城市供水消毒中副产物风险与微生物安全性的控制原则

对城市饮用水消毒过程中如何控制消毒副产物对人体健康影响的风险，同时保证水质的微生物安全性提出了三点原则。     

The systemic integration of human functions: new approaches to the diagnosis and correction of stressor states

The paper provides evidence for a new principle of the systemic organization of human functions. Instead of the concepts of man as a set of organs which are bound up with nervous and humoral regulation, the author considers on the basis of the functional systems theory the human body as a total combination of various interacting systems of different levels of organizations, each yields body's useful adaptive responses on the principles of multiparametric and successive interactions with other functional systems. The paper reveals the principles of interaction of functional systems in the whole organism. Problems in the evaluation of human physiological functions in the place of work, systemic principles of detection of stress states and their rehabilitation are considered in the context of functional systems.     

基于有限云模型的深基坑安全性研究

为降低基坑安全评价指标等级边界信息的随机性和模糊性给评价结果带来的不利影响,构建基于有限区间云理论的基坑安全综合评价模型。依据基坑安全性评价指标分类标准,计算出各评价指标隶属于不同分类等级的云数字特征,然后利用博弈论组合赋权法明确各评价指标的权重,并结合有限正向云发生器,得到评价对象的综合确定度,最后根据最大隶属原则确定基坑安全性等级。将该方法应用于工程实践中,并在评价过程中与传统云模型、可拓法进行对比分析。研究结果表明：运用该方法所获取的基坑安全性评价结果与可拓法评价结果一致,符合工程实际,且克服了传统云模型在处理指标值远离两端云期望值时的弊端,可为基坑安全评价研究提供一种新思路。     

The development of occupational exposure limits for chemical substances in China

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the occupational exposure limits (OELs) of chemical substances in China. It provides historical background on the development of OELs in this country, with a complete list of traditionally adopted and newly developed OELs for chemicals in workplaces. The philosophical thoughts, the administrative system, the scientific protocols for setting and amending health standards, with emphasis on making health a basic criterion for setting health standards, strengthening epidemiological studies of the human population, integrating epidemiological and toxicological studies, considering technological and economical feasibilities, and making full use of literature information sources are discussed. Further perspectives with respect to practical issues of maximum allowable concentration and time-weighted average, selection of safety factors, and establishment of biological exposure limits are also considered, with the authors' contributions to a discussion on these topics.     

Organochlorine pesticide residue levels in human adipose tissue of residents of Manisa (Turkey), 1995-1996

Previous articles in this series have investigated the role of human factors engineering (HFE) in the design and development of medical devices and instrumentation. This article turns its focus to HFE within health care facilities--hospitals, clinics, nursing homes, HMOs, etc. The objective of HFE for the device manufacturer is to produce effective and safe systems. The health care facility is concerned with maintaining the safety of patients and staff, enhancing the cost efficiency of its operations, and controlling liability. Human factors engineering can be effective in realizing all of these goals. Proactive measures include (1) evaluation of currently employed systems for efficiency and error potential, (2) evaluation of systems prior to purchase, (3) evaluation and enhancement of facilities, and (4) design and evaluation of procedures. Retroactively, HFE participation in accident/incident investigations can carry such investigations beyond the placing of blame to determining what made a human error possible or even inevitable.     

The FEMA GRAS assessment of alicyclic substances used as flavour ingredients

For over 35 years, an independent panel of expert scientists has served as the primary body for evaluating the safety of flavour ingredients. This group, the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association (FEMA), has achieved international recognition from the flavour industry, government regulatory bodies including the Food and Drug Administration, and the toxicology community for its unique contributions. To date, the Expert Panel has evaluated the safety of more than 1700 flavour ingredients and determined the vast majority to be "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS). Elements that are fundamental to the safety evaluation of flavour ingredients include exposure, structural analogy, metabolism, pharmacokinetics and toxicology. Flavour ingredients are evaluated individually taking into account the available scientific information on the group of structurally related substances. The elements of the GRAS assessment program as they have been applied by the Expert Panel to the group of 119 alicyclic substances used as flavour ingredients, and the relevant scientific data which provide the basis for the GRAS status of these substances, are described herein.     

从人力资源管理看绩效考评

论述了绩效考评在人力资源管理中的作用,绩效考评工作应遵循的原则,以及考评过程应注意的几个问题,指出：绩效考评是人力资源管理的基础,它不仅是实现薪酬激励的必要手段,还是人员招聘、职位升降、岗位调配、薪酬设计和人员培训的重要依据,是人力资源管理不可或缺的一环.     

人体"生物钟"理论在矿山安全工作中的应用

文中将人体“生物钟”理论应用于矿山企业的生产过程，对人的行为能力、心理状态、生现机能进行了分析，并结合矿山的实际生产环境来预测不安全因素，为搞好矿山安全管理工作提供了一种新途径。     

基于AHP及模糊综合评判的地下金属矿山安全分析与评价

为对地下金属矿山安全进行综合评价,分析了影响矿井安全的各类危险因素及其相互关系,建立了一个包括7个评价单元和32项危险指标的递阶层次结构模型。应用层次分析法,将各层次元素进行两两对比构造判断矩阵,经计算得到各因素在矿山安全中所占的权重。将矿山安全状况划分为5个等级,采取专家打分法确定定性指标的隶属度矩阵,应用模糊综合评价确定矿山安全状况等级。将该方法应用于山东某地下金矿安全评价,结果表明：该矿山较为安全,其中安全管理状况不佳、职工不安全行为和安全教育培训影响权重分别为40.4%、25.3%和12.5%,是影响矿山安全的主要因素,应当更加重视;该矿山的水文地质、粉尘和噪音状况评价结果为“一般安全”,应当采取有效措施并作为改进的重点。实践证明,该评价系统所得结论符合矿山安全实际,并能指出影响矿山安全的主要因素,对地下金属矿山的安全状况评定和制定最佳的管理方案具有重要指导意义。     

矿山竖井提升伤亡事故的事故树分析

运用安全系统工程中的事故树分析法，编制了事故树，对引发竖井提升伤亡事故的各种因素进行了定性分析，找出了导致竖井提升伤亡事故发生的途径，并提出了相应预防措施。该方法在安全评价中获得了广泛应用。     

Neurobehavioral toxicology in the 21st century: a future or a failure? The 1991 H?nninen Lecture

Toxic substances in the workplace and general environment have been shown to cause adverse health effects in human populations. This has occurred as the result of such factors as industrialization, environmental pollution, and increased reliance on chemicals in agriculture. Effects of toxic substances on the human nervous system have been identified and characterized through use of neurobehavioral methods, essentially over the past 20 years. This paper examines 10 key publications in neurotoxicology and relates them to the future of neurobehavioral toxicology in the next century. The view is expressed that the future of neurobehavioral methods lies in more firmly rooting them in basic mechanisms of neurotoxicity.     

基于改进熵权法—未确知测度模型的黄金洞尾矿库综合安全评价

针对尾矿库安全评价中存在的不确定性问题,以黄金洞尾矿库为例,引入未确知测度理论,分析评价对象与评价指标之间的关系,建立一个包含5个影响因素和18个影响因子的尾矿库综合安全指标评价体系,结合基于层次分析法—熵权法综合确定指标权重,构建基于改进熵权法—未确知测度模型.根据该模型的指标评价体系和分级模式确定指标测度函数,代入...     

Evaluation of new iron chelators for clinical use

Evaluation of new chelators for clinical use is limited by the availability of models which will predict the therapeutic safety margin of chelators in iron-overloaded humans such as those with thalassaemia major. Animal models show significant differences with respect to the relative toxicity of different chelators compared with human. These differences can be ascribed to several factors: differences in iron metabolism between different species, human metabolism being significantly more conservative than in rodents or nonhuman primates; differences in drug metabolism between different species which are often difficult to predict from first principles, and difficulties in obtaining iron-overloaded models that are truly representative of transfusional iron overload clinically. These differences have been highlighted by clinical studies on hydroxypyridinone iron chelators such as 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one (L1, CP20, deferiprone) and 1,2-diethyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one (CP94). New tissue culture approaches towards understanding the mechanisms of neutropenia, cytostasis and apoptosis induced by chelators as well as the relative rates of inhibition of non-haem-iron-containing enzymes such as ribonucleotide reductase are predicted to identify chelators with a higher therapeutic safety margin.     

Rating and Reliability of Existing Bridges in a Network

Currently, the load rating is the method used by State DOTs for evaluating the safety and serviceability of existing bridges in the United States. In general, load rating of a bridge is evaluated when a maintenance, improvement work, change in strength of members, or addition of dead load alters the condition or capacity of the structure. The AASHTO LRFD specifications provide code provisions for prescribing an acceptable and uniform safety level for the design of bridge components. Once a bridge is designed and placed in service, the AASHTO Manual for Condition Evaluation of Bridges provides provisions for determination of the safety and serviceability of existing bridge components. Rating for the bridge system is taken as the minimum of the component ratings. If viewed from a broad perspective, methods used in the state-of-the-practice condition evaluation of bridges at discrete time intervals and in the state-of-the-art probability-based life prediction share common goals and principles. This paper briefly describes a study conducted on the rating and system reliability-based lifetime evaluation of a number of existing bridges within a bridge network, including prestressed concrete, reinforced concrete, steel rolled beam, and steel plate girder bridges. The approach is explained using a representative prestressed concrete girder bridge. Emphasis is placed on the interaction between rating and reliability results in order to relate the developed approach to current practice in bridge rating and evaluation. The results presented provide a sound basis for further improvement of bridge management systems based on system performance requirements.     

GIS在土壤重金属污染评价和安全预警的应用

日趋严重的土壤重金属污染问题，不仅会对人类健康造成危害，而且可能引起其他的环境污染.但由于土壤污染面源广且污染程度不均匀，造成土壤污染状况难以被科学的评价和有效的安全预警.地理信息系统（GIS）因其强大的空间分析功能可以有效地解决土壤重金属评价及安全预警的问题而得到越来越广泛的应用.文中综述了国内外GIS技术的发展并探讨了GIS与地统计分析方法的有效结合在土壤重金属污染评价与预测预警方面的应用，结合赣州市城区土壤重金属污染问题的研究，提出了GIS在土壤重金属污染评价与安全预警方面的发展前景.      

Occupational ergonomics and injury prevention

Ergonomics is the study of people at work. The current focus is on the prevention of work-induced musculoskeletal injuries through the application of sound ergonomic principles. This chapter has briefly outlined ergonomics and its history, has described low back pain and upper extremity cumulative trauma disorders from an ergonomic perspective, and has discussed control and prevention approaches for a few scenarios. Ergonomic principles are based on a combination of science and engineering and a thorough understanding of human capabilities and limitations. When these principles are applied to the design of a job, task, process, or procedure, the incidence and severity of musculoskeletal injuries decrease. In many cases productivity and morale also improve. Workers are spared suffering, and employers are spared costs. It is hoped that this discussion will encourage more health, safety, and business professionals to learn about and apply ergonomics in their workplaces for the improvement of the worker, product, and business. Finally, many additional epidemiologic studies on the individual and joint effects of the CTD risk factors are needed. The knowledge gained from these studies will promote the more effective application of ergonomic principles to reduce worker suffering, improve products, and reduce costs.     

基于变权物元可拓模型的非煤矿山安全标准化等级评价

为准确评价非煤矿山安全标准化等级,基于变权理论和物元可拓理论,建立非煤矿山安全标准化评价的变权物元可拓模型。从安全监管、安全保障、安全生产和安全绩效4个方面选取16个因素作为评价指标,运用变权理论确定指标权重,再由待评物元关于各评价等级的贴近度及等级变量特征值得出矿山安全标准化等级,最后通过敏感性分析指出对评价有重要影响的敏感性指标。经计算得出某非煤矿山安全标准化等级为Ⅱ级且偏向于Ⅰ级的程度较大,其中生产工艺系统安全管理是该评价的敏感性指标。研究结果表明:变权物元可拓模型是对传统物元可拓模型的有效改进,能够提高非煤矿山安全标准化评价的准确性。      

安赛乐米塔尔公司企业社会责任概述

概述了安赛乐米塔尔公司为贯彻《联合国全球契约》有关人权、劳动权、环境和反贪污等原则,促进企业和社会可持续发展,在遵守商业道德、生产安全、职业健康、尊重人权、社区建设、节约资源和爱护环境等方面建立了与企业社会责任（CSR）相关的管理体系,制定了一系列政策和实施方案,并向公众做出了CSR的12项承诺。     

矿井安全管理中互联网技术的应用

本文论述了如何将“互联网+”技术引入到主提升机的安全监控系统中,建立起一套对人、机器、环境、等各种因素综合考虑,具有高度自动化和远程监控能力的新型安监系统。这种新型的安监系统可以提高矿山提升设备的安全性,避免提升设备故障带来的事故,使矿山能够稳定安全生产和持续获利。     

基于Fisher判别法模型的矿山安全标准化等级评价

为简化矿山安全标准化等级评价的内容和过程,真实反映矿山安全标准化的水平,从安全管理、安全培训、安全意识、安全行为、员工参与和安全绩效6个方面,结合矿山的实际情况,选取了18个因素作为等级评价的指标,建立基于Fisher判别分析（FDA）的矿山安全标准化等级评价模型。根据矿山的安全管理水平及运行过程中存在的问题和缺陷,将安全标准化等级分为4个等级。选取16组数据作为训练样本,采用判别函数进行回检,回判估计误判率为0,并对其余4组数据作为检验样本进行判别,判别率为100%。最后,利用该模型对5家金属矿山安全标准化的指标数据进行预测,预测结果与实际情况一致。研究结果表明：该模型在评价矿山安全标准化等级中可靠性高且判别准确。该评价模型为矿山安全标准化的建设提供了方向和途径,有利于矿山安全管理水平的提高。