光谱学技术在温室气体监测方面的研究进展

在我国“碳达峰、碳中和”工作开展的背景下,简要介绍了温室气体的定义、类型及危害。介绍了基于光谱学原理对主要温室气体(二氧化碳、甲烷、氧化亚氮)的监测方法,如非分散红外吸收光谱法、傅里叶变换红外光谱法、可调谐半导体吸收光谱法、光腔衰荡法、离轴积分腔法,并系统阐述了不同技术方法的原理、特点以及应用研究情况。最后对相关国产仪器的研究情况、目前监测存在的问题进行了总结和展望。     

温室气体CO2矿物碳酸化固定研究进展

将温室气体CO2以碳酸盐（如CaCO3、MgCO3）的固体形式永久储存起来,即CO2矿物碳酸化固定,是减少大气中CO2含量,解除温室效应的一种全新方法。从温室气体CO2矿物碳酸化固定所需的原料、化学及热力学、反应动力学机理等方面,分析了此种方法的特点,同时评述了CO2矿物碳酸化固定的6种典型工艺路线,以及国外有关温室气体CO2矿物碳酸化固定的研究热点。最后指出以工业固体废弃物为原料的间接工艺路线是温室气体CO2矿物碳酸化固定的具有较好应用前景的技术途径。     

利用淀粉厂废水生产单细胞蛋白的研究

研究以淀粉厂废水处理池中的活性污泥作为原材料，经筛选得到一株细菌B-2，并获得了细菌B-2利用淀粉厂废水生产单细胞蛋白的最佳培养条件，即在废水中分别添加0．1％的尿素和磷酸二氢钠，pH值为5．5，最佳接种量为20％，最适集菌时间为11h。在此条件下所得单细胞蛋白的湿重、干重分别为1174．7mg／100mL、218．9mg／100mL，且废水处理后的COD值可达到784．8mg/mL，COD值去除率达到86．5％，处理后的废水达到国家废水排放三级标准(1000mg／mL)，可以直接排放。     

温室气体减排 化工产业的挑战与机遇

化工行业面临的新挑战是温室气体减排,温室气体不仅包括二氧化碳,而且也涵盖非二氧化碳温室气体。因而,化工行业的可持续发展,需要在常规的有毒有害污染控制的基础上,加速温室气体减排,以保护全球气候。     

炼油厂温室气体排量计算方法

针对目前炼厂温室气体排放计算比较困难的问题,分析了炼厂温室气体排放的源头,据此提出了具体的计算公式,以期为以后炼厂的二氧化碳等温室气体排放定量计算起到一定的借鉴作用。     

利用纤维质原料生产单细胞蛋白

本文概述了利用纤维质原料生产单细胞蛋白的发展概况及生产工艺,对其市场情况和经济效益进行了分析,并提出了发展建议。     

温室气体三氟甲烷资源化转化技术研究进展

主要综述了国内外有关副产三氟甲烷资源化转化技术的研究进展,包括直接作为三氟甲基化试剂合成含三氟甲基中间体、通过碘代反应制备三氟碘甲烷、高温裂解转化为四氟乙烯及六氟丙烯等含氟烯烃、与甲烷高温共裂解合成偏氟乙烯、通过氟氯交换反应将CHF3转化为卤代烷烃.通过综合比较以上路线,发现CHF3与CHCl3进行氟氯交换制备CHCl...     

温室气体三氟甲烷资源化转化技术研究进展

主要综述了国内外有关副产三氟甲烷资源化转化技术的研究进展,包括直接作为三氟甲基化试剂合成含三氟甲基中间体、通过碘代反应制备三氟碘甲烷、高温裂解转化为四氟乙烯及六氟丙烯等含氟烯烃、与甲烷高温共裂解合成偏氟乙烯、通过氟氯交换反应将CHF_3转化为卤代烷烃。通过综合比较以上路线,发现CHF_3与CHCl_3进行氟氯交换制备CHClF_2和CHCl_2F反应是具有较好工业化应用前景的路线。     

美国公司扩大温室气体生产塑料产能

据报道,美国加州新光技术公司(Newlight Technologies)在10月11日宣布,将为其气体转塑料生产线每年新增约45 t的产能。该公司称,这种工艺能把空气以及二氧化碳和甲烷等温室气体转化为成本低于石油基塑料的高性能生物塑料。这套已获得专利的系统能够高效地通过生物催化剂把     

The significance of agricultural sources of greenhouse gases

The impact of development of land for agriculture and agricultural production practices on emissions of greenhouse gases is reviewed and evaluated within the context of anthropogenic radiative forcing of climate. Combined, these activities are estimated to contribute about 25%, 65%, and 90% of total anthropogenic emissions of CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O, respectively. Agriculture is also a significant contributor to global emissions of NH₃, CO, and NO. Over the last 150 y, cumulative emissions of CO₂ associated with land clearing for agriculture are comparable to those from combustion of fossil fuel, but the latter is the major source of CO₂ at present and is projected to become more dominant in the future. Ruminant animals, rice paddies, and biomass burning are principal agricultural sources of CH₄, and oxidation of CH₄ by aerobic soils has been reduced by perturbations to natural N cycles. Agricultural sources of N₂O have probably been substantially underestimated due to incomplete analysis of increased N flows in the environment, especially via NH₃ volatilization from animal manures, leaching of NO ₃ ^- , and increased use of biological N fixation.The contribution of agriculture to radiative forcing of climate is analyzed using data from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)(base case) and cases where the global warming potential of CH₄, and agricultural emissions of N₂O are doubled. With these scenarios, agriculture, including land clearing, is estimated to contribute between 28–33% of the radiative forcing created over the next 100yr by 1990 anthropogenic emissions of CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O. Analyses of the sources of agriculturally generated radiative climate forcing show that 80% is associated with tropical agriculture and that two-thirds comes from non-soil sources of greenhouse gases. The importance of agriculture to radiative forcing created by different countries varies widely and is illustrated by comparisons between the USA, India, and Brazil. Some caveats to these analyses include inadequate evaluations of the net greenhouse effects of agroecosystems, uncertainties in global fluxes of greenhouse gases, and incomplete understanding of tropospheric chemical processes.Extension of the analytical approach to projected future emissions of greenhouse gases (IPCC moderate growth scenario) indicates that agriculture will become a less important source of radiative forcing in the future. Technological approaches to mitigation of agricultural sources of greenhouse gases will probably focus on CH₄ and N₂O because emissions of CO₂ are essentially associated with the socio-political issue of tropical deforestation. Available technologies include dietary supplements to reduce CH₄ production by ruminant animals and various means of improving fertilizer N management to reduce N₂O emissions. Increased storage of C in soil organic matter is not considered to be viable because of slow accretion rates and misconceptions about losses of soil organic matter from agricultural soils.     

Technical and policy aspects of strategies to decrease greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture

Agricultural activities greatly contribute to the global net flux of CH₄, N₂O and CO₂ from the terrestrial biosphere into the atmosphere. For CH₄ and N₂O, the net contribution is in the order of 40%. Because of this relatively large contribution, there is an urgent need for the implementation of effective strategies to decrease the net flux of CH₄, N₂O and CO₂ from agriculture. The objectives of this paper are to review the various measures that have been proposed so far and to discuss the constraints and challenges. A large number of suggestions for decreasing emissions of CH₄, N₂O and CO₂ from agriculture can be found in literature. Common to most of these abatement measures is that the suggested potentials to decrease the emissions of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O from agriculture are large. Common to most of the measures is also the `single gas' and `source-oriented' approach. In most papers it has been implicitly assumed that farmers are able and willing to implement the proposed measures. So far, none of the measures has been consciously implemented and tested at farm scale. The major challenge of policy makers is to formulate effective and efficient policies and measures, using the potentials of the abatement measures proposed so far, and in an international setting with still highly uncertain cause–effect relationships. Major constraints for policy makers follow from the complexities and possible feed back and side effects of abatement measures, from the many stakeholders involved, often with contrasting views, and from the unfamiliarity of farmers with the problem of climate change. Because of the many complexities and interactions involved, policy makers should follow two tracks. Priority should be given to chain-oriented measures, i.e. measures that aim at an increased carbon, nitrogen and water use efficiencies in the whole food chain, above source-oriented measures, i.e. measures that aim at decreased emission from specific sources. Chain-oriented measures should fit in with other environmental policies that aim at increasing resource use efficiency, to be effective and efficient. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯气中永久性气体的测试方法

以排除氯气对检测系统和操作人员的损害着手,主要讨论了氯气中永久性气体——氢、氧、甲烷、一氧化碳、二氧化碳的分离和定量测定方法。采用方法的精密度、准确度和检测限均能满足多种以氯气为原料的工程项目中的测试要求,并且操作简单、快捷。     

单原子催化剂的制备及电催化应用研究进展

综述了近年来单原子催化剂合成方法的研究进展以及在制备过程中提升催化剂活性所要解决的问题.重点介绍了单原子催化剂在质子交换燃料电池(PEMFC)和二氧化碳电化学还原反应(CO2 RR)中的应用.最后结合目前单原子催化剂的研究现状和挑战,展望了其发展前景,以期对进一步构筑具有特定结构和催化功能的单原子催化剂的实验及理论起到...