当150<Re<400时,尾迹呈对称状态,Reynolds数较高时,圆球后存在规则的、周期性的涡脱落,Strouhal 数为0.26~0.33,脱落涡关于垂直于壁面的平面对称,此时尾迹功率谱的频带分布较宽;而当Re>400时,圆球后的涡脱落不再对称,尾迹随着Reynolds数的增大呈现混沌特征。     

CC板通道入口效应对传热特性和阻力特性的影响

选取低Reynolds数k-ε湍流模型,采用数值模拟的方法计算了不同Reynolds数下入口效应和CC板通道单元体传热特性、阻力特性的关系。数值模拟的结果表明：入口效应的存在使得CC板通道前3个单元体的湍流强度显著变大,在第4个单元体之后入口效应对传热特性的影响可以忽略;随着Reynolds数的增加,由于CC板通道入口处湍流强度增加的程度逐渐变小,入口效应对传热效果的强化能力下降;随着Reynolds数的增加,入口段和充分发展段的摩擦阻力系数均有所下降;此外,由于入口效应的存在,CC板通道入口段的摩擦阻力系数比充分发展段高20%左右。     

CC板通道入口效应对传热特性和阻力特性的影响

选取低Reynolds数k-ε湍流模型,采用数值模拟的方法计算了不同Reynolds数下入口效应和CC板通道单元体传热特性、阻力特性的关系。数值模拟的结果表明:入口效应的存在使得CC板通道前3个单元体的湍流强度显著变大,在第4个单元体之后入口效应对传热特性的影响可以忽略;随着Reynolds数的增加,由于CC板通道入口处湍流强度增加的程度逐渐变小,入口效应对传热效果的强化能力下降;随着Reynolds数的增加,入口段和充分发展段的摩擦阻力系数均有所下降;此外,由于入口效应的存在,CC板通道入口段的摩擦阻力系数比充分发展段高20%左右。     

微小通道内低Reynolds数液-液两相流动与换热特性实验研究

实验研究了圆形微小通道内液-液两相流的流动和换热特性。选用去离子水为分散相,高黏度二甲基硅油为连续相。通过处理高速摄像所拍摄的可视化图像,总结了液-液两相流流型和液滴的长度/形状特征。并在此基础上考察了低Reynolds数下液-液弹状流对微小通道的换热作用。结果表明,平均Nusselt数随着Reynolds数的增加而增加,且油水比越大传热系数增加幅度越明显。Nu随着含水率的增加而降低。虽然含水率增加会使两相平均热容量提高,但在低Reynolds数下,这种提高被其长液滴内较弱的循环强度所抵消。选用三种不同形式接头在相同混合速度和含水率的情况下生成不同长度的液滴,发现短液滴更有利于换热。相同工况下,液滴长度的优化可以使整体传热系数提高近26%。     

绕流具有光合生化反应管束的格子Boltzmann模拟

采用格子Boltzmann方法模拟了有机废水溶液绕流表面附着有光合生物膜管束的流动、传质及光合生化反应过程,并分析了管束排列,管间距及Reynolds数对流场、浓度场、平均阻力系数及底物的Sherwood数的影响。结果表明：溶液绕流小管间距时具有较高的Sherwood数,同时阻力系数也较高;与顺排管束相比,绕流叉排管束的平均Sherwood数增大了一倍左右,其增大幅度随Re的增大而增大,而阻力系数仅增大了约10%。一定条件下,绕流叉排管束时,出口处具有较低的底物浓度和较高的产物浓度。结果表明,很小的流场扰动可对浓度场产生较大影响,从而,叉排管束更有利于传输传质及生物降解。     

凹槽表面的流动与传热特性

采用大涡模拟对底面为凹槽的矩形通道内湍流流动与传热特性进行了研究,为验证所采用数值方法的准确性与可靠性,将平直矩形通道内模拟结果与文献中的直接数值模拟结果进行了比较,换热面Nusselt数与采用Dittus-Boelter公式计算所得Nu进行了比较,计算误差小于5%。以凹槽表面为底面的矩形通道的数值模拟结果表明:通道底面的凹槽结构改变了凹槽表面处流动结构,不同的凹槽高度和长度对流动阻力和换热效果的影响不同,在特定的几何参数下,与平直矩形通道相比,凹槽表面时均Nusselt数提高了近50.5%,时均摩擦阻力系数减小了近35.17%,综合系数增加了73.89%。通道内的流动结构显示:凹槽表面附近存在流体垂直流向壁面区域,在垂直流动区域内流体出现前、后分流,分流位置处Nusselt数增加明显,摩擦阻力系数没有明显增加,其综合流动特性最好。     

螺旋折流板换热器质心当量矩形通用计算模型

现有螺旋折流板换热器(HBHXs)螺旋通道的截面积是按照通道中被管排阻挡的最小截面计算的,而实际的螺旋通道截面是由最小截面和管间的最大截面共同构成的,螺旋流是逐步通过最小截面的。由于按此最小截面公式计算的Reynolds数不准确,因此无法获得预测Nusselt数和摩擦因子与Reynolds数关系的通用关联式。提出了一种新型质心当量矩形(MCER)模型,以更精确地计算螺旋折流板换热器的螺旋通道的截面积和壳侧流体Reynolds数,并采用商用软件HTRI和文献的实验数据对MCER模型进行了验证,获得了较满意的结果。在相同条件下,按MCER模型计算壳侧Nusselt数Nu_o的结果与采用换热器设计软件HTRI所计算结果的误差在-10%~5%范围内,与两组文献实验结果的误差分别在±18%和-5%~15%范围内,但其摩擦因子的公式结果与上述来源结果比较的误差都比较大,需要进一步完善。     

Wall effects in flow past a circular cylinder in a plane channel: a numerical study

This paper describes a numerical study on the steady flow of an incompressible Newtonian fluid past a circular cylinder confined in a plane rectangular channel. Using FLUENT (version 6), two-dimensional steady state computations were carried out for an uniform inlet velocity and for different values of the Reynolds numbers in the range between 0.1 and 200 and blockage ratios (ratio of the channel width to the cylinder diameter) in the range between 1.54 and 20. The flow parameters such as drag coefficient, length of the recirculation zone, and the angle of separation are presented as functions of the Reynolds number and blockage ratio. The total drag coefficient (C_D) was found to decrease with an increase in the blockage ratio (λ) for a fixed value of the Reynolds number (Re) and to decrease with increasing Reynolds number for a fixed value of λ. Similarly, for a fixed value of λ, both the angle of separation and the length of the recirculation zone increase with the increasing Reynolds number.     

Non-Newtonian power-law flow across a confined triangular bluff body in a channel

Wall effects on the flow of incompressible non-Newtonian power-law fluids across an equilateral triangular cylinder confined in a horizontal plane channel have been investigated for the range of conditions: Reynolds number, Re=1–40, power-law index, n=0.4–1.8 (covering shear-thinning, Newtonian and shear-thickening behaviors) and blockage ratio=0.125–0.5. Extensive numerical results on flow pattern, wake/recirculation length, individual and overall drag coefficients, variation of pressure coefficient on the surface of the triangular cylinder and so forth are reported to elucidate the combined effect of power-law index, blockage ratio and Reynolds number. The size of vortices decreases with an increase in the value of the blockage ratio and/or power-law index. For a fixed value of the Reynolds number, individual and overall drags decrease with decrease in power-law index and/or blockage ratio in steady confined flow regime. Simple correlations of wake length and drag are also obtained for the range of settings considered.     

Two-dimensional unsteady flow of power-law fluids over a cylinder

The unsteady flow of incompressible power-law fluids over an unconfined circular cylinder in cross-flow arrangement has been studied numerically. The two-dimensional (2-D) field equations have been solved using a finite volume method based solver (FLUENT 6.3). In particular, the effects of the power-law index (0.4?n?1.8) and Reynolds number (40?Re?140) on the detailed kinematics of the flow (streamline, surface pressure and vorticity patterns) and on the macroscopic parameters (drag and lift coefficients, Strouhal number) are presented in detail. The periodic vortex shedding and the evolution of detailed kinematics with time are also presented to provide insights into the nature of flow. The two-dimensional flow transits from steady to unsteady behaviour at a critical value of the Reynolds number Re∼(40-50) and the von-Karman vortex street is observed beyond the critical Reynolds number (Re). Obviously, both the lift coefficient and Strouhal number values are zero for the steady flow, but their values increase with the increasing Reynolds number (Re) in the unsteady flow regime. For highly shear-thickening fluids (n=1.8), the flow becomes unsteady at Re=40 and unsteadiness in the flow appears at Re=50 for all values of power-law index (n). As expected, the evolution of the kinematics and vortex shedding show a complex dependence on the flow parameters near the transition in the flow. For a fixed value of the Reynolds number (Re), the drag coefficient increases and lift coefficient decreases with increasing value of the power-law index (n). For a fixed value of the power-law index (n), the drag coefficient gradually increases with the Reynolds number (Re). Similar to the drag coefficient, lift coefficient also shows a complex dependence on the power-law index (n) near the transition zone. The value of the Strouhal number (St) decreases with the increasing value of the power-law index (n) at a fixed value of the Reynolds number (Re).     

气液两相流中顺列管束涡街特性实验研究

对受气液两相流横向冲刷的顺列管束旋涡脱离特性进行了实验研究。实验中通过测量顺列管束所受升力的频谱特性来确定涡街的脱离频率。实验中来流雷诺数的范围为 1.6× 10 4～ 8× 10 4,截面含气率的范围为 0～ 0 .30 ,横向管间距比 T/ D=1.5、 2 .0、 3.0 ,纵向管间距比 P/ D=2 .0、 3.0、 4.0。实验结果揭示了顺列管束涡街特性和斯特罗哈数随含气率、管间距、两相雷诺数的变化规律     

Effect of blockage on drag and heat transfer from a single sphere and an in-line array of three spheres

The effect of blockage ratio on the steady flow and heat transfer characteristics of incompressible fluid over a sphere and an in-line array of three spheres placed at the axis of a tube has been investigated numerically. The Navier-Stokes and thermal energy equations have been solved numerically using FLUENT for the following ranges of parameters: for a single sphere, 2 ≤ β ≤ 10; 1 ≤ Re ≤ 100; for the three-sphere system, for two values of sphere-to-sphere distance, namely s = 2 and 4. All computations were carried out for two values of the Prandtl number, i.e., 0.74 and 7, corresponding to the flow of air and water respectively. Extensive results on streamline patterns, wake characteristics (angle of separation and recirculation length), drag coefficient and Nusselt number are presented to elucidate the interplay between the blockage and the Reynolds number and their influence on drag and Nusselt number.     

Lift and drag forces on a sphere attached to a wall in a Blasius boundary layer

Lift and drag forces on a sphere attached to a planar wall, over which a laminar flat plat boundary layer flows, are examined numerically in this study. Particle Reynolds number ranged from 0.1–250, which represents steady, laminar flow about the sphere, and the plate Reynolds number was held constant at 32 400. A finite-volume computational fluid dynamics program was utilised. Simulation results were validated against analytical results for drag and lift in creeping flow and against experimental results available in the literature for lift at higher particle Reynolds number. The model results were curve-fitted and interpolating drag and lift coefficient functions are reported. The lift and drag results are shown to be weakly dependent upon plate Reynolds number. The resulting correlations are expected to be useful in the development of particle impending motion and aerosol entrainment predictions of particles adhering to planar walls.     

Wall Effects in Two‐Dimensional Axisymmetric Flow Over a Circular Disk Oriented Normal to Flow in a Cylindrical Tube

The effect of cylindrical walls on the drag of a neutrally buoyant disk (with zero inertia) oriented normal to the direction of flow has been investigated numerically. Using FLUENT, the field equations have been solved to obtain the values of the total, pressure and friction components of drag as a function of the Reynolds number and of the blockage ratio. The results presented herein encompass the following ranges of the conditions: Reynolds number: 1 to 100; and the blockage ratio (disk diameter/cylinder diameter): 0.02 to 0.5. As expected, the drag is found to be higher under the confined flow conditions than that in the unconfined flow conditions. However, the confining boundaries appear to exert only a weak influence on the formation and size of the wake region. The drag values are also weakly influenced by the thickness of the disk. However, this effect progressively disappears as the Reynolds number is gradually increased. The present numerical values corresponding to the unconfined flow conditions are in excellent agreement with the previous numerical and experimental results available in the literature.     

Effect of power-law index on critical parameters for power-law flow across an unconfined circular cylinder

The conditions for the formation of a wake and for the onset of wake instability for the flow of power-law fluids over an unconfined circular cylinder are investigated numerically by solving the continuity and momentum equations using FLUENT (version 6.2). The effect of power-law index on the critical Reynolds numbers, Strouhal number and drag coefficient has been presented over a wide range of power-law index (0.3?n?1.8) thereby establishing the limits of the flow without separation and the steady symmetric flow regimes, respectively. While both the shear-thinning (n<1) and the shear-thickening (n>1) seem to lower the value of the critical Reynolds number denoting the onset of wake instability as compared to that for Newtonian fluids, the effect is seen to be more prominent for shear-thickening fluids than that for shear-thinning fluids. The corresponding values of the critical Strouhal number (St_c) and drag coefficient have also been presented for the critical values of the Reynolds number. Included here are also a series of streamline plots showing the onset of asymmetry and of the time-dependent flow regime.     

Numerical study on the hydrodynamics of agglomerates at intermediate Reynolds numbers

The flow pattern and hydrodynamics of a heterogeneous permeable agglomerate in a uniform upward flow at intermediate Reynolds numbers(1–40) are analyzed from three-dimensional(3 D) computational fluid dynamics simulations. Different from the homogeneous or stepwise-varying permeability models used in previous papers, a continuously radially varying permeability model is used in the present study. The effects of two dimensionless parameters, the Reynolds number and the permeability ratio, on the flow field and the hydrodynamics were investigated in detail. The results reveal that unlike the solid sphere, a small recirculating wake initially forms inside the agglomerate. The critical Reynolds number for the formation of the recirculating wake is lower than that of the solid sphere and it decreases with the increase of permeability ratio. A correlation of drag coefficient as a function of the Reynolds number and permeability ratio is proposed. Comparisons of drag coefficients obtained by different permeability models show that at intermediate Reynolds numbers(1–40),the effect of radially varying permeability on the drag coefficient must be considered.