竖直矩形窄缝通道内近壁汽泡生长和脱离研究

可视化研究窄缝通道内汽泡生长和脱离对于揭示窄缝通道内的沸腾传热机理具有重要意义。本文采用高速摄影仪从宽面和窄面可视化观察了常压条件下矩形窄缝通道内汽泡核化生长和脱离规律。研究结果表明，汽泡在核化点生长时，汽泡底部与加热面存在一小的接触面，总体而言，汽泡在生长过程中基本呈球状。在相同热工参数下，不同核化点处汽泡生长规律基本相同，但汽泡脱离直径相差较大。窄缝通道内汽泡生长速率小，脱离时间较长，可采用修正的Zuber公式预测窄缝通道内汽泡生长直径。在同一拍摄窗口内，统计分析了热工参数对汽泡平均脱离直径的影响规律。随热流密度的增加，汽泡平均脱离直径减小；随入口欠热度的增加，汽泡平均脱离直径减小；随主流速度的增加，汽泡平均脱离直径减小。     

强制对流过冷沸腾流体中汽泡脱离频率

在垂直上升环形通道内进行强制对流过冷沸腾实验。实验工质为水，实验压力为大气压力。由一台高速摄像仪对汽泡核化的动力学过程进行图像捕捉。通过影像获取总共58个工况下的汽泡脱离频率。对本实验的数据和从文献中获取的数据进行无量纲分析。将已有的模型和关系式与汽泡等待时间、生长时间以及脱离频率等实验数据进行比较。由池式沸腾改进的关系式未能很好地应用于强制对流过冷沸腾，同时，由过冷沸腾提出的模型也不能预测宽实验参数范围内的汽泡脱离频率。无量纲汽泡脱离频率与无量纲泡核沸腾热流密度相关。新的关系式与现有的低壁面过热度下的实验数据吻合良好。     

竖直环管内低压水过冷沸腾数值模拟研究

通过在计算流体力学软件(CFX)中添加用户程序实现对低压环管内水过冷沸腾的数值模拟。针对Lee等的过冷沸腾实验工况,利用Unal气泡脱离直径模型修正后的Tolubinsky关系式作为汽泡脱离直径关系式,采用Anglart关系式作为汽泡平均直径关系式。通过比较非曳力模型中不同升力模型、湍流耗散力模型对径向空泡份额分布的影响,提出模型的使用建议。将计算结果与实验进行比较,验证模型在低压工况范围内的适用性。     

竖直环管内低压水过冷沸腾数值模拟研究

通过在计算流体力学软件(CFX)中添加用户程序实现对低压环管内水过冷沸腾的数值模拟。针对Lee等的过冷沸腾实验工况,利用Unal气泡脱离直径模型修正后的Tolubinsky关系式作为汽泡脱离直径关系式,采用Anglart关系式作为汽泡平均直径关系式。通过比较非曳力模型中不同升力模型、湍流耗散力模型对径向空泡份额分布的影响,提出模型的使用建议。将计算结果与实验进行比较,验证模型在低压工况范围内的适用性。     

窄通道内的汽泡核化以及滑移汽泡的影响

针对不同压力下窄通道内的过冷流动沸腾汽泡核化进行了实验研究,通过高速摄影技术观察了汽泡的核化和滑移过程。实验结果表明,与常规通道有所不同,窄通道内的汽泡一般不会离开加热壁面而产生浮升现象,汽泡主要沿加热壁面进行滑移运动。不同压力条件下的汽泡核化有较大的差别,较低压力条件下汽泡核化点沿加热壁面分布比较均匀,而压力升高后的汽泡核化点主要集中在沸腾起始点附近,下游核化点数目则相对较少。核化点分布形式的不同主要是由不同压力下汽泡滑移特性的不同所导致的。     

流动沸腾汽泡脱离频率预测模型分析

汽泡脱离频率从时间上反映汽泡的循环周期,该值直接影响汽泡蒸发带走的热量。为提高流动沸腾下换热计算的准确度,本文利用13组流动沸腾独立实验对脱离频率的影响因素进行了分析,并对5个现有预测模型的准确度进行了对比评价。研究发现,脱离频率与管道尺寸呈正相关,而大多数预测模型因忽略这一因素的影响准确度较低,基于此,本文通过无量纲分析得到一套新预测模型,为将来在更大管道尺寸范围内进行流动沸腾换热计算奠定了基础。     

核化点间距对过冷沸腾中汽泡聚并特性的影响

过冷沸腾是反应堆热工过程中会出现的重要物理现象,汽泡聚并是核态沸腾过程中一种常见的汽泡相互作用形式。本文对核态沸腾过程中的汽泡聚并现象做了研究,研究了不同核化点间距下汽泡聚并特性和热流密度特征。利用微型加热片阵列,控制核化点的间距,并且详细记录汽泡底部的热流密度,与此同时用高速CCD相机从底部拍摄汽泡运动形态。将汽泡图像与热流密度结合分析,全面总结核化点间距对汽泡聚并和热流密度特性的影响。     

低压下水欠热流动沸腾的两相CFD数值模拟研究

采用两流体(汽相和液相)基本数学模型,结合汽相和液相之间的界面传热、传质和动量交换封闭模型、汽泡平均直径模型、汽泡脱离直径模型、汽泡成核模型、汽泡脱离频率模型、欠热沸腾起始点模型和壁面热流密度分配模型,在CFD软件CFX4.4中采用用户自定义函数将相变引起的传热、传质和动量交换作为源项分别添加到汽相和液相的能量、质量和动量守恒方程中,对低压下内管加热外管绝热的环形通道内的欠热沸腾进行了数值研究,得到了欠热流动沸腾下汽相体积份额、液相速度、汽相速度分布等。采用Lee等的环形通道内低压下欠热沸腾体积份额实验数据对计算结果进行了验证,吻合良好。     

窄缝通道内过冷沸腾区域汽泡脱离频率研究

采用高速摄像仪对矩形窄缝通道内垂直上升流过冷流动沸腾区域汽泡脱离频率进行可视化实验研究。结果表明,汽泡脱离频率随质量流速的增大而减小,随入口过冷度的增大而减小,随热流密度的增大而增大。将实验数据与文献中汽泡脱离频率计算模型进行比较,发现基于池式沸腾和饱和流动沸腾开发的计算模型不能准确预测过冷沸腾区域汽泡脱离频率。本文以无量纲参数的形式,分别用液相雷诺数、过冷雅各布数和核态沸腾热流密度表示质量流速、主流过冷度和热流密度对汽泡脱离频率的影响,获得矩形窄缝通道内过冷沸腾区域汽泡脱离频率预测关系式,关系式的平均预测误差为±17.1%。     

低压低流速下过冷沸腾汽泡脱离点的试验研究

叙述了低压低流速下过冷沸腾汽泡脱离点的试验研究。试验是为确定自然循环池式核供热堆的热工水力学参数而进行的。试验本体采用了透明的垂直环形通道,电加热元件的尺寸及形状与核燃料元件相同。过冷沸腾汽泡脱离点是用目视方法确定的。     

Experimental and theoretical analysis of bubble departure behavior in narrow rectangular channel

Visual experimental study focusing on bubble growth and departure behaviors in a narrow rectangular channel was carried out in this paper. Deionized water was used as working fluid, and the experiment was performed at atmospheric pressure. The cross section of the narrow rectangular channel is 2 mm × 8 mm. A high speed digital camera was applied to capture the behaviors of bubble growth and bubble departure from the nucleation site. The bubble departure diameter, bubble inclination angle, upstream contact angle, downstream contact angle and bubble contact diameter were obtained according to the observation. An analysis of force balance on a growing bubble was performed to predict the bubble departure diameter in the narrow channel, and the effect of bubble interface parameters on the prediction of bubble departure diameters was discussed in this paper. The result of predicted model agrees well with the experimental result with a maximum relative deviation less than 25%. According to the study proposed in this paper, the mechanism of bubble departure from a nucleation site can be explained based on the force balance analysis of a growing bubble, and the major forces dominating the bubble departure are the buoyancy force, surface tension force and quasi-steady drag force.     

摇摆条件下矩形窄缝通道内汽泡脱离直径实验研究

以去离子水为工质,可视化研究了矩形窄缝通道内不同质量流速下摇摆运动对汽泡脱离直径的影响。研究结果表明,由于摇摆运动引起的局部流场波动,汽泡生长过程变得不稳定,且汽泡脱离直径在一定范围内波动,这种效应会随质量流速的增大而减弱。线性拟合发现,摇摆角位移为0°时,汽泡脱离直径有最小的趋势。     

摇摆条件下矩形窄缝通道内汽泡脱离直径模型构建及分析

在静止条件下汽泡脱离直径预测模型的基础上,引入摇摆条件引起的瞬变外力场,构建了摇摆条件下汽泡脱离直径预测模型,通过实验数据进行验证,结果符合较好。通过受力分析发现,摇摆运动引起的浮力波动必须予以考虑。模型计算发现：角位移θ=0°时,汽泡脱离直径最小;而质量流速越大,这种趋势越不明显。如果系统存在5%以上的流量波动,则其对汽泡脱离直径的影响必须加以考虑。     

Modeling of low-pressure subcooled boiling flow of water via the homogeneous MUSIG approach

Applying a three-dimensional two-fluid model coupled with homogeneous multiple size group (MUSIG) approach, numerical simulations of upward subcooled boiling flow of water at low pressure were performed on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code CFX-10 with user defined FORTRAN program. A modified bubble departure diameter correlation based on the Unal's semi-mechanistic model and the empirical correlation of Tolubinski and Kostanchuk was developed. The water boiling flow experiments at low pressure in a vertical concentric annulus from reference were used to validate the models. Moreover, the influences of the non-drag force on the radial void fraction distribution were investigated, including lift force, turbulent dispersion force and wall lubrication force. Good quantitative agreement with the experimental data is obtained, including the local distribution of bubble diameter, void fraction, and axial liquid velocity. The results indicate that the local bubble diameter first increases and then decreases due to the effect of bubble breakup and coalescence, and has the maximum bubble diameter along the radial direction. Especially, the peak void fraction phenomenon in the vicinity of the heated wall is predicted at low pressure, which is developed from the wall repulsive force between vapor bubbles and heated wall. Nevertheless, there is a high discrepancy for the prediction of the local axial vapor velocity.     

Modeling and validation of interfacial area transport equation in subcooled boiling flow

The first comprehensive validation of the interfacial area transport equation in subcooled boiling is presented and shown to perform exceptionally when compared with experimental data. The formulation and closure of the bubble layer averaged interfacial area transport equation is reviewed along with the treatment of the two-fluid model in subcooled boiling. Interfacial area concentration source and sink terms in subcooled boiling are presented including the bubble interaction mechanisms (random collision and turbulent impact), as well as phase change terms (wall nucleation and condensation). Additionally, the volume source terms from phase change are described and discussed in terms of their significance to the interfacial area transport equation. The validation of the interfacial area transport equation with a recently proposed wall nucleation source term is shown to have excellent prediction at low and elevated pressure, as well as a wide range of mass flux. With new confidence in the wall nucleation source term, the interfacial area concentration in subcooled boiling can be accurately predicted. Due to its strong dependence in the modeling of active nucleation site density, bubble departure frequency, and departure diameter, the calculation is shown to be very sensitive to wall temperature.     

Simultaneous measurement of void fraction and fundamental bubble parameters in subcooled flow boiling

Visualization was performed for the vapor bubbles in water subcooled flow boiling in a vertical heated tube to measure simultaneously the void fraction and the four fundamental bubble parameters: nucleation site density, bubble release frequency, bubble lifetime and bubble size. Using the mass flowrate and liquid subcooling as the experimental parameters, the changes of void fraction and bubble parameters with the wall heat flux were measured. The results of image analysis showed that the vapor void fraction could be approximated by the function of nucleation site density and bubble lift-off diameter; the bubble lift-off diameter was more influential than the nucleation site density. It was hence concluded that the bubble lift-off diameter could be regarded as the key parameter to determine the vapor void fraction under the present experimental conditions. The strong relation of bubble lift-off diameter to superheated liquid layer thickness was indicated for the future model development studies of bubble lift-off diameter.     

气泡破裂及其诱发射流液滴释放过程的实验研究

本文基于实验方法,通过高速摄像的方法捕捉不同直径下的气泡破裂过程及射流液滴的释放过程,获得了气泡破裂后气泡空腔的演变过程,捕捉了射流液滴的速度,探究了气泡直径和气泡表面寿命对射流液滴释放过程的影响规律。实验结果表明,气泡表面寿命对气泡破裂产生射流液滴的过程有着重要影响。随气泡表面寿命的增加,破裂气泡产生的射流液滴的速度也随之增加。当气泡直径较小时,气泡表面寿命呈现Rayleigh分布的特征,射流液滴的释放概率也较高。随气泡直径的增加,气泡表面寿命逐渐转变为指数衰减分布的特征,射流液滴的释放概率也随之下降。基于现有实验数据给出了一个精度更高的射流液滴速度与气泡直径关系式。     

常压下ATF锆合金包壳Cr涂层表面饱和池式沸腾气泡行为实验研究

铬（Cr）涂层锆合金包壳是最有前途的耐事故燃料（ATF）的新型包覆材料之一,对其表面的气泡动力学进行研究有助于评估是否具有更好的传热性能。在常压下的Cr涂层锆合金包壳池式沸腾实验装置中对不同工艺方法下制备的Cr涂层锆合金包壳进行实验,研究了粗糙度等表面状态对气泡产生、长大以及脱离等气泡行为的影响。结果表明,气泡接触角与Cr涂层表面粗糙度有关,粗糙度越大,表面气泡接触角越小;不同涂层工艺下制备的4种Cr涂层锆合金包壳样件表面的气泡脱离直径范围为1.256～1.446 mm,气泡脱离频率范围为29.99～50.97 Hz;气泡脱离直径与粗糙度呈负相关,脱离频率与粗糙度呈正相关;气泡脱离直径预测模型与实验数据之间的偏差为±6%,脱离频率预测模型与实验数据之间的偏差为±3%。     

Bubble rise characteristics after the departure from a nucleation site in vertical upflow boiling of subcooled water

Rise characteristics of vapor bubbles after the departure from a nucleation site in forced convective subcooled flow boiling were studied visually using two synchronized high speed video cameras. The test section was a transparent glass tube of 20 mm in inside diameter, filtrated and deionized tap water was used as a working fluid, and the flow direction adopted was vertical upward. The outer surface of test section tube was electrically heated to generate vapor bubbles inside of the tube. In the present experiments, the mass flux and liquid subcooling were varied within 94–1435 kg/m² s and 2.2–10 K, respectively. Since the observations were performed at low heat fluxes to avoid the significant increase in the number of active nucleation sites, the obtained bubble images were clear enough to carry out the detailed image analysis for the rise characteristics of individual bubbles. The following three different bubble rise paths were observed after the departure from nucleation sites: some bubbles slid upward the vertical wall for long distance, while other bubbles were detached from the wall after sliding for several millimeters and then migrated toward the bulk liquid; after the migration, some of the detached bubbles were collapsed in subcooled liquid but others remained close to the wall and were reattached to the wall. The results of detailed image analyses suggested that the variation in bubble shape from flattened to more rounded was of primary importance for the occurrence of bubble detachment from the wall.