Total and acid-soluble fluoride content of infant cereals, beverages and biscuits from Brazil

Total fluoride (TF) and HCl 0.01 M ('gastric juice')-soluble fluoride (SF) were analysed in infant foods, beverages and calcium-rich biscuits. Samples were divided into seven categories: children cereals (A), chocolate-flavoured milk (B), soy beverages (C), filled biscuits (D), non-filled biscuits (E), wafer biscuits (F) and corn starch biscuits (G). Mean TF concentrations ± SD (amplitude, unit µg F ml^-1 or µg F g^-1) were: (A) 4.25 ± 3.04 (0.20 - 7.84, n = 6); (B) 0.34 ± 0.47 (0.05-1.27, n = 6); (C) 0.15 ± 0.07 (0.09-0.29, n = 8); (D) 8.44 ± 1.76 (7.65-10.47, n = 4); (E) 12.41 ± 1.15 (10.69-13.68, n = 4); (F) 0.35 ± 0 (0.34-0.36, n = 4) and (G) 7.77 ± 1.12 (6.86-8.68, n = 2). Five samples of cereals, one sample of chocolate-flavoured milk and 10 samples of biscuits were analysed for SF. In cereals analysed for SF, all fluoride was soluble, while for the chocolate-flavoured milk, approximately 50% of TF was soluble. Regarding the biscuits analysed for SF approximately 20% of TF was soluble. It was observed that some of the cereals and beverages, and most of the biscuits analysed, might be important contributors to total daily fluoride intake. When consumed just once per day, cereals and beverages might supply up to 25% of the maximum recommended daily fluoride intake (0.07 mg F kg^-1 body weight) for a 2-year-old child (12 kg). For the filled, non-filled and corn starch biscuits, when 3, 32 or 20 units of them, respectively, are consumed just once per day, they may supply up to 16% of the maximum recommended daily fluoride intake. However, only approximately 25% of fluoride absorption occurs from the stomach and 75% from the small intestine. Therefore, a higher fluoride bioavailability is possible.     

几种食品添加剂对核桃炼乳热稳定性的影响研究

研究了几种食品添加剂对核桃炼乳热稳定性的影响,结果表明:单一乳化剂与复合乳化剂均能提高核桃炼乳的热稳定性,且复合乳化剂的效果优于单一乳化剂,复合乳化剂的用量以0.3%为宜。卵磷脂、黄原胶及二者以不同比例复配后均能提高核桃炼乳的热稳定性,其使用量分别以0.2%和0.6%为宜。     

酶对饼干粉及韧性饼干品质的影响

为了改善韧性饼干品质,筛选合适的改良剂,本试验以饼干的比容、质构和色泽,饼干粉的质构特性和溶剂保持力为指标,通过在饼干低筋粉中添加L-半胱氨酸盐酸盐(CYS)、中性蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、菠萝蛋白酶和木聚糖酶,研究添加CYS和酶制剂对饼干粉的影响,进而研究其对韧性饼干的改善作用,同时进行相关性分析和主成分分析来研究各指标之间的相关性以及不同添加剂的综合效果。结果表明,150 mg/kg为蛋白酶最适添加量,与空白组相比,蛋白酶可以有效提高饼干的比容,比容增加量高达12.42%,同样的,蛋白酶可降低饼干的硬度、咀嚼性和胶黏性,最高分别降低78.88%、87.38%、60.37%。对饼干的色泽的影响无显著性差异,且其效果优于CYS和木聚糖酶。通过相关性分析可知饼干的比容、胶黏性、咀嚼性和硬度等指标与饼干粉面筋弹性指标呈现正相关性,相关系数分别为0.808、0.810、0.810和0.810,表明低吸水率、低面筋含量、面筋粘弹性小的面粉更适合韧性饼干的制作。通过主成分分析可知菠萝蛋白酶对改善韧性饼干的品质效果最好,可以有效代替CYS。     

Determination and quantification of the kokumi peptide, γ-glutamyl-valyl-glycine,in commercial soy sauces

Recent studies have demonstrated that kokumi substances, such as glutathione, are perceived through the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), and screening by CaSR assay and sensory evaluation has shown that γ-glutamyl-valyl-glycine (γ-Glu-Val-Gly) is a potent kokumi peptide. In this study, the contents of γ-Glu-Val-Gly in six commercial brands of dark-coloured soy sauces, two brands of light-coloured soy sauce, and one brand of white soy sauce, were investigated by high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS), followed by derivatization with 6-aminoquinoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl-carbamate (AQC). The analyses indicated that γ-Glu-Val-Gly was present in all investigated soy sauces at concentrations ranging from 0.15 to 0.61 mg/dl, demonstrating that it is widely distributed in soy sauces.     

Physicochemical properties of commercial semi-sweet biscuit

This study was performed to provide information about the physical and chemical characteristics of commercial semi-sweet biscuits and to ascertain the key characteristics of commercial semi-sweet biscuits (rich tea type), in terms of starch properties, such as gelatinisation, pasting, granule crystallinity and morphology, and to compare the magnitudes of changes of physical characteristics (diameter, thickness, weight and bulk density) for selected brands. A total of 10 rich tea biscuits from different brands were bought locally and were measured for physical and chemical characteristics. The three-point bend test showed that a biscuit with lower fat content was harder than a biscuit with normal fat content, except for sample B. Starch gelatinisation properties show that To, Tp and Tc were higher than for wheat flour whereas ΔH was lower than for wheat flour. X-ray results showed that commercial biscuits still retained their crystallinity but at lower intensities than native wheat flour. Microscopy observations revealed that some of the granule birefringence of commercial biscuits can still be observed under polarised light. Different brands of biscuits showed different physical and chemical characteristics.     

咖啡奶稳定性的研究

研究了咖啡奶的稳定性，主要对不同的乳化剂和稳定剂的效果进行了研究。由单因素实验，择优选出对于咖啡奶稳定性较好的添加剂。应用SAS软件进行正交设计，选择最佳的复配稳定剂，确定了提高稳定性的最佳添加剂配方。研究结果表明，对于咖啡乳饮料的稳定性而言，使用复配稳定剂的效果要明显好于使用单一的添加剂复配稳定荆的配方为：单甘醣0．2％、MCC徽晶纤维素0．2％。     

Effect of emulsifiers,fat level and type on the rheological characteristics of biscuit dough and quality of biscuits

The effect of level and type of fat as well as emulsifiers on the rheological characteristics of biscuit dough and quality of biscuits has been studied. Increasing the level of fat from 150 to 250 g kg⁻¹ softened the dough, as indicated by a reduction in extrusion time from 108 to 18 s and an increase in compliance from 31.9 to 49.9%, while it reduced the development of gluten, as shown by a reduction in elastic recovery from 0.485 to 0.365 mm. Among the different types of fats used, hydrogenated fat produced the stiffest dough. Addition of any of the emulsifiers glycerol monostearate, lecithin or sodium stearoyl lactylate lowered the elastic recovery value, indicating their contribution to the shortening effect on gluten, and also resulted in a reduction in consistency and hardness and made the dough more cohesive. The maximum change was observed with sodium stearoyl lactylate. The density, breaking strength and compression strength of biscuits decreased, indicating an improvement in crispness, with increasing fat level. The thickness of biscuits was significantly higher when hydrogenated fat or oil was used in the formulation. Biscuits made with bakery shortening had better surface characteristics and higher crispness. Glycerol monostearate and lecithin brought about a greater improvement in the quality of biscuits when compared with sodium stearoyl lactylate. Studies indicated that emulsifiers in general had a greater beneficial effect, particularly in the case of biscuits made from medium hard wheat flour. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Assessment of the influence of energy under-reporting on intake estimates of four food additives.

Under-reporting has been identified as an important source of uncertainty in food chemical exposure assessments. The objective of the present study was to assess the influence of under-reporting on food additive intake estimates. Dietary survey data were derived from the North-South Ireland Food Consumption Survey (2001). Data from the Republic of Ireland (n = 958) were used. Energy under-reporters were identified using a ratio of energy intakes to estimated basal metabolic rate. First, food categories (n = 26) included in an assessment of exposure of four food additives were created and patterns of food intakes (i.e. likelihood of consumption, frequency of consumption and reported portion size) between acceptable and under-reporters compared. Second, for each food additive, deterministic intake estimates for the total sample (i.e. acceptable and under-reporters), under-reporters and acceptable reporters were calculated and compared. Differential reporting of the majority of food categories between acceptable and under-reporters was recorded. Under-reporters were less likely to record the consumption of a given food and more likely to under-report the frequency of consumption and portion size compared with acceptable reporters. Food additive intake estimates amongst acceptable reporters were higher than corresponding intake estimates amongst the total sample of reporters and amongst under-reporters. With the exception of one food additive (erythrosine), ratios of upper percentile additive intakes amongst acceptable reporters to corresponding intake estimates amongst the total sample of reporters did not exceed 1.06 when results were expressed as total population or consumer-only intakes. Findings illustrated that energy under-reporting does not materially influence estimates of food additive exposure based on the four food additives studied. However, a number of situations were identified where the under-reporting might exert a more significant impact on resulting exposure estimates.     

Reaching youth at the point of sale: cigarette marketing is more prevalent in stores where adolescents shop frequently

Objective: Although numerous studies describe the quantity and nature of tobacco marketing in stores, fewer studies examine the industry''s attempts to reach youth at the point of sale. This study examines whether cigarette marketing is more prevalent in stores where adolescents shop frequently. Design, setting, and participants: Trained coders counted cigarette ads, products, and other marketing materials in a census of stores that sell tobacco in Tracy, California (n = 50). A combination of data from focus groups and in-class surveys of middle school students (n = 2125) determined which of the stores adolescents visited most frequently. Main outcome measures: Amount of marketing materials and shelf space measured separately for the three cigarette brands most popular with adolescent smokers and for other brands combined. Results: Compared to other stores in the same community, stores where adolescents shopped frequently contained almost three times more marketing materials for Marlboro, Camel, and Newport, and significantly more shelf space devoted to these brands. Conclusions: Regardless of whether tobacco companies intentionally target youth at the point of sale, these findings underscore the importance of strategies to reduce the quantity and impact of cigarette marketing materials in this venue.     

Contamination of bottled waters with antimony leaching from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) increases upon storage

Antimony concentrations were determined in 132 brands of bottled water from 28 countries. Two of the brands were at or above the maximum allowable Sb concentration for drinking water in Japan (2 microg/L). Elevated concentrations of Sb in bottled waters are due mainly to the Sb2O3 used as the catalyst in the manufacture of polyethylene terephthalate (PET(E)). The leaching of Sb from PET(E) bottles shows variable reactivity. In 14 brands of bottled water from Canada, Sb concentrations increased on average 19% during 6 months storage at room temperature, but 48 brands of water from 11 European countries increased on average 90% under identical conditions. A mineral water from France in PET(E), purchased in Germany, yielded 725 ng/L when first tested, but 1510 ng/L when it was stored for 6 months at room temperature; the same brand of water, purchased in Hong Kong, yielded 1990 ng/L Sb. Pristine groundwater containing 1.7+/-0.4 ng/L Sb (n = 6) yielded 26.6+/-2.3 ng/L Sb (n = 3) after storage in PET(E) bottles from Canada for 6 months versus 281+/-38 ng/L Sb (n = 3) in PET(E) bottles from Germany. Tap water bottled commercially in PET(E) in December 2005 contained 450+/-56 ng/L Sb (n = 3) versus 70.3+/-0.3 ng/L Sb (n = 3) when sampled from a household faucet in the same village (Bammental, Germany), and 25.7+/-1.5 ng/L Sb (n = 3) from a local artesian flow.     

碰撞池-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定食品添加剂中的微量铝

目的 建立碰撞池—电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定食品添加剂中微量铝含量的方法,了解市售面制食品添加剂中铝含量现状。方法 采用泡打粉、酵母、小苏打等样品经过微波消解后,用氦气作为反应气,在线加入_⁴⁵Sc内标校正基体效应, ICP-MS法测定样品中铝的含量,添加回收率来验证方法的准确性与可靠性。结果 工作曲线线性回归系数为0.9991,方法检出限为0.32 ug/L,测定结果的相对标准偏差小于6.62% (n=6),回收率在86.8% ~ 101.3%之间。结论 方法检出限低、准确度高,适用于食品添加剂中微量铝含量的测定和监控。通过对市售食品添加剂中铝的检测,为合理监管含铝食品添加剂及评估其对人体食品安全风险暴露水平提供科学依据。     

Factors Influencing the Freeze‐Thaw Stability of Emulsion‐Based Foods

Many of the sauces used in frozen meals are oil‐in‐water emulsions that consist of fat droplets dispersed within an aqueous medium. This type of emulsion must remain physically and chemically stable throughout processing, freezing, storage, and defrosting conditions. Knowledge of the fundamental physicochemical mechanisms responsible for the stability of emulsion‐based sauces is needed to design and fabricate high‐quality sauces with the desired sensory attributes. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of the influence of freezing and thawing on the stability of oil‐in‐water emulsions. In particular, it focuses on the influence of product composition (such as emulsifiers, biopolymers, salts, and cryoprotectants), homogenization conditions, and freezing/thawing conditions on the stability of emulsions. The information contained in this review may be useful for optimizing the design of emulsion‐based sauces for utilization in commercial food products.     

Assessment of Trans Fatty Acids Content in Popular Western‐Style Products in China

ABSTRACT: To date, the published information on trans fatty acids (TFAs) in food products in China remains scarce and of questionable accuracy. Systematic approaches to educate the consumers and to ensure proper labeling of TFAs are among the many urgent challenges the regulatory agencies in this rapidly growing country have to face. In the present study, 97 most popular, national brand food products on the Chinese market, including 6 cheeses, 10 chocolates, 10 crisps, chips, and fries, 10 ice creams, 15 margarines, 10 pies and cakes, 8 sauces and dressings, 19 wafers and biscuits, and 9 Chinese‐style snacks, were assayed to profile their fat content and fatty acid composition, particularly the TFAs. The highest level of TFAs, up to 30.9% of total fatty acids, were found in pies. The average TFAs contents in different product categories, ranging from high to low, were: pie and cake (12.07%), cheese (6.95%), margarine (5.09%), wafer and biscuit (4.35%), ice cream (2.67%), sauce and dressing (2.65%), crisps, chips, and fries (2.15%), chocolate (1.44%), and Chinese‐style snacks (0.83%). One hundred percent of cheese contained TFAs, so did pie and cake, followed by crisps, chips, and fries (90%), sauce and dressing (88%), ice cream and margarine (80%), chocolate (60%), wafer and biscuit (53%), then Chinese‐style snacks (33%). Profiling of key TFAs constituents could yield information characteristic to the types of partially hydrogenated oils employed, which is a critical step towards product reformulation in order to reduce or eliminate TFAs in the products.     

世界食品添加剂市场发展趋势浅析

国际信息机构RTS于2006年6月发布了世界食品添加剂市场的发展和预测，报道指出，2005年全球食品添加剂销售额为303亿美元，2000年至2005年，5年增长12．9％，年增长为2．58％；而2010年预计销售额为342亿美元，2006年2010年5年平均年增长2．25％，增幅小于上一个5年。虽其统计基础和方法和我国有所不同，但其发展趋势和动向，值得我们借鉴。     

Assessment of dietary exposure to annatto (E160b), nitrites (E249-250), sulphites (E220-228) and tartaric acid (E334) in the French population: the second French total diet study

The results of the assessment of the dietary exposure to annatto, nitrites, tartaric acid and sulphites within the framework of the second French total diet study (TDS) are reported. These 4 additives were selected from the Bemrah et al. study [Bemrah N, Leblanc JC, Volatier JL. 2008. Assessment of dietary exposure in the French population to 13 selected food colours, preservatives, antioxidants, stabilizers, emulsifiers and sweeteners. Food Addit Contam B. 1(1):2-14] on 13 food additives which identified a possible health risk for annatto, sulphites and nitrites and a lack of data for tartaric acid. Among the composite samples selected for the whole TDS, 524 were analysed for additives (a sample was analysed for a given additive when it was identified as a major contributor for this additive only): 130 for tartaric acid, 135 for nitrites, 59 for annatto and 200 for sulphites. Estimated concentrations (minimum lower bound to maximum upper bound) vary nationally from 0 to 9 mg/kg for annatto, 0 to 420 mg/kg for tartaric acid, 0 to 108 mg/kg for sulphites and 0 to 3.4 mg/kg for nitrites. Based on the analytical results, the dietary exposure was calculated for adults and children, separately, using lower bound and upper bound assumptions. The European ADIs for these 4 additives were not exceeded except for the dietary exposure for sulphites among 2.9% of the adult population, where the major contributors were alcoholic drinks and especially wine under both hypotheses (lower and upper bound).     

Whey Protein Concentrate Fortified Baked Goods from Cassava-Based Composite Flours: Nutritional and Functional Properties

Composite flours are extensively used in the bakery industry to develop designer food products, having specific nutritional or functional properties. Though rich in carbohydrate, cassava flour has not been properly exploited for making bakery products, mainly because of its low protein content contributing to poor dough characteristics. Induced malting using amylolytic enzymes and pregelatinization through hydrothermal cooking were tried to modify the textural and functional attributes of cassava flour, which was then blended with various cereal and legume additives as well as rice bran and used for making two baked products such as muffins and biscuits. Whey protein concentrate (WPC) was added to fortify protein in all the formulations. Pseudo-malted cassava flour-based muffins and biscuits had lower starch content (36–44% and 36.5–41.2%, respectively) than similar products from unmalted cassava flour (39–46% and 43.75%, respectively). The crude protein content of the muffins and biscuits from WPC fortified composite mixes ranged from 7.96% to 14.36% and 9.63% to 11.00%, respectively, which was significantly higher than the native cassava flour (1.30%). Besides, the total dietary fiber could be enhanced to the extent of 1.54–3.10% in muffins and 1.70–2.61% in biscuits, through fortification with cereal and/or legume flours or bran sources, which is also considerable when compared to only 0.435% in native cassava flour. In vitro starch digestibility was the lowest for cassava (unmalted)-/rice bran-based muffins (25.02 units) and cassava (unmalted)-/finger millet flour-based biscuits (36.08 units), indicating the potential of these combinations for making therapeutic baked products for obese and diabetic people. Spread ratio and spread factor were the least (9.27 and 60.99, respectively) for the biscuits made with unmalted cassava/finger millet mixes, while use of Termamyl pseudo-malted cassava/finger millet raised the spread ratio to 11.11 and spread factor to 73.09.     

北京产干黄酱中挥发性风味成分分析

以北京地区5种知名品牌的干黄酱为原料,采用同时蒸馏萃取法提取并结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术 (gas chromatography-mass spectrometer,GC-MS)对其挥发性风味成分进行分析。结果共鉴定出69种物质,其主要是酸类(9种)、酯类(22种)、醛类(8种)、酮类(4种)、酚类(3种)、杂环化合物(13种)、含硫化合物(3种)和其他化合物(7种)等;5种干黄酱中共有的成分是乙酸乙酯、棕榈酸乙酯、十八烯酸乙酯、亚油酸乙酯、亚麻酸乙酯、异戊醛、苯乙醛、4-乙烯基愈创木酚、糠醛、2-乙酰基吡咯、3-甲硫基丙醛等,这些物质共同形成了该5种干黄酱的相同风味,而其中不同的成分又使得该5种干黄酱香气各有特色。     

Use of corporate sponsorship as a tobacco marketing tool: a review of tobacco industry sponsorship in the USA, 1995-99

OBJECTIVE: To describe the nature and extent of tobacco company sponsorship in the USA during the period 1995-99 and analyse this sponsorship in a marketing context. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study of tobacco company sponsorships identified through a customised research report from IEG Inc, and from internet web site searches. METHODS: First, a customised report was received from IEG Inc, which identified sponsorship activities for Philip Morris, RJ Reynolds, Brown & Williamson, Lorillard, and US Tobacco for the years 1997 and 1998. Second, the internet was systematically searched for tobacco industry sponsorships during the period 1995-99 by the same parent companies and their respective brands. RESULTS: During the period 1995-99, tobacco companies sponsored at least 2733 events, programmes, and organisations in the USA. Sponsorships involved all 50 states and the District of Columbia, and the minimum total funding amount of these sponsorships was $365.4 million. Tobacco corporate sponsorships involved numerous small, community based organisations, both through direct funding and through grants to larger umbrella organisations, and many of these organisations were part of the public health infrastructure. CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco corporate sponsorship serves as an important marketing tool for tobacco companies, serving both a sales promotion and public relations function. Public health practitioners need to develop better surveillance systems for monitoring tobacco sponsorship, to seek out alternative funding sources for tobacco company sponsored events and organisations, and to consider promoting a ban on tobacco sponsorship, possibly linking such regulation to the creation of alternative funding sources.     

食用木薯全粉添加量对饼干品质、质构特性及消化性能的影响

以食用木薯全粉、低筋面粉、黄油、白糖粉等为原料,利用烘焙法制备饼干,研究食用木薯全粉添加量对饼干品质、质构特性及消化性能的影响。结果表明,添加量为30 g的饼干感官品质、质构特性和消化性能均处于最优水平。添加量为10、20、30、40、50 g的饼干吸水率、L~*值、快速消化淀粉(RDS)含量分别比对照低3.76%、6.21%、7.78%、12.02%、15.72%(p<0.05),0.16%、0.94%、1.94%、4.06%、6.74%,2.30%、4.30%、7.17%、9.30%、14.07%(p<0.05);a~*值、b~*值、慢速消化淀粉(SDS)含量分别比对照高35.92%、62.62%、71.60%、107.04%、117.48%(p<0.05),5.39%、6.03%、7.14%、7.18%、9.34%(p<0.05),12.89%、26.17%、50.47%、81.07%、120.27%(p<0.05)。因此表明,食用木薯全粉用于饼干产品开发能提升产品品质,且具有一定的保健功能。