ZSM-5催化剂与低温等离子体协同转化H2S-CO2制合成气

将H₂S和CO₂混合酸气一步转化制合成气,既实现了二者无害化处理,又生产出合成气,是一条理想的废气资源化利用新路线。由于分子结构稳定,在常规条件下因受热力学平衡限制,二者转化率极低。而在低温等离子体中,H₂S和CO₂可被激发为高活性物种来参与反应。研究了具有不同Si/Al摩尔比的ZSM-5催化剂与低温等离子体结合实现H₂S-CO₂一步高选择性制合成气,显著提高了H₂S-CO₂转化性能。考察了ZSM-5催化剂中Si/Al比和低温等离子体放电条件等对反应的影响。其中,当Si/Al比为80时表现出最优催化性能,最高H₂和CO产率分别达到56.1%和10.0%。对常规条件和低温等离子体氛围下的不同ZSM-5催化剂上CO₂、H₂S、CO、H₂等化学吸脱附行为进行了对比研究,发现低温等离子体促进了催化剂对CO₂、H₂及CO分子的吸附活化,进而明显提升了H₂S和CO₂转化。     

化学链燃烧中H2S对NiFe2O4氧载体活性的影响机理

采用密度泛函理论方法研究H₂S与NiFe₂O₄（001）完整表面和氧缺陷表面的相互作用机理。结果表明,H₂S在NiFe₂O₄氧载体表面Ni原子位的吸附能比其在Fe原子位的吸附能大。氧缺陷的形成会使H₂S在氧载体表面金属原子位的吸附能增大,并且Ni原子位吸附H₂S的吸附能增加更为明显。因而,NiFe₂O₄氧载体表面的Ni原子位是H₂S的主要吸附位。同时采用热力学方法进一步研究含H₂S的合成气与NiFe₂O₄氧载体之间的反应,发现H₂S与氧载体的反应产物与氧载体的还原程度密切相关。由于铁氧化物的深度还原过程受到热力学限制,H₂S与NiFe₂O₄氧载体反应的主要产物为Ni₃S₂。密度泛函理论方法与热力学方法研究结果均表明H₂S倾向于与NiFe₂O₄氧载体中Ni发生相互作用,这将对NiFe₂O₄氧载体的反应性能产生不利影响。     

电化学氢通量法用于油气管线在线腐蚀监测

通过恒电位阳极极化和失重法考察了不同pH、温度和H₂S浓度下Q235A钢在弱酸性介质中的氢渗透电流密度与腐蚀速率的变化情况,着重探讨了各影响因素下氢渗透电流与失重腐蚀速率之间的相关性,为氢通量技术用于油气管道非侵入式腐蚀监测提供依据。研究发现：随着pH降低或介质温度升高,Q235A钢的腐蚀速率与氢渗透电流均逐步增大,且二者之间具有良好的线性相关性。随着H₂S浓度增加,Q235A钢的腐蚀速率呈现先增大后降低的趋势,但氢渗透电流则先增大而后趋于稳定;当H₂S浓度在5～200 mg·L^-1范围内,腐蚀速率与氢电流符合二阶多项式函数关系。通过自制的氢通量探针监测实验管道内腐蚀时,发现过厚的管壁降低了氢电流测量灵敏度,但采用恒电位阶跃法得到的氢渗透电量（氢通量）则与失重腐蚀速率之间具有良好相关性,表明渗氢电量法可用于测量油气管道的内腐蚀速率。     

H2S气态基质对污泥生物沥滤处理效能的影响

采用H₂S作为污泥生物沥滤的部分替代营养底物，探究了不同的H₂S负荷对生物沥滤处理效能和群落动态的影响。实验考察了生物沥滤过程中pH、ORP、重金属去除率及CST的变化，并进行了群落多样性分析。结果表明：通入气体流量为2mL/min、负荷50mL/L的H₂S，能显著加快生物沥滤进程，提高污泥体系中pH的下降速率，保持更高的氧化还原电位。H₂S的加入不仅改善了脱水性能，CST加快了35.8s，而且对重金属的浸出也有显著的效果，Ni、Pb、Cr的去除率分别提高了18.35%、21.22%、13.07%，同时促进了各种重金属形态向易溶态的转化。电镜结果显示H₂S的加入促进了优势菌群繁殖，并使污泥颗粒变大且紧实。高通量测序显示，H₂S气态基质的加入强化了污泥生物沥滤处理效能，加速了污泥体系中的物种数、菌群丰度、群落多样性的减小趋势，促进变形菌门成为优势菌门，嗜酸菌属成为优势菌属。     

含硫酸亚铁废溶液的生物氧化过程中氮源对溶解性Fe（Ⅲ）生成量的影响

利用嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌将含硫酸亚铁废溶液中的Fe²⁺氧化成Fe³⁺后用于脱除H₂S,同时实现了含硫酸亚铁废溶液的循环利用和H₂S的脱除。而溶解性Fe³⁺较高的生成量是保证该处理系统连续高效运行的关键因素。但在充足氮源和K⁺条件下大量Fe³⁺以黄铁矾沉淀形式存在。因此,本文通过控制氮源种类及投加浓度,减少沉淀生成,增大溶解性Fe³⁺生成量,以期提高H₂S的去除效率。结果表明（NH₄）₂HPO₄可替代以往研究中的（NH₄）₂SO₄作为氮源,确定适宜菌体生长的氮源浓度范围为0.33～1 g·L^-1。在1 g·L^-1 （NH₄）₂HPO₄条件下细菌生长无明显停滞期、Fe²⁺平均氧化速率为0.221～0.229 g·（L·h） ^-1,Fe³⁺生成量为7.62～7.72 g·L^-1,沉淀量为1.17 g·L^-1,因此确定（NH₄）₂HPO₄为1 g·L^-1时最能保证H₂S的脱除效率。为降低工艺成本,最低可采用0.33 g·L^-1为运行浓度。该优化方案不仅保证了菌体的Fe²⁺氧化活性,而且有效地减少了菌体培养过程中沉淀的产生,获得了较高的Fe³⁺生成量和增速,为使用含硫酸亚铁废溶液处理H₂S的工艺条件优化提供了依据。     

硫代二甘酸二乙酯的合成工艺

以氯乙酸乙酯和硫化钠（Na₂S?3H₂O）为原料,通过亲核取代反应制备硫代二甘酸二乙酯。重点研究了溶剂体系、物料比、反应温度等反应条件对反应速率及产物收率的影响。在溶剂环己烷用量250 mL,硫化钠（Na₂S?3H₂O）与氯乙酸乙酯的摩尔比为0.75∶1,反应温度81 ℃,反应时间4 h的反应条件下,硫代二甘酸二乙酯的收率达81.3%,纯度在99%以上。溶剂环己烷回收率80%以上。     

分步法分解硫化氢制氢和硫黄催化剂研究进展

硫化氢(H₂S)不仅是一种剧毒且高腐蚀性气体，更是蕴含丰富氢能和硫元素的宝贵资源。在国家能源战略需求和双碳目标下，实现天然气藏中H₂S的低碳高值利用是天然气开发的必然发展趋势。分步法是一种可在较低温度区间将H₂S高值转化为H₂和硫黄的方法，具有H₂S分解效率高、能耗低的优点，但存在循环效率差、硫黄回收困难、反应过程机理认识浅薄等问题。为了深入了解分步法分解H₂S的研究现状和面临问题，本文主要综述了分步法的反应原理、发展历程、活性催化剂的研究进展，重点概述了金属硫化物和金属这两类催化剂的活性测试结果及具体反应过程，并对分步法分解H₂S所面临的关键问题进行了总结与展望。本文指出分步法最大问题在于催化剂硫化产氢和分解脱硫过程机理尚不明晰，使得催化剂的优化设计缺乏指导，从而导致分步法循环效率低。未来应当借助更多原位表征技术和理论模拟计算认识转化过程机理，同时加强相关实验设计以衡量不同催化剂优劣，开发出适用于分步法高效循环过程的催化剂。     

H2S对铝基固态胺吸附剂吸附CO2性能的干扰机制

H₂S杂质对固态胺吸附剂吸附CO₂性能的干扰机制还缺少全面研究。以Al₂O₃为载体负载聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)制备铝基固态胺吸附剂(PEI@Al₂O₃),系统探究了H₂S对其CO₂吸附容量、吸附速率和循环吸附性能的影响规律。结果表明：H₂S与CO₂共存时,会相互抢占吸附剂上的胺基活性位点,从而发生竞争性吸附,但在模拟沼气条件(40%CO₂+59.5%CH₄+0.5%H₂S)下,H₂S的吸附竞争力远小于CO₂,H₂S吸附被抑制,且二者的最佳吸附温度不一致,在CO₂最佳吸附温度下,PEI@Al₂O₃的CO₂吸附容量和循环稳定性均不受H₂S干...     

反应条件对甲烷化法去除重整氢气中CO的影响

研究了在采用甲烷化法去除重整氢气中CO的过程中,反应温度、CO浓度和CO₂浓度对3个竞争反应即CO甲烷化反应、CO₂甲烷化反应、逆变换反应（RWGS）的影响。实验结果表明,随着温度升高,CO、CO₂甲烷化反应速率均增大,但CO甲烷化的选择性降低。CO浓度对CO甲烷化反应速率的影响在高温时较为明显,反应速率随CO浓度的升高而增大;CO对CO₂甲烷化反应的影响在较低温度下较为显著,CO₂甲烷化反应速率随CO浓度的升高而减小,表明CO对CO₂的甲烷化具有抑制作用,因而随着CO浓度的升高,选择性增大。另一方面,CO₂浓度对CO甲烷化反应几乎没有影响,而CO₂甲烷化反应速率和RWGS反应速率均随CO₂浓度的升高而增大,该趋势在高温下更加显著,并对3个竞争反应的宏观动力学进行了初步研究。     

天然气藏中酸气H2S与CO2协同转化研究进展

为保障国家能源安全，减少我国对国外油气资源的依存度，必须加大对国内天然气等资源的开发。在天然气的开采净化过程中，往往会产生酸气H₂S与CO₂等。现有酸气处理技术主要通过克劳斯工艺回收得到H₂S中的硫黄，并未对CO₂进行处理，造成了氢资源的浪费和严重的碳排放。如果能将H₂S与CO₂协同转化，则有望在减少碳排放的同时得到氢气、合成气和硫黄高值化学品。本文基于国内外30多年相关领域的实验研究和理论模拟，总结阐述了H₂S与CO₂协同转化的发展历史，并分别从热反应(直接热反应、工艺流程和经济性评估、催化热分解)、光催化、电催化和等离子体催化角度详细综述了H₂S与CO₂协同转化的研究进展。从催化剂、反应条件和反应产物分布等方面展开了细致的分析，对比了各种技术的优缺点。展望了H₂S与CO₂协同转化的发展趋势，近期可考虑使用绿电进行电催化技术...     

铁基脱硫剂超重力法脱除硫化氢

用N₂和H₂S的混合气模拟含硫天然气, 以铁基脱硫剂为脱硫液, 采用超重力旋转填充床(RPB)进行脱除H₂S的集约化实验研究, 考察了原料气H₂S质量浓度、含硫原料气流量、脱硫液流量、温度及RPB转子转速对H₂S脱除率的影响。实验结果表明, 铁基脱硫剂超重力法脱除H₂S的较佳工艺条件为原料气H₂S含量14g/m³, 原料气流量0.45m³/h, 脱硫液流量13.5L/h, 脱硫液温度40℃, RPB转子转速1000r/min。在此条件下, H₂S脱除率稳定在99.98%以上, 脱硫后净化气H₂S含量小于2mg/m³。另外, 舍弃再生用RPB, 采用直接向脱硫富液储槽鼓空气的方法, 脱硫剂氧化再生良好, 脱硫效果保持不变, 且可长时间稳定运行。因此, 铁基脱硫剂超重力法脱硫工艺简单、效率高、设备体积小, 可实现海洋油气平台天然气或石油伴生气脱硫的集约化, 工业化应用前景广阔。     

SIMULTANEOUS ABSORPTION OF H2S AND CO2 INTO A SOLUTION OF SODIUM CARBONATE

The simultaneous absorption of H₂S and CO₂ has been studied both experimentally and theoretically. A model has been developed which predicts the absorption rates of H₂S and CO₂ into a sodium carbonate solution. The absorption rates are calculated according to the two-film theory. In the liquid film, the finite rate of the CO₂ reaction was considered. Otherwise, in the liquid film as well as in the liquid bulk, equilibrium conditions for all reactions were assumed. Absorption experiments were performed on a packed column using a counter-flow strategy. In the experiments the influence of the initial carbonate concentration, the gas flow rate and the temperature on the removal efficiencies of H₂S and CO₂ and the selectivity of H₂S were investigated. It is desirable to absorb the H₂S but not the CO₂. The agreement between the absorption model and the experimental results from the absorber tower was satisfactory. The mass transfer coefficients were determined by fitting the experimental data to the model with respect to the H₂S and CO₂ content in the outgoing gas. The H₂S content was used to determine the gas side mass transfer coefficient and the CO₂ content was used to determine the liquid side mass transfer coefficient, The effective contact area of mass transfer was taken from published data. With a constant packing height, both the experiments and the model indicated that high carbonate concentration benefits the removal efficiency of H₂S. Higher gas flow rate also benefits the selectivity for H₂S. However, the removal efficiency will decrease. At higher temperatures the selectivity and the removal efficiency of H₂S decreased. Under the conditions investigated, the absorption of H₂S was essentially controlled by gas-side mass transfer and the absorption of CO₂ was controlled by liquid-side mass transfer     

SELECTIVE GAS ABSORPTION UNDER PRESSURE

For selective removal of H2S from much larger quantities of CO₂ under pressure, an industrial prototype spray column has been constructed. Sodium hydroxide solution was atomized by a pressure nozzle of special design and entered the scrubber as fine spray to contact the sour gases.

Several operating variables were examined in order to indicate optimal operating conditions for maximum selectivity of H₂S over CO₂. Fine mist and short contact time favor this selective absorption process. An optimum inlet reactant concentration was found dependent upon the H₂S content relative to CO₂ in the inlet sour gas mixture. A special nozzle/shield configuration to avoid contact of sour gas with highly turbulent liquid during droplet formation significantly improved the selectivity.     

Desulfurization of digester gas: prediction of activated carbon bed performance at low concentrations of hydrogen sulfide

Three chemically modified/impregnated activated carbons (supplied by manufactures) were used for adsorption–catalytic removal of hydrogen sulfide from digester gas. The performance of samples was studied in dynamic conditions at 1000, 2000 and 5000 ppm of H₂S in digester gas. The results showed differences in the H₂S removal capacities related to the type of carbon and conditions of the experiment. A decrease in H₂S concentration resulted in an increase in a breakthrough capacity, which is linked to slow kinetics of oxidation process. No significant changes were observed when the oxygen content increased from 1 to 2% and the temperature from 38 to 60 °C. On the surface of carbons studied hydrogen sulfide was oxidized predominantly to sulfur, which was deposited in micropores, either on the walls or at the pore entrances. The capacities at low concentrations, 50 and 100 ppm, of H₂S were determined using an approach based on known theoretical solution of a dynamic model where the parameters of the model were determined from the experimental data at a high concentration of an adsorbate.     

循环捕集CO2后煅烧石灰石的硫化特性

ZEC(zero emission coal)系统中,粗煤气进入碳酸化/重整炉前需先脱除H₂S,提出利用经过多次碳酸化/煅烧捕集CO₂循环的煅烧石灰石(CaO)脱除H₂S,并研究循环碳酸化/煅烧次数、硫化温度、H₂S浓度和微观结构对循环CaO硫化特性的影响。结果表明,多次循环碳酸化/煅烧捕集CO₂后CaO仍具有较高H₂S吸收性能。前20次循环,CaO硫化转化率随循环次数增加迅速降低;20次循环后,CaO硫化转化率缓慢下降。硫化120 min后,未循环CaO的硫化转化率接近100%,而经历1、20和100次循环后CaO的硫化转化率分别为94%、81%和74%。H₂S浓度对循环CaO硫化性能影响较大。硫化温度(800～1000℃)对循环CaO的硫化性能影响较小,最佳硫化温度为900℃。随循环次数增加,CaO颗粒发生高温烧结,导致比表面积降低和20～150 nm内孔隙减少,而这是与H₂S吸收密切相关的孔隙,导致CaO硫化转化率降低。     

SIMULTANEOUS ABSORPTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND HYDROGEN SULFIDE IN HOT CARBONATE SOLUTIONS IN A PACKED ABSORBER-STRIPPER UNIT

An experimental investigation for the simultaneous absorption of CO₂ and H₂S in 20 wt% hot K₂CO₃ solution have been conducted in a pilot scale packed absorber-stripper. The effects of liquid circulation rate, gas flow rate, inlet gas composition, steam pressure at bottom of stripper, and DEA promoter concentration, on the individual gas removal % and stripping efficiency were studied. The results showed that the performance of the absorber and stripper influenced one another and so must be considered together.     

高含有机硫天然气的净化研究与探索

在使用单一甲基二乙醇胺（MDEA）溶液脱除天然气中H₂S的过程中,随着有机硫含量不断地增加,常常造成出料气中H₂S和总硫含量均不能满足国家二类天然气质量要求。在改变关键参数后,脱硫效果仍然不能改善。因此,本文针对高含量的有机硫,开展了MDEA+DIPA、MDEA+DEA、环丁砜+MDEA、环丁砜+DIPA 4组高效脱硫剂的复配研究,通过对比H₂S及有机硫在溶液中的吸收分压,筛选出了吸收效果较优的脱硫剂组合为：环丁砜+MDEA。随后再利用BBD响应面分析法,以环丁砜、MDEA、H₂O的不同配比为变量,以H₂S和总硫脱除率最高为目标函数进行寻优,经过混料实验与复合优化,最终得出最优脱硫剂配比为：23.3%环丁砜+54.6%MDEA+22.1%H₂O。最优配比脱硫剂经现场装置使用后的效果表明,H₂S脱除率达到99.964%,总硫脱除率达到99.833%,出料气中H₂S含量为14.4mg/m³,总硫含量为78.5mg/m³,满足二类气标准。     

硫化氢对负载型钴铈双金属吸附剂脱除模拟煤气中单质汞的促进机理

采用共沉淀法制备了一系列不同配比的钴铈双金属吸附剂（Ce_xCo_yTi）,在固定床实验台上探究低温（80～240℃）下脱除模拟煤气中Hg⁰的特性及机理。结果表明,Ce、Co负载比为0.2、0.1时,在120℃、N₂+H₂S气氛下吸附剂表现出最佳的脱汞效果,其效率为95.3%;Ce_0.2Co_0.1Ti在N₂气氛下不仅存在物理吸附而且存在较强的化学吸附;在考察范围内,Ce_0.2Co_0.1Ti脱汞效率随H₂S浓度的增加而增加。采用基于DFT的第一性原理软件VASP模拟H₂S和Hg在Ce_0.2Co_0.1Ti表面的吸附及反应过程,表明Hg化学吸附于吸附剂表面,H₂S易解离形成S,且S极易与吸附态的Hg反应生成HgS,活化能垒为0.214eV,反应遵循Langmuir-Hinshelwood机理。     

粗乙炔中H2S、PH3同时脱除技术研究进展

综述了粗乙炔气净化处理硫化氢和磷化氢技术的研究进展,分别介绍了湿法工艺和干法工艺的具体方法以及存在的优缺点。湿法工艺相比干法更加成熟,兼具价格低廉和易于操作等优点,因而被广泛应用于粗乙炔气中硫磷的净化。然而,湿法工艺会产生大量废水,存在污染环境又浪费水资源的问题。同时溶解有乙炔气的废水排入下水管道,又存在严重的安全隐患。相比湿法工艺,干法工艺具有净化效率高、安全无污染的优点。研究表明,干法工艺经过改进,能有效地净化粗乙炔气中的H₂S和PH₃,并能有效克服湿法工艺存在的缺点,并且干法工艺的净化剂易于再生。因此,干法同时脱除粗乙炔气中的H₂S和PH₃具有较为广阔的应用前景。然而,干法工艺同时脱除H₂S和PH₃的相关机理还有待进一步研究。     

An investigation of reaction furnace temperatures and sulfur recovery

In a modern day sulfur recovery unit (SRU), hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is converted to elemental sulfur using a modified Claus unit. A process simulator called TSWEET has been used to consider the Claus process. The effect of the H₂S concentration, the H₂S/CO₂ ratio, the input air flow rate, the acid gas flow of the acid gas (AG) splitter and the temperature of the acid gas feed at three different oxygen concentrations (in the air input) on the main burner temperature have been studied. Also the effects of the tail gas ratio and the catalytic bed type on the sulfur recovery were studied. The bed temperatures were optimized in order to enhance the sulfur recovery for a given acid gas feed and air input. Initially when the fraction of AG splitter flow to the main burner was increased, the temperature of the main burner increased to a maximum but then decreased sharply when the flow fraction was further increased; this was true for all three concentrations of oxygen. However, if three other parameters (the concentration of H₂S, the ratio H₂S/CO₂ and the flow rate of air) were increased, the temperature of the main burner increased monotonically. This increase had different slopes depending on the oxygen concentration in the input air. But, by increasing the temperature of the acid gas feed, the temperature of the main burner decreased. In general, the concentration of oxygen in the input air into the Claus unit had little effect on the temperature of the main burner (This is true for all parameters). The optimal catalytic bed temperature, tail gas ratio and type of catalytic bed were also determined and these conditions are a minimum temperature of 300°C, a ratio of 2.0 and a hydrolysing Claus bed.