The role of latent and active failures in workplace slips, trips and falls: an information processing approach

The vast majority of the published workplace slips, trips and falls (STF) literature is exceedingly narrow in its focus and often ignores wider systems issues in workplace STF aetiology. There is little recognition within the published literature of the importance of latent failures or the upstream organisational and cultural contexts within which workplace STF occur. This is unfortunate, as a systems approach to workplace STF analysis, that is inclusive of latent design and work organisation factors that often shape worker behaviour patterns related to STF risk (e.g. rushing, risk taking), is fundamental to the development of effective prevention measures. The aims of this paper are to provide an understanding of workplace STF causation that is cognisant of the potential role of both active and latent failures in STF causation. The paper presents an ergonomics model for workplace STF analysis that highlights information processing in STF aetiology, the STF incident process and the interaction between latent and active failures in STF causation. The paper draws upon ergonomics research conducted in a range of occupational contexts to illustrate the key features of the model as it applies to workplace STF. Implications of the model for analysis and prevention of STF are discussed.     

Knowledge-based systems from a socio-cognitive 1 perspective

. Recent trends in the design and development of knowledge-based systems KBSs are discussed with special emphasis on issues that relate to situated knowledge. A knowledge base is regarded as a model of expertise that acknowledges the embeddedness of expert knowledge in social interaction and in the workplace in general. KBS development is viewed as an instance of socio-technical design. Experience from several European projects is recounted to illustrate the issues addressed. Suggestions for KBS development are presented as methodological guidelines, with special emphasis on systems employing case-based reasoning.     

Close encounters of the virtual kind: a study on place-based presence

Use of presence and instant messaging (PIM) applications has grown very rapidly recently, not only at home, but also at work. Early studies on the use of PIM applications in the workplace, however, indicate that PIM applications need to be adapted towards the workplace context. In our research, we explore such adaptations, towards place-based presence systems, i.e., presence systems that are not only able to answer people-oriented presence queries such as “Who is online?” next to place-oriented presence queries, such as “Who is near?”. In this article, we describe a design space for place-based presence systems, in which we identify the most important aspects and options that designers of place-based presence systems need to consider. We also report on our exploratory research in this design space, comprising two cycles of designing, implementing and evaluating place-based presence prototypes. We conclude with lessons learned for future research in place-based presence systems.     

Dataflow Resource Managers and Their Synthesis from Open Path Expressions

The control of concurrent access to shared resources is an important feature of both centralized and distributed operating systems. In conventional systems, exclusive access is the rule while concurrent access is the exception. Dataflow computer systems, along with an applicative style of programming, provide an execution environment in which this philosophy is reversed. In these latter systems, it is necessary to reexamine the manner in which synchronization of access to shared resources is specified and implemented. A basic design for a dataflow resource manager is reviewed, illustrating the clear separation between access mechanism and scheduling policy. The semantics of the access mechanism is based solely on the principle of data dependency. Specifications are presented for a general scheduler to further constrain or order accesses to the resource. Using ``open path expressions' as a very high-level specification language for synchronization, it is shown how to automatically synthesize a scheduler as a distributed network of communicating modules.     

Knowledge-based systems from a socio-cognitive 1 perspective

Abstract

Recent trends in the design and development of knowledge-based systems KBSs are discussed with special emphasis on issues that relate to situated knowledge. A knowledge base is regarded as a model of expertise that acknowledges the embeddedness of expert knowledge in social interaction and in the workplace in general. KBS development is viewed as an instance of socio-technical design. Experience from several European projects is recounted to illustrate the issues addressed. Suggestions for KBS development are presented as methodological guidelines, with special emphasis on systems employing case-based reasoning.     

A neuro-fuzzy hybrid scheme for design and simulation of human machine systems

In this article, a new neuro-fuzzy hybrid approach to human workplace design and simulation is proposed. Problems related to human workplace design such as human-machine modeling, measurement and analysis, workplace layout design and planning, workplace evaluation and simulation are discussed in detail. The complex human-machine interactions in workplace design are described with human and workstation parameters within a comprehensive human-machine system model. Based on this model, procedures and algorithms for workplace design, ergonomic evaluation, and optimization are presented in an integrated framework. With a combination of individual neural and fuzzy techniques, the neuro-fuzzy hybrid scheme implements fuzzy if-then rules block for workplace design and evaluation by trainable neural network architectures. For training and test purposes, simulated assembly tasks are carried out on a self-built multiadjustable laboratory workstation with a flexible PEAK Motus motion measurement and analysis system. The trained fuzzy neural networks are capable of predicting the operator's posture and joint angles of motion associated with a range of workstation configurations. They can also be used for design/layout and adjustment of manual assembly workstations. The developed system provides a unified, intelligent computational framework for human-machine system design and simulation. In the end, case studies for workplace design and simulation are presented to validate and illustrate the developed neuro-fuzzy design scheme and system.     

A knowledge-based system for optimizing workplace layouts using a genetic algorithm

A knowledge-based system for optimum workplace design is described. The system is constructed using a commercially-available hybrid development tool. It is interfaced to a database of anthropometric data and an optimization program. The optimization program employs a genetic algorithm. The paper presents details of the system after giving a brief overview of knowledge-based systems and genetic algorithms.     

科学工作流管理系统中基于用户分组的角色访问控制

访问控制机制是科学工作流管理系统中安全控制的重要内容。本文在事务工作流系统中基于角色的访问控制模型的基础上,结合科学工作流的特点和需求,提出了基于用户分组的角色访问控制机制（UGRBAC）;在科学工作流管理系统中增加单独的访问控制模块,在科学工作流流程定义阶段以及工作流执行阶段对用户进行访问控制,有效地控制了各类用户对服务和资源访问的限制,并且为服务提供者提供了访问权限设置的功能。     

X-FEDERATE: a policy engineering framework for federated access management

Policy-based management (PBM) has been considered as a promising approach for design and enforcement of access management policies for distributed systems. The increasing shift toward federated information sharing in the organizational landscape, however, calls for revisiting current PBM approaches to satisfy the unique security requirements of the federated paradigm. This presents a twofold challenge for the design of a PBM approach, where, on the one hand, the policy must incorporate the access management needs of the individual systems, while, on the other hand, the policies across multiple systems must be designed in such a manner that they can be uniformly developed, deployed, and integrated within the federated system. In this paper, we analyze the impact of security management challenges on policy design and formulate a policy engineering methodology based on principles of software engineering to develop a PBM solution for federated systems. We present X-FEDERATE, a policy engineering framework for federated access management using an extension of the well-known role-based access control (RBAC) model. Our framework consists of an XML-based policy specification language, its UML-based meta-model, and an enforcement architecture. We provide a comparison of our framework with related approaches and highlight its significance for federated access management. The paper also presents a federation protocol and discusses a prototype of our framework that implements the protocol in a federated digital library environment.     

When privacy and utility are in harmony: towards better design of presence technologies

Presence systems are valuable in supporting workplace communication and collaboration. These systems are effective, however, only if they are widely adopted and candidly used. User perceptions of the utility of the information being shared and their comfort in sharing such information strongly impact both adoption and use. This paper describes the results of a survey of user preferences regarding comfort with and utility of sharing presence data in the workplace; the effects of sampling frequency, fidelity, and aggregation; and design implications of these results. We present new results that extend some past findings and challenge others. We contribute new insights that inform the design of workplace presence technologies to increase both the utility and adoption of these systems.     

Nanomaterials in the field of design ergonomics: present status

Application of nanotechnology and nanomaterials is not new in the field of design, but a recent trend of extensive use of nanomaterials in product and/or workplace design is drawing attention of design researchers all over the world. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to describe the diverse use of nanomaterials in product and workplace design with special emphasis on ergonomics (occupational health and safety; thermo-regulation and work efficiency, cognitive interface design; maintenance of workplace, etc.) to popularise the new discipline ‘nanoergonomics’ among designers, design users and design researchers. Nanoergonomics for sustainable product and workplace design by minimising occupational health risks has been felt by the authors to be an emerging research area in coming years.

Practitioner Summary: Use of nanomaterials in the field of design ergonomics is less explored till date. In the present review, an attempt has been made to extend general awareness among ergonomists/designers about applications of nanomaterials/nanotechnology in the field of design ergonomics and about health implications of nanomaterials during their use.     

基于方差特征选择与3DES加密算法的医院信息数据安全防御系统设计

常规的医院信息安全防护主要采用信息属性特征融合分类的方法进行安全防护,忽略了信息存储逻辑节点拓扑结构造成的安全影响,导致安全防护攻击成功概率较高。因此,本文对医院访问控制系统进行了研究。提出采用机器学习中的改进方差特征法对医院访问控制系统进行优化设计。在硬件设计部分,对医院访问控制终端、控制终端与人机接口和接口数据传输模块进行设计;在医院访问控制方案设计中,采用方差特征选择方法对医院信息进行过滤和归一化处理完成数据更新;采用3DES加密算法,建立信息的模糊判断矩阵,完成医院信息安全访问控制系统设计。经过实验测试本文设计的系统可有效降低各种攻击的成功概率,平均攻击成功率仅为2.33%,安全性较高,有效保障医院信息安全,避免医院信息的泄露或故障。     

WCDMA和CDMA2000接入信道的比较和仿真

根据接入信道承载的数据类型，提出了在第三代移动通信系统中接入信道的设计要求。通过对WCDMA和CDMA2000接入信道、增强接入信道的分析，比较了两种系统所使用接入技术的优劣。还给出了接入信道仿真程序的设计思路。基于该仿真程序，可以得到两种接入信道的仿真结果，分析得出WCDMA的接入性能要优于CDMA2000的结论。     

The PROTEVS approach: A short presentation of background,principles and methods

Prototyping is not a new approach to computer-based information system development. It is just one technique among many used in system design. What might be new is for what purpose prototyping is used. The purpose could be to achieve a more user controlled system development and to give the future users a tool that will enable them to fully participate in not only the work with requirements specifications, but also in the actual systems design and organisational change. This paper describes a working model of an approach-the PROTEVS model-in which it is recommended that the future system users design their own prototype systems. The prototypes may act as both requirements specifications and solutions for actual change. This alternative approach aims to offer a basis for new ways of action for future users as participants in the design, evaluation, and change of a workplace. A suitable environment for the approach to act within is also described—a local design shop.     

人脸识别技术在门禁系统中的应用

射频识别(RFID)技术与生物特征识别技术如今已经成为当代门禁技术的主流。提出了一种在门禁系统中利用RFID技术与人脸识别技术相结合进行身份验证的设计方案。实验表明,结合两种技术将会提高身份识别的安全性和有效性,满足了高度机密性场所安全保护和高效率管理的需要。     

对象式基于角色访问控制模型的规范化描述

访问控制在大型复杂的多用户分布式系统中是一个极其重要且错综复杂的部分．目前基于角色访问控制成为主流的安全机制，对象技术作为处理复杂性的有效方法．大型系统的设计亟需一个对象式的、规范化的访问控制模型，以支持系统安全性设计，使众多用户可安全高效地履行其职责．已有的访问控制模型多为非规范的非对象式的．本文采用统一建模语言UML建立一个基于角色访问控制的对象式规范化模型．该模型结构简洁，且提供具有一致性、可推理的约束规范，以支持大型复杂系统的访问控制设计．     

基于LDAP的统一访问控制系统的设计与实现

随着Internet的迅速发展和企业的全球化进程,目录服务的应用为大规模的采集、存储和访问信息提供了一种灵活多变的解决方案。介绍了一个支持用户单点登陆的统一访问控制系统,它基于LDAP目录服务,将各种应用系统的访问控制结合在一起,从而实现了用户统一管理的安全访问。系统采用了中间件技术,有效地解决了大量用户访问LDAP数据库时的系统运行瓶颈问题。     

基于虚拟设备的访问控制模型

访问控制系统需具备便携性、易用性。基于此,提出一种Windows操作系统I/O模型下的访问控制模型。该模型基于以加密文件为容器的虚拟设备,在用户态和内核态进行授权判定、透明加解密、访问重定向,可扩展为各种定制访问控制系统。根据需求进行模块设计,使用API钩子、虚拟设备驱动和过滤驱动等技术开发,测试包括性能的模型特点,并给出2种应用扩展。