淬火冷却速度对耐热钢1Cr12Ni3Mo2VN组织和性能的影响

研究了1040℃1h油冷、炉冷(5℃/min)、1℃/min、0.5℃/min冷却后耐热钢1Cr12Ni3Mo2VN的组织和该钢1040℃1h不同冷却速度淬火+565℃2h空冷后的力学性能。试验结果表明,该钢4种冷却速度淬火均可得到马氏体组织,但油冷+回火的A_(KV2)值为156.5 J,而5～0.5℃/min冷却+回火时为40.5～16.5 J。残余奥氏体发生热失稳分解是导致试验钢淬火缓冷后冲击韧性显著下降的主要原因;在淬火缓冷过程中720～820℃这一温度段,由于原奥氏体晶界上碳化物的大量析出,使残余奥氏体中合金元素和碳含量的显著减少,造成淬火组织中的残余奥氏体稳定性大幅度下降。     

回火对Si-Mn-Mo系贝氏体钢组织性能的影响

研究了淬火后不同温度回火对Si-Mn-Mo系贝氏体钢显微组织与力学性能的影响.结果表明,采用淬火后回火的工艺可以显著提高Si-Mn-Mo系贝氏体钢的强度和塑性.淬火后300℃回火与350℃回火,该钢的力学性能相差不大,而450℃回火后强度、硬度相对较低,韧塑性略有提高.组织观察表明,该钢为贝氏体铁素体和残余奥氏体(片状和块状M-A岛)的复合组织,适当温度回火可以促进块状M-A岛分解,增加板条铁素体含量,提高残余奥氏体的机械稳定性,进而稳定其组织性能..     

淬火分配工艺对低碳低合金钢组织与性能的研究

研究了0.15C-Mn-Si-Cr低碳低合金钢在Ms点以下不同温度预淬火-碳分配工艺(QP工艺)及贝氏体转变对钢组织与性能影响。结果表明,实验钢经QP处理后获得贝氏体/马氏体复相组织,与淬火回火钢相比能获得更多的残余奥氏体量,随着淬火碳分配温度的升高,钢中残余奥氏体量增加,等温温度超过310℃后,钢中析出碳化物,残余奥氏体量减少。在250℃预淬火温度等温碳分配淬火,钢的冲击韧性显著高于传统的淬火回火钢。     

常化后冷却工艺对1600MPa级超高强钢组织性能的影响

为改善高强度钢的塑性和韧性,对中碳低合金马氏体高强度钢分别采用常化后空冷＋回火和常化后控冷＋回火工艺,研究常化后冷却工艺对钢中残余奥氏体及力学性能的影响.采用扫描电镜获得钢的组织形态,利用X射线衍射和电子背散射衍射技术分析钢中残余奥氏体的体积分数、形貌和分布.发现两种工艺下均得到板条马氏体＋残余奥氏体组织,残余奥氏体均匀分布在板条之间,随工艺参数不同,其体积分数在3%~10%变化.常化后加速冷却能显著细化马氏体板条,提高钢的屈服强度和抗拉强度100 MPa以上,冲击功下降4 J.残余奥氏体的体积分数随常化控冷终冷温度的升高呈现先升高后降低的变化,常化后的控制冷却也可以作为进一步改善马氏体类型钢组织和性能的方法      

贝氏体等温温度对超高强冷轧TRIP钢组织性能的影响

将C-Si-Mn钢加热至800℃保温120 s后,分别快速冷却至350～410℃保温600 s以模拟贝氏体等温转变工艺。通过扫描电镜(SEM)和拉伸测试的方法研究了贝氏体等温温度对超高强相变诱导塑性钢(TRIP钢)微观组织和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明,冷轧TRIP钢的微观组织由铁素体、贝氏体、马氏体和残余奥氏体组成;贝氏体和残余奥氏体形成于等温转变阶段,而马氏体形成于等温后的终冷阶段。随着贝氏体等温温度增加,固溶C原子扩散系数提高,促进残余奥氏体中碳化物的析出。因此,奥氏体中的平均固溶C含量降低,使得TRIP钢残余奥氏体分数降低,马氏体体积分数增加。贝氏体等温温度由350℃增加至410℃时,TRIP钢屈服强度由720 MPa降低至573 MPa,抗拉强度由1 195 MPa提高至1 312 MPa,伸长率A_(80)由17.8%降低至12.5%。贝氏体等温温度为350℃时,冷轧TRIP钢具有优良的综合力学性能,强塑积达到21 270 MPa·%。     

热处理工艺对Cr12MoV钢组织、硬度及耐磨性的影响

本试验研究了不同淬火和回火工艺热处理对Cr12MoV钢组织、硬度和磨损性能的影响。实验结果表明:当在1050~1100℃范围内淬火、520℃回火时,得隐针马氏体+少量残余奥氏体组织,材料硬度与耐磨性均较好;当在1100℃淬火,各温度二次回火硬度均较一次回火高,当在550℃回火时,试验钢实现二次硬化,且残余奥氏体大量转变,硬度和耐磨性达最大值,材料性能最优。     

高强贝氏体钢高温回火组织性能研究

研究了高强贝氏体钢经540℃、480℃2种不同终冷温度,和500℃、600℃不同回火工艺条件下组织性能的变化规律。研究结果表明:540℃终冷后得到以QF+M/A组织为主的贝氏体组织,在回火后,因残余奥氏体转变为高强度的F+MC,提升了钢的屈服强度;而480℃终冷后得到以BF组织为主的贝氏体,在回火过程中板条合并和多边形化,钢的强度大幅降低。     

TRIP钢在分段冷却过程中的相变行为

 建立了热轧低碳Si Mn系TRIP钢相变动力学模型。将该模型用于模拟热轧TRIP钢分段冷却过程中显微组织的演变,并定量分析了热变形和冷却速率对热变形奥氏体相变行为的影响。结果表明,预测值与实测值符合较好;降低终轧温度、提高终轧变形量,延长两相区缓冷时间都能促进铁素体相变,从而有利于提高残余奥氏体中的碳含量。     

热处理工艺对Cr12MoV钢组织及硬度的影响

采用金相显微镜、XRD射线衍射仪及维氏硬度计等,研究了普通热处理和深冷处理工艺对Cr12MoV钢显微组织及硬度的影响。结果表明:Cr12MoV钢经普通热处理和深冷处理淬火后的组织均为隐针马氏体+残余奥氏体+碳化物,200℃低温回火后组织转变为回火马氏体+碳化物+残余奥氏体。深冷处理可大幅减少钢中残余奥氏体,提升钢的硬度;热处理采用1 020℃加热保温60 min淬火+(-196℃)深冷2 h+200℃回火保温120 min,硬度(HV30)值最高,可达780。     

调质低碳贝氏体钢的组织和性能

研究了C-Mn-Mo-Cu-Nb-Ti-B系低碳微合金钢915℃淬火和490~640℃回火的调质工艺对钢的组织及力学性能的影响.用扫描电镜和透射电镜对实验钢的组织、析出物形态和分布以及断口形貌进行观察,采用X射线衍射仪分析钢中残余奥氏体的体积分数.结果表明:调质后,实验钢获得贝氏体、少量马氏体及残余奥氏体复相组织,贝氏体板条宽度只有250 nm,残余奥氏体的体积分数随着回火温度的升高而降低,经淬火与520℃回火后残余奥氏体的体积分数为2.1%.调质后析出物的数量激增,6~15 nm的析出物占70%以上.实验钢经过915℃淬火与520℃回火后,其屈服强度达到915 MPa,抗拉强度990 MPa,-40℃冲击功为95 J.细小的析出物及窄的板条提高了钢的强度.板条间有残余奥氏体存在,改善了实验钢的韧性.      

Banded Microstructure Formation and Its Effect on the Performance of 06Ni9 Steel

Focusing on the banded microstructure formed during the production of 06Ni9 steels for cryo-LNG,this paper examines its formation,distribution of alloying elements,structure,hardness,and low-temperature property.The results show that the banded microstructure formed after hot-rolling and cooling of the steel binct in which the element segregation occurred during solidification.The phase change during heat treatment also can cause the formation of the banded microstructure of 06Ni9 steel.The white bands are mainly composed of ferrite and reversed austenite,and the black bands are mainly composed of reversed austenite and a certain amount of ferrite.Element segregation and formation of more carbide caused some black regions to appear.Grain refinement of 06Ni9steel is beneficial to the formation of reversed austenite,the redistribution of alloying elements,improving the stability of austenite and the low-temperature toughness of steel.This steel easily undergoes nickel segregation;thus,undergoing a secondary quenching and tempering process is recommended.The refinement of martensite quenching above A c3,the martensite that is rich in nickel and carbon,residual austenite and a few little of ferrite after secondary quenching lower than A c3 are beneficial to the formation of high stability austenite.Thus,this can meet the strength and toughness requirement of the low temperature 06Ni9 steel.     

回火温度对COST-FB2转子钢析出相与力学性能的影响

 为了调整COST-FB2转子钢的强韧性,采用OM、SEM和TEM等手段研究了回火温度对COST-FB2转子钢的析出相类型与力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着回火温度由350 ℃升高到750 ℃,试验钢的强度、硬度不断下降,塑性和冲击功上升;试验钢350 ℃和570 ℃回火后的高强低韧性可通过再次在700 ℃回火改善。淬火后COST-FB2转子钢中的残余奥氏体,可通过在570 ℃回火消除;在350 ℃和570 ℃回火后马氏体板条内部有大量针状的M₃C,700 ℃回火后的显微组织中M₃C消失,M₂₃C₆在原奥氏体晶界和马氏体板条界上析出,750 ℃回火后晶界上的M₂₃C₆有聚集粗化的现象,部分马氏体板条存在回复现象。     

冷处理对超级马氏体不锈钢组织及逆变奥氏体的影响

为研究冷处理对超级马氏体不锈钢的组织性能及逆变奥氏体的影响,通过淬火+回火(A钢)、淬火+冷处理+回火(B钢)以及淬火+深冷处理+回火(C钢)3种工艺进行对比研究。结果表明:实验钢中基体组织为回火马氏体,随回火温度的升高,马氏体板条变细。在相同回火温度下,A钢马氏体板条尺寸较大,B钢次之,C钢尺寸较小、且更平直。实验钢中逆变奥氏体含量随回火温度的升高先增加随后降低,在650℃时达到最大,整个过程中C钢逆变奥氏体含量高于B钢和A钢。实验钢的硬度随回火温度的升高而降低,在650℃时达到最小,随后增大。相同回火温度下,C钢硬度高于B钢,B钢高于A钢。A钢中逆变奥氏体多为块状,尺寸较大,分布较少;B钢次之;C钢中逆变奥氏体多为条状,尺寸较小,且分布均匀。     

Formation of Reversed Austenite in High Temperature Tempering Process and its Effect on Mechanical Properties of Cr15 Super Martensitic Stainless Steel Alloyed with Copper

Formation mechanism of the reversed austenite of Cr15 super martensitic stainless steel (SMSS) alloyed with copper after high temperature tempering was investigated by means of thermo‐calc software, transmission electron microscope (TEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The mechanical properties of the SMSS were also tested. The experimental results show that the reversed austenite with low dislocation density is formed at high temperature tempering processing. The transformation of the martensite to reversed austenite is a diffused phase transformation, and the growth of the reversed austenite is closely related to the diffusion process of Ni. The bulk reversed austenite with large amount of stacking faults is formed with the increase of the tempering temperature. The volume fraction of reversed austenite increases at first and then decreases with increasing tempering temperature, and the maximum amount of the reversed austenite is obtained at 650°C. The reversed austenite is unstable at the tempering temperature above 650°C and the martensitic phase transformation will occur at the following cooling process. The mechanical properties of Cr15 super martensitic stainless steel are significantly influenced by the volume fraction of reversed austenite.     

Effect of Heat Treatment on Reversed Austenite in Cr15 Super Martensitic Stainless Steel

 The effect of different heat treatments on the reversed austenite in Cr15 super martensitic stainless steel was investigated. The experimental results indicate that the microstructure of the steel is composed of tempered martensite and diffused reversed austenite after quenching at 1050 ℃ and tempering from 550 to 750 ℃. The volume fraction and size of reversed austenite increase with increasing tempering temperature and both of them reach the maximum value at 700 ℃. The volume fraction and size of reversed austenite decrease when the temperature is above 700 ℃. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) results indicate that the orientation relationship between tempered martensite and reversed austenite belongs to Kurdjmov-Sach (K-S) relationship.     

In Situ Thermo-magnetic Investigation of the Austenitic Phase During Tempering of a 13Cr6Ni2Mo Supermartensitic Stainless Steel

The formation of austenite during tempering of a 13Cr6Ni2Mo supermartensitic stainless steel (X2CrNiMoV13-5-2) was investigated using an in situ thermo-magnetic technique to establish the kinetics of the martensite to austenite transformation and the stability of austenite. The austenite fraction was obtained from in situ magnetization measurements. It was found that during heating to the tempering temperature 1 to 2 vol pct of austenite, retained during quenching after the austenitization treatment, decomposed between 623 K and 753 K (350 °C and 480 °C). The activation energy for martensite to austenite transformation was found by JMAK-fitting to be 233 kJ/mol. This value is similar to the activation energy for Ni and Mn diffusion in iron and supports the assumption that partitioning of Ni and Mn to austenite are mainly rate determining for the austenite formation during tempering. This also indicates that the stability of austenite during cooling after tempering depends on these elements. With increasing tempering temperature the thermal stability of austenite is decreasing due to the lower concentrations of austenite-stabilizing elements in the increased fraction of austenite. After cooling from the tempering temperature the retained austenite was further partially decomposed during holding at room temperature. This appears to be related to previous martensite formation during cooling.     

热处理工艺对超级马氏体钢逆变奥氏体的影响

 试验采用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、透射电镜（TEM）及能谱分析（EDS）等手段,研究不同铬含量的超级马氏体不锈钢在相同热处理工艺下逆变奥氏体含量、组织形貌及生长规律的异同。结果表明,13Cr和15Cr两试验钢经淬火＋回火后的显微组织为回火马氏体和逆变奥氏体,两试验钢中逆变奥氏体含量及尺寸均随着回火温度升高先增加再减小,且在650～700 ℃时达到最大。两试验钢内的逆变奥氏体在回溶过程中会对基体组织产生细化作用。通过对比发现,15Cr钢中的逆变奥氏体含量更多,尺寸更大,回溶时对基体的细化作用更明显。     

加热温度对微合金高强钢奥氏体组织及其再结晶的影响

 通过实验室模拟实际生产中的加热过程及单道次压缩热模拟试验,结合组织观察分析方法,回火硬度法研究了一种Nb V Ti微合金高强管线钢加热温度与奥氏体组织,合金元素溶解及析出的关系,并对不同温度加热后奥氏体的动态再结晶行为及其组织进行了研究。试验结果表明,随加热温度的升高,奥氏体晶粒尺寸逐渐增大,在1 200 ℃以上易出现粗大晶粒,加热温度过高形成的粗大奥氏体晶粒延缓了再结晶行为,容易造成混晶现象。     

调质热处理对55NiCrMoV7模具钢组织与力学性能的影响

采用扫描电镜(SEM)、硬度测试、V型冲击实验和单向拉伸实验结合有限元建模仿真,研究了55NiCrMoV7模具钢在不同淬火温度(790～910℃)、回火温度(100～650 ℃)下的微观组织演化和力学性能的变化规律。结果表明,随着淬火温度升高,球状碳化物逐渐溶解到马氏体基体中,马氏体组织不断长大、粗化,残余奥氏体逐渐增多;淬火后HRC硬度值基本稳定在42～46,屈服强度和抗拉强度先增大后减小,870 ℃淬火后均达到最大值1 380 MPa和1485 MPa,冲击韧性在850 ℃淬火后最大,为26 J。在不同温度回火过程中,马氏体组织含量基本稳定,随着回火温度继续升高,残余奥氏体逐渐溶解,碳化物从马氏体边界处析出,细小而弥散。870 ℃ 4 h淬火+560 ℃ 6 h回火可以使55NiCrMoV7钢具有良好的综合力学性能。