搅拌针形状影响搅拌摩擦焊过程金属塑性流动规律的数值模拟

考虑材料参数随温度的变化关系以及搅拌工具的实际结构,利用Fluent流体力学软件建立了搅拌摩擦焊的有限体积模型,对搅拌针的形状影响材料塑性流动行为的规律进行了研究.结果表明,材料的流动速度随着到焊件表面以及到搅拌针旋转轴的距离增加而减小;当减小搅拌针的锥角以及减小搅拌针的螺纹槽宽度时,焊件内部材料的流动速度得到提高.当搅拌工具在焊接过程中顺时针旋转时,对于左螺旋搅拌针,搅拌针附近的材料向下流动,而热力影响区材料的流动方向向上,此规律与右螺旋搅拌针时相反.     

Modeling the Material Flow and Heat Transfer in Reverse Dual-Rotation Friction Stir Welding

Reverse dual-rotation friction stir welding (RDR-FSW) is a novel modification of conventional friction stir welding (FSW) process. During the RDR-FSW process, the tool pin and the assisted shoulder are separated and rotate with opposite direction independently, so that there are two material flows with reverse direction. The material flow and heat transfer in RDR-FSW have significant effects on the microstructure and properties of the weld joint. A 3D model is developed to quantitatively analyze the effects of the separated tool pin and the assisted shoulder which rotate in reverse direction on the material flow and heat transfer during RDR-FSW process. Numerical simulation is conducted to predict the temperature profile, material flow field, streamlines, strain rate, and viscosity distributions near the tool. The calculated results show that as the rotation speed of the tool pin increases, the temperature near the tool gets higher, the zone with higher temperature expands, and approximately symmetric temperature distribution is obtained near the tool. Along the workpiece thickness direction, the calculated material flow velocity and its layer thickness near the tool get lowered because the effect of the shoulder is weakened as the distance away from the top surface increases. The model is validated by comparing the predicted values of peak temperature at some typical locations with the experimentally measured ones.     

Modeling of material flow in friction stir welding process

This paper presents a 3D numerical model to study the material flow in the friction stir welding process. Results indicate that the material in front of the pin moves upwards due to the extrusion of the pin, and then the upward material rotates with the pin. Behind the rotating tool, the material starts to move downwards and to deposit in the wake. This process is the real cause to make friction stir welding process continuing successfully. The tangent movement of the material takes the main contribution to the flow of the material in friction stir welding process. There exists a swirl on the advancing side and with the increase of the translational velocity the inverse flow of the material on the advancing side becomes faster. The shoulder can increase the velocity of material flow in both radial direction and tangent direction near the top surface. The variations of process parameters do have an effect on the velocity field near the pin, especially in the region in which the material flow is faster.     

搅拌摩擦焊接三维流动模型

建立了搅拌摩擦焊焊接过程中塑性软化层的流动行为物理模型,该模型根据不同部位的流动特点将软化层的流动分成三部分,轴肩端面附近的软化层流动、搅拌针上部的软化层流动和搅拌针端部附近的软化层流动行为。轴肩端面附近的软化材料首先流入搅拌针行进过程中于搅拌针后部形成的空腔内,剩余软化材料围绕着轴肩侧面缓缓地由前进侧流动到搅拌针的后部,并于轴肩后部侧表面上形成了焊缝表面弧形纹的弧峰;搅拌针上部附近的软化层以剪切的方式从搅拌针前部流动到搅拌针后部;搅拌针端部附近的软化层以挤压的方式从搅拌针的前部流动到搅拌针的后部。     

三维搅拌摩擦焊接过程数值模拟

将搅拌摩擦焊接过程中材料的流动看作是层流、粘性、非牛顿流体绕过旋转的圆柱体,并基于流体力学理论,建立了三维搅拌摩擦焊缝金属塑性流动的数值分析模型.计算结果表明,在焊缝上部表面附近,由于搅拌头轴肩的影响,材料流动比较混乱,发生多次绕流现象;焊缝下部材料流动规律性较明显:只有很少一部分靠近搅拌头探针的材料在焊接过程中受到探针的作用而发生变形和流动,在大多数的模拟条件下,探针直径范围内的材料仅仅在回撤边一侧沿旋转方向绕过探针.焊缝中部具有底部和上部材料的流动特点,是探针和轴肩共同影响的结果.采用"标记嵌入技术"对焊缝金属流动进行可视化研究,试验结果与模拟结果进行了验证,模拟结果能很好地预测塑性金属流动趋势.     

Simulation of 3D material flow in friction stir welding of AA6061-T6

This paper reports the numerical simulation of the 3D material flow in friction stir welding process by using finite element methods based on solid mechanics. It is found that the material flow behind the pin is much faster than that in front of the pin. The material in front of the pin moves upwards and then rotates with the pin due to the effect of the rotating tool. Behind of the pin, the material moves downwards. This process of material movement is the real cause to make the friction stir welding process continuing successfully. With the increase of the translational velocity or the rotational velocity of the pin, the material flow becomes faster.     

Analysis of effect of tool geometry on plastic flow during friction stir spot welding using particle method

The effect of tool geometry on the plastic flow and material mixing during friction stir spot welding (FSSW) is investigated using the particle method approach. For spot welds made with a cylindrical pin tool with flat shoulder, the model predicts the material flow at the pin periphery to be in the upward direction and the material is pushed downward beneath the shoulder giving rise to the resultant hook geometry. Other pin geometries evaluated include tapered pin, inverse tapered pin, triangular pin, convex shoulder, and concave shoulder. With good correlation with experimental trials, this model is then used to predict the material flow for spot welds. The material flow, and thereby the resultant hook formation, is quantified using numerical methods and is expressed as standard deviation of the particle movement. A triangular pin with a concave shoulder is the preferred tool geometry from the current study that results in high strength spot welds.     

回填式搅拌摩擦点焊过程的材料流动规律模拟

利用流体力学软件ANSYS FLUENT模拟了回填式搅拌摩擦点焊过程的材料流动行为,着重分析了搅拌头旋转速度与回填速度对材料流动的影响规律并加以试验验证.模拟结果表明,材料的流动速度随着到套筒内外壁距离的增加而减小,流动速度最大值出现在套筒端面的外壁处.在套筒内部,流动速度最小的材料位于焊点的中心处,此处的材料流动状态可通过增加旋转速度进行改善;从扩大焊点有效面积的角度来讲,增加搅拌头的旋转速度优于增加回填速度.上述规律得到了试验验证.     

铝合金双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊过程材料流动行为

由于下轴肩的引入,双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊(BT-FSW)过程中的材料流动行为较常规搅拌摩擦焊更为剧烈和复杂,显著影响接头力学性能.以2219铝合金为研究对象,基于耦合欧拉-拉格朗日方法建立了BT-FSW过程三维热力耦合模型,并利用示踪粒子技术分析了焊接过程中材料的流动行为.结果表明,BT-FSW过程中的材料流动存在不同时性,...     

搅拌工具尺寸和工艺参数对塑料搅拌摩擦焊焊缝质量的影响

用不同尺寸的搅拌工具对聚氯乙烯(PVC)板材进行了搅拌摩擦对接焊工艺试验.试验证明,在搅拌工具肩部直径为30 mm,搅拌头直径为10 mm,搅拌头旋转速度为1 660 r/min,焊接速度为25 mm/min的情况下,可以得到焊缝饱满、成形美观的焊接接头.提高搅拌头的旋转速度可以成比例地提高焊接温度;焊接速度的影响较复杂,增大焊接速度一方面会降低焊接热输入,一方面又会间接地增大搅拌头的进给阻力,从而增大摩擦发热功率,提高焊接温度;搅拌工具肩部直径直接影响肩部与被焊材料表面的摩擦发热功率,增大肩部直径可以提高焊接温度,还有利于阻止焊缝材料的飞溅和外溢;而搅拌头直径的影响较复杂,增大它既可以提高搅拌头侧面与被焊材料之间的相对运动线速度,从而提高焊接温度,又会增加被焊材料的吸热功率和传热面积,从而降低焊接温度.     

Effects of pin geometry on the material flow behavior of friction stir spot welded 2A12 aluminum alloy

A three dimensional finite volume model was established by the ANSYS FLUENT software to simulate the material flow behavior during the friction stir spot welding (FSSW) process. Effects of the full-threaded pin and the reverse-threaded pin on the material flow behavior were mainly discussed. Results showed that the biggest material flow velocity appeared at the outer edge of the tool shoulder. The velocity value became smaller with the increase of the distance away from the tool surface. In general, material flows downwards along the pin thread when the full-threaded pin is used. Meanwhile, both the materials of the upper and the lower plates flow towards the lap interface along the pin thread when the reverse-threaded pin is used. The numerical simulation results were investigated by experiment, in which 2A12 aluminum alloy was used as the research object. The effective sheet thickness (EST) and stir zone (SZ) width of the joint by the reverse-threaded pin were much bigger than those by the full-threaded pin. Accordingly, cross tension failure load of the joint by the reverse-threaded pin is 23% bigger than the joint by the full-threaded pin.     

Numerical Simulation for the Optimization of Polygonal Pin Profiles in Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum

The tool with polygonal pin profile has been widely employed in friction stir welding(FSW) of aluminum, but there is hardly an effective optimization methodology existed as the thermomechanical characteristics affected by pins with various flats number have not been understood comprehensively. Therefore, the present work employs a 3-dimensional computational fluid dynamics(CFD) model to have an integrated observation of the FSW process with the effect of polygonal pin profiles. Both the heat generation modes due to contact friction at the tool–workpiece interface and volumetric viscous dissipation in the vicinity of the tool are considered. The model is utilized to give a quantitative analysis of the heat generation, temperature distribution, plastic material flow and welding loads during the FSW process for various tools with polygonal pin profiles, as well as a variety of shoulder diameters, welding speeds and tool rotation speeds. The calculated results of thermal cycles, tool torques and joint cross sections for some typical polygonal pins and welding parameters are all found to be compared well with the experimental ones, which demonstrates the feasibility and applicability of the present numerical model. Particularly, a methodology is developed for the optimization of the flats number by identifying the torque components in both parallel and vertical direction of the pin-side flat region. The results show that the optimized pin flats number increases with increasing tool rotation speed, while the influence of both welding speed and shoulder diameter can be supposed to be insignificant. Moreover, the dependability of the optimized results is also discussed by considering wear tendency and service life of the pin for multiple welding conditions.     

Multi-Response Optimization of Friction-Stir-Welded AA1100 Aluminum Alloy Joints

AA1100 aluminum alloy has gathered wide acceptance in the fabrication of light weight structures. Friction stir welding process (FSW) is an emerging solid state joining process in which the material that is being welded does not melt and recast. The process and tool parameters of FSW play a major role in deciding the joint characteristics. In this research, the relationships between the FSW parameters (rotational speed, welding speed, axial force, shoulder diameter, pin diameter, and tool hardness) and the responses (tensile strength, hardness, and corrosion rate) were established. The optimal welding conditions to maximize the tensile strength and minimize the corrosion rate were identified for AA1100 aluminum alloy and reported here.     

三维搅拌摩擦焊接传热与塑性流动分析模型

为研究搅拌摩擦焊接过程热流相互作用下的温度场、速度场和粘度场,将材料看成是层流、粘性、非牛顿流体,基于流体力学理论,建立了搅拌摩擦焊接过程的三维热流分析模型.给出了焊接过程热输入与搅拌头的旋转频率、工件运动速度、搅拌头尺寸及材料发生屈服时的剪应力的数学关系式,并将其作为热边界条件加入到了模型中.结果表明,搅拌头前部温度低于后部,温度梯度前部大于后部;受搅拌头周围材料流动的影响,接近搅拌针的区域,后退侧温度高于前进侧;材料上部速度、粘度受轴肩影响较大,下部主要受搅拌针影响;计算得到的热力影响区与试验结果有较好的对应关系.     

搅拌摩擦焊接中的接触界面材料行为分析

通过有限元模型,模拟不同工况下的搅拌摩擦焊接过程发现,焊接构件的中下部搅拌针,与焊接构件接触面上材料流动的速度以及厚度方向上的位置无关,但是靠近上表面的材料流动速度明显增加,而且靠近上表面的材料流动速度与厚度方向上的坐标均呈近似的线性关系。搅拌头轴肩下方的区域是材料流动的主要区域,在轴肩外边缘区域,材料流动速度迅速降低。焊接温度和材料流动速度随搅拌头转速的增加而增加,滑动系数随搅拌头转速的增加而增加。预热时间的变化,对无缺陷搅拌摩擦焊接过程的影响较小。     

搅拌摩擦焊接中参数变化对温度场分布的影响

文章建立了搅拌摩擦焊接过程的三维有限元热分析模型,讨论了旋转速度、搅拌头半径、轴肩半径、搅拌针锥角以及螺纹角等焊接参数对工件温度场的影响。计算结果表明,在焊接过程中,工件的最高温度低于熔点,为固相连接。在焊接工艺参数许可的范围内,旋转速度和搅拌针半径的增加,会使搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的最高温度值增加,而锥角和螺纹角增加,会使最高温度值随之减小,轴肩半径的改变对工件温度场的影响相对较小。     

轴向载荷变化对搅拌摩擦焊接过程中材料变形和温度分布的影响

采用完全热力耦合模型分析轴向载荷变化对搅拌摩擦焊接过程的影响,发现较低的轴向载荷会导致搅拌摩擦焊接无法完成.搅拌摩擦焊接构件上表面材料由于受到搅拌针和肩台旋转的作用,导致上表面材料变形程度较下表面高,材料沿焊缝中心线的变形并非严格对称,前进侧材料的变形程度较后退侧高,搅拌头轴向载荷的增加会减弱这种不对称性.搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的最高温度随轴向载荷的增加而增加,且搅拌头轴向载荷的增加会促使搅拌区附近的温度分布趋于均匀.     

Numerical modelling of 3D plastic flow and heat transfer during friction stir welding of stainless steel

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) viscoplastic flow and temperature field during friction stir welding (FSW) of 304 austenitic stainless steel were mathematically modelled. The equations of conservation of mass, momentum and energy were solved in three dimensions using spatially variable thermophysical properties using a methodology adapted from well established previous work in fusion welding. Non-Newtonian viscosity for the metal flow was calculated considering strain rate and temperature dependent flow stress. The computed profiles of strain rate and viscosity were examined in light of the existing literature on thermomechanical processing of alloys. The computed results showed significant viscoplastic flow near the tool surface, and convective transport of heat was found to be an important mechanism of heat transfer. The computed temperature and velocity fields demonstrated strongly 3D nature of the transport of heat and mass indicating the need for 3D calculations. The computed temperature profiles agreed well with the corresponding experimentally measured values. The non-Newtonian viscosity for FSW of stainless steel was found to be of the same order of magnitude as that for the FSW of aluminium. Like FSW of aluminium, the viscosity was found to be a strong function of both strain rate and temperature, while strain rate was found to be the most dominant factor. A small region of recirculating plasticised material was found to be present near the tool pin. The size of this region was larger near the shoulder and smaller further away from it. Streamlines around the pin were influenced by the presence of the rotating shoulder, especially at higher elevations. Stream lines indicated that material was transported mainly around the pin in the retreating side.     

搅拌摩擦焊接过程中搅拌针锥角和预热对温度分布的影响

搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)被广泛应用在工业上,用来连接有色金属,尤其是铝合金。采用基于有限元分析的三维模型研究FSW过程中铜C11000的热特性。模型包含了搅拌头的机械作用和待焊接材料的热性能,以材料和搅拌针以及轴肩之间的摩擦作为热源。结果表明,温度的预测结果与实验结果具有良好的一致性。此外,数值模拟方法可以简单地应用于测量搅拌头下方工件的温度。研究了预热温度和搅拌针锥角对温度分布的影响。搅拌针锥角的增加可提高焊缝周围的温度,但预热不会影响焊缝周围的温度分布。     

A simple Eulerian thermomechanical modeling of friction stir welding

A simple three-dimensional thermomechanical model for friction stir welding (FSW) is presented. It is developed from the model proposed by Heurtier et al. (2006) based on a combination of fluid mechanics numerical and analytical velocity fields. Those velocity fields are introduced in a steady state thermal calculation to compute the temperature field during welding. They allow partial sliding between the shoulder and the workpiece, the amount of which is provided as an additional result of the model. The thermal calculation accounts for conduction and convection effects by means of the particular derivative. The complete thermomechanical history of the material during the process can then be accessed by temperature and strain rate contours.The numerical results are compared with a set of experimental test cases carried out on an instrumented laboratory device. The choices for modeling assumptions, especially tribological aspects, are discussed according to agreements or deviations observed between experimental and numerical results. The amount of sliding appears to be significantly influenced by the welding conditions (welding and tool rotational velocities), and physical interpretations are proposed for its evolution.