基于压缩感知的PD雷达序贯扩展卡尔曼滤波跟踪方法

提出一种新的基于压缩感知(Compressive Sensing, CS)处理的序贯扩展卡尔曼滤波(Sequential Extended Kalman Filter, SEKF)方法,以用于脉冲多普勒(Pulse Doppler, PD)雷达机动目标跟踪。利用目标在时延多普勒平面内的稀疏特点建立稀疏量测模型,然后通过压缩采样匹配重构方法获得目标的多普勒量测值,并用SEKF方法进行滤波更新,以改善目标状态的估计性能。在滤波过程中,应用CS处理可改善目标多普勒估计精度,而应用SEKF则可通过加入伪量测减小多普勒量测和目标运动状态之间的非线性误差。仿真实验结果表明,本文所提出的方法和传统的SEKF方法以及已有基于压缩感知的跟踪方法相比对机动目标有更好的跟踪性能。      

Tracking highly maneuverable targets with unknown behavior

Tracking of highly maneuvering targets with unknown behavior is a difficult problem in sequential state estimation. The performance of predictive-model-based Bayesian state estimators deteriorates quickly when their models are no longer accurate or their process noise is large. A data-driven approach to tracking, the segmenting track identifier (STI), is presented as an algorithm that operates well in environments where the measurement system is well understood but target motion is either or both highly unpredictable or poorly characterized. The STI achieves improved state estimates by the least-squares fitting of a motion model to a segment of data that has been partitioned from the total track such that it represents a single maneuver. Real-world STI tracking performance is demonstrated using sonar data collected from free-swimming fish, where the STI is shown to be effective at tracking highly maneuvering targets while relatively insensitive to its tuning parameters. Additionally, an extension of the STI to allow its use in the most common multiple target and cluttered environment data association frameworks is presented, and an STI-based joint probabilistic data association filter (STIJPDAF) is derived as a specific example. The STIJPDAF is shown by simulation to be effective at tracking a single fish in clutter and through empirical results from video data to be effective at simultaneously tracking multiple free-swimming fish.     

机动弱小目标动态规划检测前跟踪方法

针对基于动态规划的检测前跟踪方法难以有效检测和跟踪机动弱小目标的问题,本文提出了一种基于目标状态加权的动态规划检测前跟踪改进方法。该方法利用目标运动状态帧间的相关性特点,对状态转移集进行扩展,并根据当前状态与前一时刻各状态相关性的大小,对状态的能量积累值进行加权,使能量更好的沿航迹方向进行积累。理论分析和仿真结果表明,与传统的动态规划检测前跟踪方法相比,新方法提高了机动弱小目标的检测和跟踪性能      

Bayesian Multi-Object Filtering With Amplitude Feature Likelihood for Unknown Object SNR

In many tracking scenarios, the amplitude of target returns are stronger than those coming from false alarms. This information can be used to improve the multiple-target state estimation by obtaining more accurate target and false-alarm likelihoods. Target amplitude feature is well known to improve data association in conventional tracking filters, such as probabilistic data association and multiple hypothesis tracking, and results in better tracking performance of low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) targets. The advantage of using the target amplitude approach is that targets can be identified earlier through the enhanced discrimination between target and false alarms. One of the limitations of this approach is that it is usually assumed that the SNR of the target is known. We show that the reliable estimation of the SNR requires a significant number of measurements, and so we propose an alternative approach for situations where the SNR is unknown. We illustrate this approach in the context of multiple targets for different SNRs in the framework of finite set statistics (FISST). Furthermore, we illustrate how this can be incorporated into approximate multiple-object filters derived from FISST, including probability hypothesis density (PHD) and cardinalized PHD (CPHD) filters. We present simulation results for Gaussian mixture implementations of the filters that demonstrate a significant improvement in performance over just using location measurements.     

基于角度和频率信息的机动目标无源自适应跟踪算法

在进行可观测性分析的基础上,综合利用方位角和频率观测信息,提出了一种利用单个模型对机动目标进行无源跟踪的UKF算法,该算法通过对目标的运动状态和机动参数进行联合估计自适应地逼近真实的运动模型,从而进行准确跟踪。与现有算法相比,本文的算法不仅运算量小,而且降低了对观测站自身的运动要求,但却保持了良好的性能。仿真结果表明了算法的有效性和正确性。     

贪婪的量测划分机制下的多传感器多机动目标跟踪算法

针对低检测概率下多机动目标的跟踪问题,该文提出一种新的交互式多传感器多目标多伯努利滤波器(IMM-MS-MeMBer)。在IMM-MS-MeMBer滤波器的预测阶段,该文利用当前的量测信息自适应地更新目标的模型概率,并利用更新后的模型概率对目标状态进行混合预测;在IMM-MS-MeMBer滤波器的更新阶段,使用贪婪的多传感器量测划分策略对多传感器量测进行划分,并利用得到的量测划分集合和IMM-MS-MeMBer滤波器对目标的后验概率密度进行更新;除此之外,IMM-MS-MeMBer滤波器能够利用目标的角度和多普勒量测信息同时实现多个机动目标的位置、速度估计。数值实验验证了该文所提IMM-MS-MeMBer滤波器的优越性能。     

多光电跟踪设备异步序贯分布式目标跟踪算法

针对多光电跟踪设备组网后出现的异步测量问题，提出了一种异步分布式序贯目标跟踪算法。该算法由局部滤波器和融合滤波器构成，先利用状态转换方法，将多光电跟踪设备节点及其邻节点的异步测量对齐到融合时刻，得到拟测量方程。随后，利用射影原理对拟测量方程和目标运动状态方程构成的目标跟踪系统，提出异步序贯局部滤波器来计算较为精确的局部滤波值。再以协方差交叉算法为基础，提出基于扩散策略的融合滤波器，对局部估计值进行融合计算，来提高目标跟踪精度，并降低组网后各光电跟踪设备节点融合估计值的差异程度。最后对所提出的算法进行了仿真实验，以验证其有效性。     

Wavelet-Based Detection and Its Application to Tracking in an IR Sequence

We propose an effective technique using a wavelet-based temporal decomposition algorithm to detect single-pixel targets with motion from frame to frame. We next integrate the proposed detection algorithm with an interacting multiple-model method and multiple filter bank approach to provide an effective solution for tracking multiple single-pixel nonmaneuvering and maneuvering targets. Through Monte Carlo simulations, we establish the efficiency and robustness of the proposed approach. Based on exhaustive empirical study, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed approach in tracking multiple single-pixel targets in a sequence of infrared images with clutter and occlusion due to moving clouds in airborne applications.     

A NEW MODELING AND FILTERING APPROACH FOR TRACKING MANEUVERING TARGETS

A new modeling and filtering approach for tracking maneuvering targets is presented in thispaper.The approach,which makes optimal estimate for the model With the random variable possible,depends on random step modeling of target maneuvers.In the new model,the unknown targetacceleration is treated as a random variable and then estimated directly.A detector is designed tofind out the target maneuvers and the estimation algorithm will be restarted when the maneuvers oc-cur.Combination of three-dimention Kalman filter with a detector forms a tracker for maneuveringtargets.The new tracking scheme is easy to implement and its capability is illustrated in two trackingexamples in which the new approach is compared with Mooses'on the performance.     

多编队目标先后出现时的无先验信息跟踪方法

针对多编队机动目标先后出现时的跟踪问题,该文提出了一种基于交互式多模型高斯混合概率假设密度滤波(IMM-GM-PHD)算法的无先验信息跟踪方法。首先,在IMM-GM-PHD算法预测过程完成的基础上,引入密度检测机制,利用相关域为所有预测高斯分量挑选有效量测,结合密度聚类(DBSCAN)算法检测是否出现新编队目标。其次,在IMM-GM-PHD算法状态更新完成的基础上,利用更新高斯分量的组成情况完成模型概率的更新。最后,在状态估计优化过程中,结合编队目标的特点,加入相似度判别技术,利用杰森-香农(JS)散度度量高斯分量间的相似度,剔除没有相似分量的高斯分量,进一步优化估计结果。仿真结果表明,该文方法能够快速有效地跟踪非同时出现的多编队机动目标,具有较好的跟踪性能。     

General direction-of-arrival tracking with acoustic nodes

Traditionally, in target tracking, much emphasis is put on the motion model that realistically represents the target's movements. We first present the classical constant velocity model and then introduce a new model that incorporates an acceleration component along the heading direction of the target. We also show that the target motion parameters can be considered part of a more general feature set for target tracking. This is exemplified by showing that target frequencies, which may be unrelated to the target motion, can also be used to improve the tracking performance. In order to include the frequency variable, a new array steering vector is presented for the direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation problems. The independent partition particle filter (IPPF) is used to compare the performances of the two motion models by tracking multiple maneuvering targets using the acoustic sensor outputs directly. The treatment is quite general since IPPF allows general type of noise models as opposed to Gaussianity imposed by Kalman type of formulations. It is shown that by incorporating the acceleration into the state vector, the tracking performance can be improved in certain cases as expected. Then, we demonstrate a case in which the frequency variable improves the tracking and classification performance for targets with close DOA tracks.     

交互式多模型算法在光电跟踪控制系统中应用的仿真

分析目标运动参数滤波算法在光电跟踪控制系统中的作用,在交互式多模型算法的基础上,提出了该算法在光电跟踪控制系统中的应用问题,并建立了在光电跟踪控制系统中使用的仿真模型,通过仿真环境下光电跟踪控制系统对不同目标跟踪的数据分析可知,该算法可作为光电跟踪控制系统中复合控制前馈数据的获取算法使用,光电跟踪控制系统采用交互式多模型算法比采用--滤波算法更适合对机动目标的跟踪。     

Application of the EM algorithm for the multitarget/multisensortracking problem

An important problem in surveillance and reconnaissance systems is the tracking of multiple moving targets in cluttered noise environments using outputs from a number of sensors possessing wide variations in individual characteristics and accuracies. A number of approaches have been proposed for this multitarget/multisensor tracking problem ranging from reasonably simple, though ad hoc, schemes to fairly complex, but theoretically optimum, approaches. In this paper, we describe an iterative procedure for time-recursive multitarget/multisensor tracking based on use of the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. More specifically, we pose the multitarget/multisensor tracking problem as an incomplete data problem with the observable sensor outputs representing the incomplete data, whereas the target-associated sensor outputs constitute the complete data. Target updates at each time use an EM-based approach that calculates the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate of the target states, under the assumption of appropriate motion models, based on the outputs of disparate sensors. The approach uses a Markov random field (MRF) model of the associations between observations and targets and allows for estimation of joint association probabilities without explicit enumeration. The advantage of this EM-based approach is that it provides a computationally efficient means for approaching the performance offered by theoretically optimum approaches that use explicit enumeration of the joint association probabilities. We provide selected results illustrating the performance/complexity characteristics of this EM-based approach compared with competing schemes     

基于PDA的群目标合并与分离方法研究

针对飞行编队形成的群目标航迹关联的特殊性,分析了照射质心的编队群目标成员合并与分离检验方法的优缺点,定义了群目标成员合并与分离检验涉及的3要素:位置、速度和航迹历史。在此基础上,提出了基于概率数据关联(PDA)的群目标成员合并与分离的检验方法。该方法利用群目标等效回波统计中心更新滤波器状态,将每一个雷达周期的量测与统计中心关联判别,从而减少了关联次数,提高了正确判别群目标成员合并与分离的概率。仿真结果证明了该方法的有效性。     

基于角速度修正的变结构多模型目标跟踪算法

为提高强机动目标的跟踪精度,提出一种基于角速度估计值自适应修正的变结构多模型算法。将角速度估计应用于基于有向图切换的变结构多模型目标跟踪算法。通过引入改进的角速度估计方法,提高了角速度的估计精度。在有向图切换的基础上,实时估计角速度,并根据角速度估计值修正有向图,增强了变结构多模型目标跟踪算法的机动适应性。仿真结果表明,该方法在对强机动目标的跟踪性能上有明显提高。     

机动目标跟踪的新算法

机动目标通常不是做恒定的运动,其运动状态会随时间的变化而变化.这就使描述系统运动的状态方程是非线性的,而且系统参数会不断变化.传统的推广卡尔曼滤波适用于定系统定参数的情况,如果运用到机动目标跟踪上会导致误差增大甚至滤波发散.基于此,将强跟踪滤波运用到机动目标跟踪上.强跟踪滤波在卡尔曼滤波的基础上引入了多重渐消因子,使强跟踪滤波具有极强的跟踪能力和较好地鲁棒性,因此可以很好地解决变系统变参数的问题.通过仿真,将强跟踪滤波与UT-BLUE滤波方法和EKF滤波方法进行比较,结果表明了该滤波方法的有效性和优越性.     

三状态样条Kalman滤波与目标机动检测

基于样条方法和Kalman滤波理论，给出了一种新的三状态样条Kalman滤波方法及对目标进行机动检测的方法。该滤波方法用样条函数建立目标运动模型，应用Kalman滤波进行状态估计；该机动检测方法通过检测滤波新息来对目标机动发生或消除进行判断。由于考虑了加速度的实时估计，该滤波方法尤其适用于对弹道式目标的机动跟踪。仿真计算与实测数据计算表明：该滤波具有较高的精度；该机动检测方法具有较高的检测效率。     

基于改进“当前”统计模型的机动目标IMM跟踪算法

交互式多模型(IMM)算法是一种有效的机动目标跟踪算法,但其性能与模型的选择、个数以及参数有关。文中提出了一种基于改进的“当前”统计模型的交互式多模型算法,改进的“当前”统计模型提高了对机动目标的跟踪能力,而常速模型对匀速目标跟踪性能良好,IMM算法通过两种模型的交互作用可以实现对目标状态的自适应估计;同时,该算法结合了模型概率转移自适应技术,实现了对模型转移矩阵的在线估计,降低了人为因素。最后,通过Monte Carlo仿真进一步验证了该算法的有效性。     

基于机动检测的参数自适应跟踪算法

在机动目标跟踪中,传统当前统计模型卡尔曼滤波算法对弱/无机动目标跟踪精度不高,对突发机动跟踪精度显著下降,且跟踪性能受限于先验参数.针对上述问题,本文提出一种基于机动检测的参数自适应机动目标跟踪算法,算法利用新息的概率分布特性构建双阈值检测门限,依据检测结果进行参数自适应调整.首先,利用加速度预测误差方差信息,自适应调...     

EM算法在杂波环境下机动目标跟踪中的应用研究

EM(Expectation-Maximization)作为一种迭代求解非完备数据条件下极大似然(后验)参数估计问题的方法,在目标跟踪领域主要应用于被动跟踪及实时性要求不高的目标环境.该文推广了L.A.Johnston的理论成果,推导得出了一种基于AECM(Alternative Expectation ConditionMaximization)方法的杂波环境下实时机动目标跟踪箅法,算法中后验模型概率与关联概率由隐马尔科夫模型滤波计算得到.仿真计算表明,所提算法跟踪精度与IMM-PDA性能相当,算法是有效的.