阳江抽水蓄能电站地应力场回归分析

采用基于三维有限元正演分析、应力实测资料及将岩体自重和构造应力作为地应力的主要构成因素的多元线性回归方法,对阳江抽水蓄能电站的地应力场进行回归分析.通过拟合实测地应力资料获得对应于地应力构成因素的回归系数,进一步获得了整个工程区特别是重要工程部位的岩体应力分布.回归结果表明:工程部位岩体属中等应力水平,最大水平主应力方位随埋深的增加由EW方向至NWW方向偏转.文章最后揭示了工程局部应力场与区域应力场构造的关系.     

New development of hydraulic fracturing technique for in-situ stress measurement at great depth of mines

In-situ stress measurement using the hydraulic fracturing technique was made at Wanfu Coal Mine in Shandong Province,China.To solve problems caused by great measuring depth and extra thick overburden soil layers in the mine,a series of improved techniques were developed for the traditional hydraulic fracturing technique and equipment to increase their pressure-enduring ability and to ensure safe and flexible removal of the sealing packers with other experimental apparatus.Successful in-situ stress measurement at 37 points within 7 boreholes,which were mostly over 1000 m deep,was completed.Through the measurement,detailed in     

Influence of deviatoric stress on rockburst occurrence:An experimental study

As mining delves deeper into the crust, it is necessary to investigate the complex rock responses associated with higher stress gradients. Therefore, it is essential to better understand the mechanisms associated with the rockburst phenomenon. However, due to the large-scale and difficult monitoring of real mining excavations, laboratory scale tests must be utilised to determine the conditions conducive to burst. To this end, this research focuses on the implementation of a new rockburst testing apparatus to replicate the stress conditions of a rock mass excavation at the time of bursting. This apparatus allows the determination of rockburst stresses and a relationship between deviatoric stress and in-situ pressure/depth. Using this relationship it is then possible to estimate the standardised stress levels for a certain rock type which might lead to rockburst occurrence. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that with increasing in-situ pressure, the likelihood(measured as a lower differential stress) and the extent(indicated by the increasing range of deviatoric stress) of rockburst increases. These findings provide valuable information about the conditions necessary for bursting in deep mining.     

高地应力水平对爆破开挖损伤区声波检测及损伤程度评价的影响

随着地下工程埋深的不断增加,深部岩体工程中围岩开挖损伤区深度及程度的准确评价逐渐受到深部高地应力场的影响,其影响程度的合理评估成为研究重点。依托某水电站深埋引水隧洞开挖工程,采用应力逐步解除方案,通过在取样区域外围钻设形成环形封闭边界的常规取样孔,逐步解除取样区域内岩体应力,并在取样区域内进行钻孔与低应力取芯,继而利用声波检测装置对外围应力解除孔和内部取芯孔周边岩体的损伤程度进行检测,以此获得相同位置岩体在不同地应力条件下的损伤区深度及程度的声波检测结果。同时,结合内、外取芯孔获取的不同应力水平下的岩芯,开展室内试验,基于Hoek-Brown强度经验公式,利用声波波速计算得到相同位置岩体在不同地应力条件下的岩体单轴抗压强度,从而判断不同地应力条件对爆破开挖损伤区声波检测结果及损伤程度评价的影响。研究表明：高应力条件下,常规取样与声波检测法会在一定程度上低估围岩的损伤区深度和损伤程度,同时严重高估岩体单轴抗压强度。当初始应力水平为45 MPa时,围岩损伤区深度和损伤程度大约会被低估约10%～30%;当地应力水平由45 MPa降至30 MPa时,岩体的单轴抗压强度会被严重高估约30%～100%。因此,高地应力水平对爆破开挖围岩损伤区声波检测与评价结果存在明显影响,工程中运用波速指标评价岩体质量必须考虑地应力水平对声波检测的影响,并进行适当修正。     

Zonal disintegration phenomenon in enclosing rock mass surrounding deep tunnels—mechanism and discussion of characteristic parameters

The mechanism of the zonal disintegration phenomenon (ZDP) was realized based on the analysis of the stressedstrained state of the rock mass in the vicinity of the maximum stress zone, which resides in the creep instability failure of rock mass due to the development of a plastic zone and transfer of the maximum stress zone within the rock mass. Some characteristic parameters of the ZDP are discussed theoretically. In first instance, the analytical critical depth condition for the occurrence of ZDP was obtained, which depends on the characteristics and stress concentration coefficient of the rock mass. Secondly, based on creep theory, the expression of the outer radius of the undisturbed zones in the deep rock mass was obtained with the use of an improved Burgers theological model, which indicated that the radius depends on the characteristics of the rock mass and the depth of excavation and increases quasi-linearly with the rise of creep compliance of the rock mass. Finally, the formula for the distance of the most remote fissured zone away from the working periphery was derived, which increases logarithmically with the increase in the ratio of the in-situ stress and ultimate strength of rock mass. The distances between fissured zones are discussed in qualitative terms.     

大采深条带开采坚硬顶板工作面冲击矿压治理研究

为了解决大采深条带开采坚硬顶板工作面的冲击矿压问题,以古城煤矿2106工作面为例,采用现场分析、实验室试验、数值模拟的方法对其发生机理进行了研究.结果表明在此条件下开采时发生的冲击矿压与煤岩性质、采深、坚硬顶板厚度及顶板的周期来压有密切关系.当冲击矿压发生的煤层具有强冲击倾向性,煤层硬度系数大于3、采深900 m以上、顶板岩层坚硬且厚度大于20 m时,冲击矿压发生具有突然性和猛烈性;主要发生在顶板周期来压期间、超前支护50m范围内,此时工作面的CH4和CO气体含量同时升高.对此提出了钻屑法等预测预报的方法和煤体爆破卸压与柔性支护等治理措施.     

New development of hydraulic fracturing technique for in-situ stress measurement at great depth of mines

In-situ stress measurement using the hydraulic fracturing technique was made at Wanfu Coal Mine in Shandong Province, China. To solve problems caused by great measuring depth and extra thick overburden soil layers in the mine, a series of improved techniques were developed for the traditional hydraulic fracturing technique and equipment to increase their pressure-enduring ability and to ensure safe and flexible removal of the sealing packers with other experimental apparatus. Successful in-situ stress measurement at 37 points within 7 boreholes, which were mostly over 1000 m deep, was completed. Through the measurement, detailed information of in-situ stress state has been provided for mining design of the mine. The improved hydraulic fracturing technique and equipment also provide reliable tools for in-situ stress measurement at great depth of other mines.     

锦屏一级水电站左岸边坡高地应力区卸荷松弛特征及其控制措施

岩体开挖卸荷松弛效应对边坡的稳定性影响巨大,如何控制岩体卸荷松弛程度非常重要。以锦屏一级水电站左岸高边坡为研究对象,区域3维地应力场反分析结果表明:工程区域内地应力水平较高,水平构造应力较大,河床处的最大主应力达到40～50 MPa。施工期声波波速及钻孔变模的测试数据表明:边坡高地应力区的岩体卸荷松弛现象非常明显,岩体卸荷松弛深度随着地应力的增大而增大。边坡高地应力区开展的先挖后锚和先锚后挖的两种岩体卸荷松弛控制试验表明:先锚后挖能够有效地改善岩体的应力释放,同时能够较好地控制岩体的变形。     

地壳上部岩体中水平应力的估算方法

地壳上部岩体的垂直应力一般可用其上覆岩体的平均比重乘以其深度来估算,但是水平应力却很难估算。岩体的断裂韧度是一个常数,如果裂隙岩体是稳定的,水平应力必须在一定的范围内,如果水平应力超过了这一范围,岩体内的裂隙可能会发生扩展、破坏,并可能导致地震的发生,因此从裂隙岩体稳定的条件出发,可以估算出水平应力的范围。利用一共线双裂纹模型建立了裂纹稳定的应力条件,并对该应力条件的有效性进行了实验验证,实验结果表明该应力条件是有效的;然后利用该应力条件来估算水平应力的范围,其结果符合现场的测试结果,表明这一估算方法是有效的,可行的。并利用该理论能很好地解释为什么水平应力与垂直应力之比在浅部地壳中分布在较宽的范围内,但在深部区域内却分布在一个狭小的范围内。     

复杂工程地质体地应力场智能反演

地应力是地质构造和自重共同作用在地质体内形成的原始应力,是影响工程稳定性和灾变失稳的重要因素.由于受漫长的地质构造作用和地质演化,地应力场随时间和空间变化,由此使准确反演地应力场造成困难.以金川矿区为工程背景,借助地应力测量结果,开展工程地质体的地应力场反演研究.首先,建立矿区工程地质体三维数值模型,并采用正交数值分析和遗传规划算法,建立地应力与岩体参数和侧压系数的函数关系;然后,根据实测的地应力值与计算的地应力值之差平方和最小为优化目标,建立工程地质体的地应力场反演优化模型.采用遗传算法求解,获得矿区岩体参数和侧压系数;最后,将其代入数值模型进行正分析由此获得初始地应力场.通过4个测点地应力测量值与反演值对比分析可知,反演地应力的最大误差为16%,最小误差仅为0.62%.研究结果表明,地应力智能反演方法可用于复杂工程地质体的地应力场反演,且获得的地应力场满足地质工程分析所需要的精度.     

应力解除法若干新技术在某金矿地应力场测量中的应用

本文介绍了胶东某金矿地应力场测量的原理，方法和结果。为了提高测量结果的可靠性和精度，在测量和结果计算过程中使用了一系列技术。实测矿区地应力场显示出良好的规律和与区域构造应力场的一致性。     

Distribution of ground stress on Puhe Coal Mine

Puhe Coal Mine is a typical Tertiary coal in Shenbei mining area. With an increase in mining depth, tectonic stress field becomes more complex, leading to increased deformation and failure of the soft rock roadway. Stress becomes an important factor of mine safety and stability. This paper analyzes the distribution of the regional tectonic field, and determines the distribution of situ stress measurement through measuring the ground stress field in the main mining area level of Puhe Coal Mine using stress relief method. The acquired in situ stress data at different locations and depths provide a reference for the rational arrangement of the stop and mine roadway supporting design, which are of great significance for the efficient safety production of the mine.     

深部地应力实测与巷道稳定性研究

初始地应力是地下工程围岩稳定与支护结构设计的一个基本参数.在山东唐口煤矿井下回风石门、西翼辅助运输石门不同构造部位的三个测点采用空心包体应力解除法进行了现场应力实测工作.测点的埋深达1024~1030m.文章详细介绍了三维地应力及其主应力的计算原理,并根据矿区实测地应力资料,分析了矿井地应力大小、方向变化和分布特征,进而获得了该矿区地应力的定性及定量资料,还初步分析了地应力对巷道稳定性的影响,为巷道的支护结构设计工作提供可靠依据.     

开挖中的围岩破裂性质与支护对象研究

为了保证地下工程的稳定和安全，研究地下工程的围岩状态和支护对象很有意义．在现场实测、物理和数值模拟的基础上，提出深埋地下工程的围岩中普遍存在破裂状态，并认为这一破裂状态区域具有许多特殊的性质和规律，是一个反映地应力和岩体强度对地下工程稳定性作用的综合指标．破裂区发展产生的碎胀变形或碎胀力是地下工程支护的对象或载荷来源．     

An investigation of machine learning techniques to estimate minimum horizontal stress magnitude from borehole breakout

Borehole breakout is a widely utilised phenomenon in horizontal stress orientation determination, and breakout geometrical parameters, such as width and depth, have been used to estimate both horizontal stress magnitudes. However, the accuracy of minimum horizontal stress estimation from borehole breakout remains relatively low in comparison to maximum horizontal stress estimation. This paper aims to compare and improve the minimum horizontal stress estimation via a number of machine learning (ML) regression techniques, including parametric and non-parametric models, which have rarely been explored. ML models were trained based on 79 laboratory data from published literature and validated against 23 field data. A systematic bias was observed in the prediction for the validation dataset whenever the horizontal stress value exceeded the maximum value in the training data. Nevertheless, the pattern was captured, and the removal of systematic bias showed that the artificial neural network is capable of predicting the minimum horizontal stress with an average error rate of 10.16% and a root mean square error of 3.87 MPa when compared to actual values obtained through conventional in-situ measurement techniques. This is a meaningful improvement considering the importance of in-situ stress knowledge for underground operations and the availability of borehole breakout data.     

地应力测量方法综述

通过回顾地应力测量的起源及发展历程,对地应力测量方法进行了归类分析,明确了各种方法的基本原理、优缺点及应用范围;同时,对地应力测量的最新发展趋势以及目前我国在地应力测量方面面临的问题与挑战进行了剖析．研究成果对于采用较好的地应力测量方法以提高地应力测量精度无疑具有重要的指导意义．     

锚杆锚固质量声波检测技术的现状分析

锚杆锚固技术作为各类地下工程及边坡护理的主要手段,已在交通和水电站建设等工程施工中得到广泛应用,其锚固质量和运行状况的无损检测已被提到议事日程.声波检测技术是目前主要的锚杆锚固质量无损检测手段,本文通过对我国锚杆锚固质量声波检测技术的历史回顾和现状分析,指出其理论研究工作的严重欠缺是当前存在的主要问题.文中还强调了模型实验研究的重要性,并指出理论研究应与模型实验紧密结合,二者不能偏颇.     

Measurement and study of the distributing law of in-situ stresses in rock mass at great depth

To solve the technical cruxes of the conventional system in deep rock mass, an automatic testing system for hydraulic fracturing that includes a single tube for hydraulic loop, a pressure-relief valve, central-tubeless packers, and a multichannel real-time data acquisition system was used for in-situ stresses measurement at great depths （over 1000 m） in a coalfield in Juye of Northern China. The values and orientations of horizontal principal stresses were determined by the new system. The virgin stress field and its distributing law were decided by the linear regression from the logged 37 points in seven boreholes. Besides, the typical boreholes arranged in both the adjacent zone and far away zone of the faults were analyzed, respectively. The results show that a stress concentration phenomenon and a deflection in the orientation of the maximal horizontal stress exist in the adjacent zone of the faults, which further provides theoretical basis for design and optimization of mining.     

深部隧道围岩的流变

隧道围岩的流变对于隧道的长期稳定性影响很大,尤其对于深部隧道来讲更是如此. 目前利用线性及非线性粘弹性流变模型对于隧道围岩的研究较多,初始状态多取为弹性状态. 但在深部,由于初始地应力很大,在隧道开挖后,可能会马上出现塑性区. 因此初始参照状态应该取为弹塑性状态,而且应该考虑塑性区及弹性区力学性质的不同. 现利用Shvedov-Bingham模型理论研究了隧道围岩在初始时刻出现塑性区情况下的流变情况,并考虑塑性区及弹性区力学性质的不同, 给出了流变区半径及应力应变的解析解,并分析了应力分布及流变半径的变化规律.     

卸荷区岩体屈服准则

由于工程建设的需要,常常要进行岩体的开挖,岩体开挖以后,地应力释放,岩体应力重新分布,大部分岩体处于卸荷的状态.由于卸荷条件下岩体的屈服特性与加载条件下岩体的屈服特性有本质的区别,因此由加载试验所得到的C-M屈服准则将不再适用于卸荷区岩体.结合卸荷条件下岩体会出现拉应力和拉剪应力的特征,以试验数据为依据,拟合出了适用于卸荷区岩体的抛物线型C-M屈服准则,并推导了抛物线型Coulomb-Mohr屈服准则的抛物线型Drucker-Prager准则的外接圆、内接圆、内切圆类型,比较了抛物线型Coulomb-Mohr准则与Hoek-Brown准则的异同.