Methods of Analysis of High-Wax Crude Oils. Resins,Asphaltenes, Paraffin Waxes

Methods of determining the content of resins, asphaltenes, and paraffin waxes and distillation of the waxes applied to high-wax crudes are reported. The method is based on the experience from many years of research on ozocerites, minerals of petroleum origin that primarily consist of paraffin waxes, and crudes with a high wax content.__________Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 3, pp. 48 –50, May – June, 2005.     

Expanding Feedstock Resources for Manufacture of Vaseline

An alternative to petrolatum in feedstock for manufacture of medicinal Vaseline from Azerbaidzhan crudes was sought. The feedstock, adsorbent, and processing conditions selected increase the yield of Vaseline from 35–40 to 70–75% while reducing formation of difficult to use wastes.__________Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 3, pp. 18 – 19, May – June, 2005.     

Production of paving asphalts from high-wax crude oils

High-quality BND 40/60 and BND 60/90 asphalts were made from high-wax Kotur-Tepe crudes with additives — heavy catalytic gasoil, hard asphalt from propane deasphalting, and extracts from selective treatment of oil feedstock — were manufactured in pilot conditions. Production of such asphalts by direct oxidation of vacuum resid is not possible. Optimum feedstock compositions are proposed.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 6, pp. 23 – 26, November– December, 2004     

Economic evaluation of new crude oils as raw materials for manufacture of high viscosity-index oils

Conclusions Technical-economic calculations have revealed the economic feasibility of and favorable outlook for commercial production of petroleum lubricating oils with viscosity indexes of about 100 from crude oils from the new Ust' -Balyk and Uzen' fields, the latter crude being highly paraffinic.Thus, the net operating cost and adjusted cost for production of high-viscosity-index oils from Ust'-Balyk and Uzen' crudes by the processing scheme used in USSR refineries is lower than for the production of oils with average viscosity indexes of 85–88 from Romashkino crude.Complete processing of the slack waxes and petrolatums to recover paraffin waxes and ceresins is a necessary condition for the economical production of lubricating oils from Uzen' crude.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 7, pp. 24–28, July, 1970.     

Plastic asphalts produced from residua of West Siberian crudes

Summary A study has been made of the physicochemical and rheological properties of oxidized asphalts obtained from residua of West Siberian crudes.It has been shown that the nature of the feedstock has a decisive influence on the properties of the oxidized asphalts. The asphalts produced from a straight-run long residuum from West Siberian crudes have wide ranges of plasticity (91 and 111°C), low brittle points (–20 and –30°C), and better heat resistance than do the oxidized asphalts produced from a solvent-precipitated asphalt obtained in Stage II deasphalting.It has been established that, as the degree of oxidation is increased, the asphaltene content of the asphalts increases sharply, and the amount of the most reactive bicyclic and polycyclic aromatic compounds decreases through conversion into resins and then asphaltenes; the amount of oxygen-containing groups increases, as evidenced by the IR spectra of the component groups of the asphalt.The oxidized asphalts produced from residua of West Siberian crudes are highly structured systems within the interval of temperatures that was investigated (from 60 to 180°C); for a given penetration, the asphalt produced from the straight-run long residuum is more highly structured than that produced from the solvent-precipitated Stage II asphalt, as a consequence of the higher asphaltene content of the former.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 5, pp. 26–29, May, 1973.     

Calculation of Fuel Viscosity in the Linear Programming Model

Use of the standard tools in the modeling system with conversion of the viscosity values at the measurement temperature to the values at 50°C is recommended for representing the viscosity of middle-distillate and residual fuels in the linear programming model.__________Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 4, pp. 51 – 52, July – August, 2005.     

Kazakhstan crude oils as sources of feedstock for asphalt production

The results of a study of the physicochemical properties of West Kazakhstan crudes — from the Karaturun, Karsak, and Kara-Arna fields — are reported. The possibility of using these crudes for asphalt production is demonstrated. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 3, pp. 34–36, May–June, 2008.     

Calculation of the Dynamic Viscosity Coefficient of Heavy Crudes at High Pressure

The dynamic viscosity coefficient of 12 samples of high–viscosity crudes (HVC) from different fields at temperatures of 30 to 250°C and high pressure were experimentally determined. A method for calculating the h of HVC in a wide range of state variables was developed based on the experimental data and using elements from information theory and thermodynamic similarity methods.     

Crude oil from the Chirag field

The crude oil from a promising new offshore field in Azerbaidzhan — Chirag — is light, low-sulfur, low-resin, and waxy. Its naphtha cuts are characterized by low octane numbers. They can be used as components of automotive gasolines. Brand KO-20 lamp kerosene can be obtained from light kerosene cuts. Catalytic dewaxing must be conducted on the 150–280°C cut to manufacture jet fuel. The diesel cuts are favorable feedstock for manufacturing summer diesel fuel. The potential content of base oils with a viscosity index of 75–89 is 24.64 wt. % in crude oil.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 6, pp. 35–38, November–December, 2004.     

Modernizing Cat Cracker Reactor Block Units on the G-43-107M/1

Modernization of cat cracker reactor block equipment in the G-43-107M/1 combined unit, which significantly increases the unit’s efficiency and reliability, is described.__________Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 3, pp. 12 – 14, May – June, 2005.     

Heteroatomic compounds in resinous and low-resin West Siberian crude oils

The distribution and composition of low-molecular-weight heteroatomic components in West Siberian crudes with different resin and asphaltene contents were investigated. Resinous crudes contain more low-molecular-weight sulfur and nitrogen compounds than low-resin crudes. The qualitative composition of these compounds is not a function of the resin content of the crudes. Differences were also observed in the distribution of the individual structures. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 4, pp. 38–41, July–August, 2006.     

Effect of shock-wave processes on the physicochemical properties of crude oil

The effect of a shock wave on the physicochemical properties of crude oils was experimentally studied. The complicated character of this effect on complex organic compounds was demonstrated. The rheological properties and group composition of the crudes were changed by the shock wave. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 1, pp. 34–35, January–February, 2007.     

Group composition and properties of petroleum wax fractions

The group chemical composition and physicomechanical properties of petroleum wax fractions are investigated. The mechanism of their change with an increase in the average distillation temperature is determined.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 1, pp. 47 – 48, January – February, 2005.     

Features of Intermediate Layer Formation in Water-Oil Emulsions

New data on the mechanisms of intermediate layer formation in petroleum emulsions are reported. The possibility of structural phase transitions preceding the inversion points of these multicomponent media was experimentally demonstrated. Many features of these transitions are similar to the phase transitions in model dispersions of the Winsor III type. In manufacturing processes, the formation of undesirable “intermediate layers’ can be interpreted as the appearance of a bicontinuous phase at ratios of the volume fractions of water and crude close to unity.__________Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 4, pp. 37 – 39, July – August, 2005.     

Manufacture of White Vaseline by Hydrogenation Treatment of Mixed Feedstock

A new method of manufacturing Vaseline from Azerbaidzhan crudes by hydrogenation treatment is proposed. It is shown that hydrogenation on nickel aluminosilicate catalyst at relatively low temperatures (300–320°C) ensures a high yield (80–88% in feedstock) of medical Vaseline that satisfies current requirements.     

Optimization of the composition of oil and gas condensate mixtures for primary refining

A simple method of calculating the optimum composition of oil and gas condensate feedstock with the easily determined physicochemical properties of its components and standardized performance properties of petroleum products is examined.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 1, pp. 37 – 39, January – February, 2005.     

A Composite Additive for “Heavy” Gas-Condensate Diesel Fuel

A composite additive that decreases the cloud and solid points of GShZ gas-condensate diesel fuel, stable condensate “heavy” bottoms, to the values required by GOST 305–82 for grade “3– 45” petroleum diesel fuel, was developed from domestic feedstock. This significantly improves the performance properties of gas-condensate diesel fuel.__________Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 4, pp. 26 – 28, July – August, 2005.     

Effect of nonionogenic surfactants and a magnetic field on the rheological properties of highly viscous crude oils

The rheological properties of crudes from the Mordovo-Karmaly and Mortukovsk fields were investigated at 10–70°C in the presence of surfactants (SF) and in a magnetic field. The maximum decrease in the characteristics was attained in UHF treatment for the Mortukovsk crude and on addition of IPG-12 activating additive for the Mordovo-Karmaly crude. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 3, pp. 31–33, May–June, 2008.     

Production of petroleum mercaptans,feedstock for organic synthesis

Conclusions A process has been developed for producing mercaptans from petroleum distillates from high-kerosene crudes by methanol-alkali extraction. Based on laboratory development of the process a pilot plant has been designed and constructed on which the parameters of the process have been defined; a specification has been issued for the design of an industrial plant for producing petroleum mercaptans.The mercaptans we obtained by this method have been used successfully as polymerization regulators in the production of rubber and poly(methyl methacrylate).Deceased.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 9, pp. 12–16, September, 1971.     

Evaluating the Efficacy of Corrosion Inhibitors in Automotive Gasolines

A method for assessing the corrosion properties of automotive gasolines containing oxygenates and the effectiveness of corrosion inhibitors for these fuels similar to the method in ASTM D 665 is examined. Data on its use are reported.__________Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 4, pp. 49 – 50, July – August, 2005.