超声辅助稀土改性二氧化锡催化合成乙酰水杨酸

以水杨酸、乙酸酐为原料,稀土钇（Y³⁺）、铈（Ce³⁺）、镧（La³⁺）改性氧化锡（SnO₂）为催化剂,在超声辅助下合成乙酰水杨酸,Y³⁺/SnO₂催化剂表现出最佳的催化效果。通过单因素实验考察了水杨酸与乙酸酐物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应时间、超声功率、反应温度、析晶时间对合成乙酰水杨酸反应的影响。通过红外光谱（FT-IR）、扫描电镜（SEM）和X射线衍射（XRD）等手段对催化剂和合成的产物进行了表征。最佳实验条件：水杨酸与乙酸酐物质的量比为1∶2、催化剂（Y³⁺/SnO₂）用量为水杨酸质量的8%、反应时间为30 min、反应温度为70 ℃、超声功率为70 W、析晶时间为2 h。在此条件下,乙酰水杨酸的产率为83.6%。催化剂重复使用5次后仍有较高的催化活性。该催化剂具有催化效果好、无污染、无腐蚀性、重复利用率高等优点。     

铈锆固溶体担载的镍催化剂对CO2甲烷化性能研究

采用共沉淀法制备了Ce_xZr_1-xO₂固溶体作为催化剂载体,采用柠檬酸络合法将镍负载于Ce_xZr_1-xO₂载体上得到Ni/Ce_xZr_1-xO₂催化剂,利用X射线衍射（XRD）、N₂吸附-脱附（N₂-BET）、程序升温脱附（TPD）、程序升温还原（TPR）等技术对催化剂进行表征,在常压微型固定床反应器上测试了CO₂甲烷化的性能,考察了n（Ce）/n（Zr）、镍含量对催化性能的影响。研究发现制备的催化剂具有优异的活性,在常压和空速15 000 mL·g^-1·h^-1条件下,反应温度200℃时,12% Ni/Ce_0.25Zr_0.75O₂催化剂（负载量为质量分数,下同）CO₂的转化率达74%,CH₄选择性为100%。12% Ni/Ce_0.25Zr_0.75O₂催化剂300 h的稳定性测试结果显示其具有较高的抗烧结性能。催化剂的优异活性归因于采用了新的负载方法--柠檬酸络合法负载活性组分镍,该法实现了镍的高分散和催化剂的大的比表面积。     

H3PW12O40/酸改性硅藻土催化剂的制备、表征及催化合成乙酸正丁酯

以硫酸改性后的硅藻土为载体,Keggin结构磷钨酸为活性组分,通过浸渍法制备出负载型催化剂H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/改性硅藻土,并对催化剂进行傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线能谱（EDS）和N₂-程序升温脱附（N₂-TPD）表征。结果表明：酸改性后硅藻土的微孔增大增多,比表面积增大。H₃PW₁₂O₄₀均匀分布在改性硅藻土载体上,负载后磷钨酸仍保持Keggin结构。以H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/改性硅藻土为催化剂催化乙酸和正丁醇液相合成乙酸正丁酯,通过正交试验探索优化工艺条件。在较优工艺条件下,即w(40%H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/改性硅藻土)=1.1%（基于反应物质量）,n(酸)∶n(醇)=1∶3,125℃反应2.0h,酯化率高达98.1%。催化剂重复催化使用5次,酯化率仍可达86.1%。H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/改性硅藻土可作为催化合成乙酸正丁酯的高效催化剂,具有活性高、用量少、价格低廉、制备简单、后处理简便、无废液排放等优点。     

K2CO3/γ-A12O3催化剂在棉籽油制备生物柴油中的应用

利用等体积浸渍法制备K₂CO₃/γ-A1₂O₃负载型固体碱催化剂,应用于棉籽油和甲醇酯交换反应制备生物柴油。对催化剂使用前的保存条件、水分、重复使用性能、游离脂肪酸影响以及失活和再生进行了分析。结果表明,固体催化剂K₂CO₃/γ-Al₂O₃具有较好的抗水性,酸度对催化剂影响明显,重复使用4次未经活化的催化剂,催化活性明显降低,催化剂应密封保存。K₂CO₃/γ-A1₂O₃负载型固体碱催化剂经济实惠且催化效果良好。     

Potential rare-earth modified CeO2 catalysts for soot oxidation part II: Characterisation and catalytic activity with NO + O2

Ceria (CeO₂) and rare-earth modified ceria (CeReO_x with Re = La³⁺, Pr^3+/4+, Sm³⁺, Y³⁺) supports and Pt impregnated supports are studied for the soot oxidation under a loose contact with the catalyst with the feed gas, containing NO + O₂. The catalysts are characterised by XRD, H₂-TPR, DRIFT and Raman spectroscopy. Among the single component oxides, CeO₂ is significantly more active compared with the other lanthanide oxides used in this study. Doping CeO₂ with Pr^3+/4+ and La³⁺ improved, however, the soot oxidation activity of the resulting solid solutions. This improvement is correlated with the surface area in the case of CeLaO_x and to the surface area and redox properties of CePrO_x catalyst. The NO conversion to NO₂ over these catalysts is responsible for the soot oxidation activity. If the activity per unit surface area is compared CePrO_x is the most active one. This indicates that though La³⁺ can stabilise the surface area of the catalyst in fact it decreases the soot oxidation activity of Ce⁴⁺. The lattice oxygen participates in NO conversion to NO₂ and the rate of this lattice oxygen transfer is much faster on CePrO_x. In general, the improvement of the soot oxidation is observed over the Pt impregnated CeO₂ and CeReO_x catalysts, and can be correlated to the presence of Pt°. The surface reduction of the supports in the presence of Pt occurred below 100 °C. The surface redox properties of the support in the Pt catalysts do not have a significant role in the NO to NO₂ conversion. In spite of the lower surface area, the Pt/CeYO_x and Pt/CeO₂ catalysts are found to be more active due to larger Pt crystal sizes. The presence of Pt also improved the CO conversion to CO₂ over these catalysts. The activation energy for the soot oxidation with NO + O₂ is found to be around 50 kJ/mol.     

Comparative catalytic study on butene/isobutane alkylation over LaX and CeX zeolites: The influence of calcination atmosphere

Lanthanum-containing (LaX) and cerium-containing X zeolites (CeX) were prepared by a double-exchange, double-calcination method. By changing the calcination atmospheres between nitrogen and air, the Ce^IV contents in CeX zeolites were adjusted and their impacts on physicochemical properties and catalytic performance in isobutane alkylation were established. The crystallinity of CeX zeolite was found to be negatively correlated with the Ce^IV content. This i s believed to be due to the water formed during the oxidation of Ce^III, which facilitates the framework dealumination. As a consequence, calcining in air resulted in a great elimination of strong Brønsted acid sites while under nitrogen protection, this phenomenon was mostly hindered and the sample's acidity was preserved. When tested in a continuously flowed slurry reactor, the catalyst lifetime for isobutane alkylation was found to be linearly related to the strong Brønsted acid concentration. In addition, Ce³⁺ was found more benefit for the hydride transfer compared with La³⁺, which is ascribed to the stronger polarization effect on the CH bond of isobutane. Moreover, the decline of hydride transfer activity can be slowed down by the catalytic cracking of the bulky molecules. Based on the product distribution, a new catalytic cycle of dimethylhexanes (DMHs) involving a direct formation of isobutene rather than tert-butyl carbocation was proposed in isobutane alkylation.     

The hydrocracking of n-decane over bifunctional Ni-H3PW12O40/SiO2 catalysts

A series of bifunctional Ni-H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/SiO₂ catalysts for the hydrocracking of n-decane were designed and prepared. The evaluation results of the catalysts show that Ni-H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/SiO₂ catalysts possess a high activity for hydrocracking of n-decane and an excellent tolerance to the sulfur and nitrogen compounds in the feedstock. Under the reaction conditions: reaction temperature 300 °C; H₂/n-decane volume ratio of 1500; total pressure of 2 Mpa and the LHSV 2 h⁻¹, the conversion of n-decane over reduced 5%Ni-50%H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/SiO₂ catalysts is as high as 90%, the C₅⁺ selectivity equal to 70%. In order to reveal the structure and nature of the catalysts, a number of characterizations including XRD, Raman, H₂-TPD, NH₃-TPD, XPS and FT-IR of pyridine adsorption were carried out. The characteristic results show that the high activity of the catalysts and high C₅⁺ selectivity can be related to the unique structure of the H₃PW₁₂O₄₀ and its suitable acidity.     

固体酸表面B酸和L酸与果糖转化制乳酸甲酯产物分布

制备了γ-Al₂O₃、HZSM-5、SnOPO₄、SnZrOPO₄(1:1)、SO₄^2-/ZrO₂5种不同的固体酸催化剂,采用NH₃程序升温脱附、吡啶原位吸附红外对催化剂进行了表征。考察了固体酸催化果糖在甲醇中转化的催化性能,结果表明,果糖的转化率均高于98%,产物分布与固体酸表面L酸、B酸酸量具有显著的相关性,乳酸甲酯的收率随着L酸量的减少而降低,L酸催化剂γ-Al₂O₃催化,主产物只有乳酸甲酯,收率为24.4%。而L酸位和B酸位共存的固体酸,产物中有乳酸甲酯、乙酰丙酸甲酯,并且乙酰丙酸甲酯的收率随着B酸量的增多而升高。最后考察了典型L酸γ-Al₂O₃及B酸L酸共存的固体酸HZSM-5不同反应时间的产物分布,结合气相-质谱联用对产物定性分析,得出了果糖转化过程L酸位催化和B酸位催化的反应路径。     

M/γ-Al2O3催化剂对煤油水重整制氢的影响

以γ-Al₂O₃为载体,采用等体积分步浸渍法制备了以Ni为活性组分,La、Ce、Fe、Cr、Co为助剂的催化剂M/γ-Al₂O₃,在固定床管式反应器中研究了M/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂的性能,考察了反应温度、水碳比和空速对氢产率的影响,并对催化剂进行XRD、SEM和BET表征。结果表明,NiLaCeFeCrCo/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂具有较好的催化性能,在反应温度700 ℃、水碳物质的量比10和空速6 min^-1的条件下,氢产率达到27.335 mol·mol^-1,并在300 min内表现出较好的活性,平均氢产率为21.966 mol·mol^-1。     

Nb2O5 promoted Pd/AC catalyst for selective phenol hydrogenation to cyclohexanone

Phenol hydrogenation is a green route to prepare cyclohexanone, an intermediate for the production of nylon 66 and nylon 6. The development of high-performance catalysts still keeps a great challenge. Herein, the activated carbon (AC) was modified with an acidic material Nb₂O₅ to adjust the microstructure and surface properties of AC, and the influences of the calcination temperature and Nb₂O₅ content on the catalytic performance of the Pd/AC-Nb₂O₅ catalysts for the phenol hydrogenation to cyclohexanone were investigated. The Nb₂O₅ with proper content can be highly uniformly distributed on the AC surface, enhancing the acidity of the Pd/AC-Nb₂O₅ catalysts with comparable specific surface area and Pd dispersion, thereby improving the catalytic activity. The hybrid Pd/AC-10Nb₂O₅-500 catalyst exhibits the synergistic effect between the Pd nanoparticles and AC-10Nb₂O₅, which enhances the catalytic activity for the hydrogenation of phenol. Furthermore, the as-prepared Pd/AC-10Nb₂O₅-500 catalyst shows good reusability during 7 reaction cycles.     

Hydrolysis of mechanically pre-treated cellulose catalyzed by solid acid SO_4~(2-)-TiO_2 in water–ethanol solvent

An efficient catalyst SO_4~(2-)-TiO_2(ST) from industrial metatitanic acid has been successfully prepared to catalyze hydrolysis of ball-milling cellulose. The results show that the highest catalytic efficiency is obtained for ST calcined at 450 °C(ST-450) with the yield of 21.8% glucose, 13.0% 5-HMF and 4.2% furfural at 200 °C for30 min. The ball milling of cellulose and solid acid catalyst significantly enhances the cellulose hydrolysis. The high Lewis to Br?nsted acid sites ratio for ST-450 induced by bidentate ligands between SO_4~(2-)and TiO_2 benefits high organics yield, and high total acid sites contribute to the high cellulose conversion. The large pore volume of0.29 cm~3·g~(-1) and appropriate pore size of 7.35 nm of ST-450 also contribute to the high performance. High reaction temperature over 200 °C exhibits negative effect on glucose and 5-HMF yield due to undesired side reactions, while furfural product is stable in the reaction system. The bidentate ligands between SO_4~(2-)and TiO_2 are considered as active acid sites for cellulose hydrolysis in water–ethanol solvents.     

Carbon formation and its influence on ethanol steam reforming over Ni/Al2O3 catalysts

Ethanol steam reforming was studied over Ni/Al₂O₃ catalysts. The effect of support (- and γ-Al₂O₃), metal loading and a comparison between conventional H₂ reduction with an activation method employing a CH₄/O₂ mixture was investigated. The properties of catalysts were studied by N₂ physisorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and temperature programmed reduction (TPR). After activity tests, the catalysts were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTA). Ni supported on γ-Al₂O₃ was more active for H₂ production than the catalyst supported on -Al₂O₃. Metal loading did not affect the catalytic performance. The alternative activation method with CH₄/O₂ mixture affected differently the activity and stability of the Ni/γ-Al₂O₃ and the Ni/-Al₂O₃ catalyst. This activation method increased significantly the stability of Ni/-Al₂O₃ compared to H₂ reduction. SEM and TG/DTA analysis indicate the formation of filamentous carbon during the CH₄/O₂ activation step, which is associated with the increasing catalyst activity and stability. The effect of temperature on the type of carbon formed was investigated; indicating that filamentous coke increased activity while encapsulating coke promoted deactivation. A discussion about carbon formation and the influence on the activity is presented.     

La2O3助剂对甲烷干燥重整催化剂 Ni-γ-Al2O3支撑作用的研究简

The nature of support and type of active metal affect catalytic performance. In this work, the effect of using La203 as promoter and support for Ni/γ-A1203 catalysts in dry reforming of methane was investigated. The reforming reactions were carried out at atmosphenc pressure in the temperature range of 500-2700℃. The activity and stability of the catalyst, carbon formation, and syngas （H2/CO） ratio were determined. Various techniques were applied for characterization of both fresh and used catalysts. Addition of La2O3 to the catalyst matrix improved the dispersion of Ni and adsorption of CO2, thus its activity and stability enhanced.     

助剂对Pd/γ-Al2O3催化剂一步法合成二甲醚反应稳定性的影响

采用浸渍法制备了一系列不同助剂下的负载型Pd/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,考察了助剂类型对Pd/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂一步法合成二甲醚（STD）反应稳定性的影响规律;采用氮吸附、XRD、H₂-TPR及TG等多种表征手段考察了稳定性试验前后以及烧炭再生后催化剂的表面物化性质及结构变化。结果表明,助剂成分对Pd/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂的STD反应稳定性影响显著。相比Pd/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,添加CeO₂可以提高Pd在γ-Al₂O₃表面的分散度,但会覆盖表面的部分酸性位,一定程度上提高了催化剂的活性和稳定性,但仍存在Pd烧结和积炭现象;添加复合助剂CeO₂-ZrO₂后形成的Ce-O-Zr固熔晶面能显著促进Pd均匀分散,提高催化剂的抗积炭能力和抗烧结能力,催化剂的活性和稳定性更高;经SO₄^2-改性后Pd/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂会因为表面积炭加剧和表面硫流失严重,中强酸酸性位减少而快速失活。CeO₂-ZrO₂-Pd/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂经历20h的稳定性试验后CO转化率仍保持59%以上,二甲醚选择性65%以上,烧炭再生后催化活性恢复至新鲜催化剂的91.83%。     

A facile preparation of hausmannite as a high-performance catalyst for toluene combustion

Mesoporous transition metal oxide catalysts are well-used in the elimination of volatile organic compounds. In this study, we developed an efficient method for the preparation of mesoporous-Mn₃O₄ (m-Mn₃O₄) without the use of templates or surfactants. In this method, KCl protects oxygen defects on the surface of fresh Mn₃O₄ crystallites. m-Mn₃O₄ shows higher ameliorative catalytic activity than bulk-Mn₃O₄ (b-Mn₃O₄) and calcined-Mn₃O₄ (c-Mn₃O₄), achieving toluene catalytic oxidation of T₁₀ and T₉₀ (the temperature at a conversion rate of about 10% and 90%) at 191 ℃ and 230 ℃, respectively (WHSV = 40,000 ml·g^-1·h^-1). Based on various characterizations, the prepared m-Mn₃O₄ has large specific surface area and abundant oxygen defects, and thus can provide more surface active sites, which give it superior toluene combustion activity.     

乙炔氢氯化过程中铜基催化剂的制备及催化性能

采用球形活性炭为载体,制备了用于乙炔氢氯化反应的载Cu催化剂, 并采用TEM进行了表征。在常压固定床反应器中考察了溶剂、酸洗液、Cu的负载量、焙烧温度对Cu/C催化剂性能的影响。结果表明, 以1 mol/L盐酸为溶剂,1 mol/L H₃PO₄为活性炭酸洗液,Cu的负载量为15%,焙烧温度为500℃时,该催化剂具有较高的分散度和反应活性。空速180 h^-1、V(HCl)/V(C₂H₂)=1.1、Cu的负载量为15%、温度180℃时,乙炔氢氯化反应的转化率可达68%以上, 氯乙烯选择性不低于99.5%,同时具有较好的稳定性; 在空速为540 h^-1时, 其催化活性会因活性组分的团聚结晶而降低。     

磷钨酸铈催化合成棕榈酸和硬脂酸混合酸甲酯

采用磷钨酸铈作为催化剂,在反应温度67 ℃合成棕榈酸和硬脂酸混合酸甲酯反应,研究酸醇物质的量比、催化剂用量和反应时间对酯化反应的影响,并在最佳反应条件基础上研究催化剂的循环利用工艺。结果表明,在酸醇物质的量比1∶10、催化剂用量为棕榈酸和硬脂酸混合酸质量的8%、反应时间4 h和催化剂重结晶后循环利用10次条件下,棕榈酸和硬脂酸混合酸转化率均≥96.0%,催化剂反应前后的IR和XRD表征发现,催化剂均为Keggin型结构,未发生变化,表现出良好的催化活性。     

ZrO2-Al2O3复合氧化物催化反应精馏合成碳酸二甲酯

采用共沉淀法制备了一系列不同Al₂O₃含量的ZrO₂-Al₂O₃复合氧化物,并在催化精馏实验装置中考察了该催化剂在碳酸丙烯酯（PC）与甲醇酯交换制备碳酸二甲酯（DMC）过程中的催化性能。通过X射线衍射（XRD）、红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、CO₂程序升温脱附（CO₂-TPD）和NH₃程序升温脱附（NH₃-TPD）等手段对所制备的催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,催化剂表面存在的酸碱性位点是制约PC与甲醇酯交换性能的重要因素。复合氧化物中Al₂O₃含量可以有效调控催化剂的结构特征和表面的酸碱性质,不同于ZrO₂或Al₂O₃单金属催化剂,复合氧化物ZrO₂-Al₂O₃在合成过程中形成了稳定的固溶体结构,导致催化剂表面弱酸量增加,并产生了强碱位点。数据分析表明,催化剂表面的强碱和弱酸含量高时,其催化活性高,说明该反应具有酸碱协同催化作用。当Zr/Al比为1时,弱酸和强碱量均达到最大值,PC的转化率和DMC选择性可达到98.14%和99.96%。催化剂在经过12次循环使用后依旧保持较高的活性,具有良好的结构稳定性。     

Preparation of ZSM-5 containing vanadium and Brønsted acid sites with high promoting of styrene oxidation using 30% H2O2

Design and synthesis of low cost and efficacious industrial catalyst for the oxidation of styrene has been an important research project. Herein, ZSM-5 zeolite containing tetrahedral vanadium(V) and Br?nsted acid sites(V-H-ZSM-5)was prepared, and identified by characterizations such as XRD, SEM, UV–vis, NH_3-TPD, H_2-TPR N_2-adsorption/desorption and FTIR. V-H-ZSM-5 performed extremely enhanced catalytic activity for the oxidation of styrene with 30% H_2O_2 at 40 °C. Moreover, in-situ FTIR spectrum was used to investigate the catalytic mechanism. The results demonstrate that Br?nsted acid site could not only increase the adsorption concentration of styrene in the micropores of V-H-ZSM-5 via the π complex interaction between double bond of styrene and Br?nsted acid sites, but also increase the oxidation potential of H_2O_2. The synergetic action of tetrahedral vanadium(V) and Br?nsted acid enhanced the catalytic activity for the oxidation of styrene with 30% H_2O_2. Impressively, V-H-ZSM-5 performed high reusability within five runs at a low reaction temperature(40 °C) for the first time.     

SO_4~(2-)/M_xO_y型固体超强酸催化剂改性研究进展

介绍固体超强酸催化剂的发展、特点、应用及改性研究方向,研究催化剂酸强度低、催化剂易失活和稳定性差等问题,并提出解决方案。通过对国内外SO_4~(2-)/M_xO_y型固体超强酸催化剂的研究,分析向载体中引入稀土元素、分子筛、其他金属、纳米材料和交联剂对固体超强酸催化剂催化活性、热稳定性、酸性、比表面积和晶型等的影响,综述采用S2O2-8或硫酸盐替换SO_4~(2-)作为催化剂活性组分对催化剂的催化活性、酸强度及结构等的影响以及引入过渡金属(贵金属)形成的双官能团对催化剂结构与活性的影响,对制约SO_4~(2-)/M_xO_y型固体超强酸催化剂研究与工业化应用的催化剂寿命、稳定性、机械强度、合成方法、催化活性及催化剂再生等问题进行探讨。