A new model for the viscosity of highly concentrated multi-sized particulate Bingham slurries

Bench scale tests were carried out to investigate the rheological properties of multi-sized particulate Bingham slurries at high solid concentrations ranging from 50% to 70% by weight. In addition, rheological data from Biswas et al. (2000 Biswas, A., B. K. Gandhi, S. N. Singh, and V. Seshari. 2000. Characteristics of coal ash and their role in hydraulic design of ash disposal pipelines. Indian Journal of Engineering and Materials Sciences 7:1–7.[Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) and Chandel et al. (2009, 2010) have also been considered. Based on these extensive amount of rheological data, an empirical model is proposed for viscosity as a function of solid volume fraction (?), maximum solid volume fraction (?_m), median particle diameter (d₅₀), and coefficient of uniformity (C_u) using optimization and nonlinear least-square curve-fitting technique. The proposed model shows good agreement with the experimental data considered in the present study and is found to be much better than the previously developed models in predicting the viscosity of multi-sized particulate Bingham slurries at high solid concentrations.     

采用改进Bingham模型的非线性汽车悬架的主共振

采用一种改进的Bingham模型描述汽车悬架中的非线性阻尼力，模型中的各参数具有明确的物理意义。都与阻尼器的特性有关。利用平均法研究了单自由度多频激励非线性汽车悬架系统的主共振，得到了一次近似解。然后，对理论解进行了数值验证，并研究了系统参数对主共振的影响，从而可以更加有效地控制汽车振动。     

Material characteristics of an ER fluid and its influence on damping forces of an ER damper Part II: damping forces

This paper presents damping forces of a cylindrical ER damper for a small-sized passenger car. The arabic gum-based ER fluid filled in the damper is subjected to temperature variation and the variation of the damping forces is evaluated. The measured damping forces are compared with those predicted from Bingham model obtained at various temperatures in Part I. The ER damper is continuously operated up to 500 000 cycles and the variations of the operating temperature and damping forces are tracked. Using the Bingham model obtained from mechanical endurance test of the ER fluid in Part I, the variation of the damping forces is predicted with respect to the number of the operating cycle. The predicted damping forces are then compared with the measured ones to demonstrate the effectiveness of the Bingham models distilled from various environmental conditions in Part I.     

Preventing buoyancy-driven flows of two Bingham fluids in a closed pipe – Fluid rheology design for oilfield plug cementing

The mechanically unstable situation of a heavy Bingham fluid resting on top of a light Bingham fluid in an inclined closed-ended pipe can be stabilised if the fluids have sufficiently large yield stresses. This paper focuses on determining the yield stresses that are sufficient to keep the fluids statically stable for a given fluid density difference, pipe diameter and pipe inclination. The results are applicable to a broad class of practically observable flows. This situation provides an idealised model for the oilfield process of plug cementing.     

An improving approach for failure mode and effect analysis under uncertainty environment: A case study of critical function component

Failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) is a powerful risk discerning technique for identifying, evaluating, and reducing possible failures of products or processes. However, the classical FMEA has been criticized for inherent limitations, such as equal weights of risk elements and lack of capability in handling inaccurate information. Although fuzzy-based modified FMEA methods are frequently utilized to handle vagueness of experts' judgments, they still have some drawbacks, for example, requiring extra assumptions, neglecting experts' bounded rationality and psychological effects, lacking consideration of randomness, and only considering three classical risk elements among most of them. Therefore, this study develops an extended risk assessment method to enhance the performance of FMEA, which integrates the superiority of rough number theory in handling subjective and inaccurate information and the advantage of cloud model theory in reflecting the randomness of qualitative evaluations. Moreover, two synthetic weighting methods are developed to determine the weights of risk elements and handle the experts' individual effects, respectively, which consider both subjective and objective aspects. In addition, maintenance is added into the classical risk elements, and then a hierarchical structure containing four risk dimensions is built to evaluate failures' risk levels comprehensively. Finally, an application case to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed FMEA model is presented.     

A material model to reproduce mixed‐mode fracture in concrete

This paper presents a material model to reproduce crack propagation in cement‐based material specimens under mixed‐mode loading. Its numerical formulation is based on the cohesive crack model, proposed by Hillerborg, and extended for the mixed‐mode case. This model is inspired by former works by Gálvez et al but implemented for its use in a finite element code at a material level, that is to say, at an integration point level. Among its main features, the model is able to predict the crack orientation and can reproduce the fracture behaviour under mixed‐mode fracture loading. In addition, several experimental results found in the literature are properly reproduced by the model.     

A new cohesive zone model for mixed mode interface fracture in bimaterials

A new two-dimensional cohesive zone model which is suitable for the prediction of mixed mode interface fracture in bimaterials is presented. The model accounts for the well known fact that the interfacial fracture toughness is not a constant, but a function of the mode mixity. Within the framework of this model, the cohesive energy and the cohesive strength are not chosen to be constant, but rather functions of the mode mixity. A polynomial cohesive zone model is derived in light of analytical and experimental observations of interface cracks. The validity of the new cohesive law is examined by analyzing double cantilever beam and Brazilian disk specimens. The methodology to determine the parameters of the model is outlined and a failure criterion for a pair of ceramic clays is suggested.     

A 3D full‐field study of cracks in a nuclear graphite under mode I and mode II cyclic dwell loading conditions

Three‐dimensional (3D) full‐field deformation around crack tips in a nuclear graphite has been studied under mode I and mode II cyclic dwell loading conditions using digital volume correlation (DVC) and integrated finite element (FE) analysis. A cracked Brazilian disk specimen of Gilsocarbon graphite was tested at selected loading angles to achieve mode I and mode II cyclic dwell loading conditions. Integrated FE analysis was carried out with the 3D displacement fields measured by DVC injected into the FE model, from which the crack driving force J‐integral was obtained using a damaged plasticity material model. The evolution of near‐tip strains and the J‐integral during the cyclic dwell loading was examined. Under cyclic dwell, residual strain accumulation was observed for the first time. The results shed some light on the effect of dwell time on the 3D crack deformation and crack driving force in Gilsocarbon under cyclic mode I and II loading conditions.     

A mixed mode crack growth model taking account of fracture surface contact and friction

Fracture surface interactions, of whatever origin, can significantly affect the stress intensity factor, and consequently, can also be relevant to fatigue crack propagation. In the occurrence of interaction between fracture surfaces, the effective loading cycle experienced by material near the crack tip may be very different from that evaluated on the basis of the external loadings only. The purpose of the work described in this paper is to obtain the effective mode II stress intensity factor, k _IIeff, in a surface cracked elasto-plastic plate with a factory roof fracture surface subjected to an in-plane shear (mode II) loading. A new model estimating the magnitude of the frictional mode II stress intensity factor, k _f, arising from the mismatch of the fracture surface roughness during in-plane shear, is developed. Furthermore, the results of this study are employed in modeling the fatigue response of the surface cracked plates subjected to mixed mode loading.     

电流变液对活塞式结构振动的控制

本文研究了电流变液和弹簧所组成的粘弹性型活塞式结构的振动.实验表明,随外加电场强度增加,结构振动幅值减小,系统谐振峰向高频方向移动.这种效应在振动低频区段更为显著.据此可制作阻尼可控结构.     

A cohesive element model for mixed mode loading with frictional contact capability

We present a model that combines interface debonding and frictional contact. The onset of fracture is explicitly modeled using the well‐known cohesive approach. Whereas the debonding process is controlled by a new extrinsic traction separation law, which accounts for mode mixity, and yields two separate values for energy dissipation in mode I and mode II loading, the impenetrability condition is enforced with a contact algorithm. We resort to the classical law of unilateral contact and Coulomb friction. The contact algorithm is coupled together to the cohesive approach in order to have a continuous transition from crack nucleation to the pure frictional state after complete decohesion. We validate our model by simulating a shear test on a masonry wallette and by reproducing an experimental test on a masonry wall loaded in compression and shear. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

采用ER流体半主动座椅减振器的车辆平顺性模拟

介绍采用ER流体的筒式半主动座椅减振器车辆的平顺性模拟.建立具有针对系统不确定的内部鲁棒性的滑模控制器,通过控制电场来控制座椅的振动水平.模拟计算结果表明,采用半主动悬架时,在共振频率附近位移和加速度的传输率得到实质性的减小;当汽车驶过不平路面时,从半整车模型的位移和加速度的频率响应的整个频域段来看,采用ER流体半主动悬架汽车的性能得到了很大提高.特别是在1Hz以上频率段,位移和加速度传输率都得到了显著减小.表明通过采用ER流体半主动悬架能够很好地提高车辆的行使平顺性.     

Guaranteed performance in reaching mode of sliding mode controlled systems

Conventionally, the parameters of a sliding mode controller (SMC) are selected so as to reduce the time spent in the reaching mode. Although, an upper bound on the time to reach (reaching time) the sliding surface is easily derived, performance guarantee in the state/error space needs more consideration. This paper addresses the design of constant plus proportional rate reaching law-based SMC for second-order nonlinear systems. It is shown that this controller imposes a bounding second-order error-dynamics, and thus guarantees robust performance during the reaching phase. The choice of the controller parameters based on the time to reach a desirable level of output tracking error (OTE), rather than on the reaching time is proposed. Using the Lyapunov theory, it is shown that parameter selections, based on the reaching time criterion, may need substantially larger time to achieve the OTE. Simulation results are presented for a nonlinear spring-massdamper system. It is seen that parameter selections based on the proposed OTE criterion, result in substantially quicker tracking, while using similar levels of control effort.     

Cohesive crack model for mixed mode fracture of brick masonry

This paper presents a numerical procedure for mixed mode fracture of brickwork masonry. The model is an extension of the cohesive model prepared by the authors for concrete, and takes into account the anisotropy of the material. After the crack path is obtained, an interface finite element (using the cohesive fracture model) is incorporated into the trajectory. Such a model is then implemented into a commercial code by means of a user subroutine, consequently being contrasted with experimental results. Fracture properties of masonry are independently measured for two directions on the composed masonry, and then input in the numerical model. This numerical procedure accurately predicts the experimental mixed mode fracture records for different orientations of the brick layers and two homothetic sizes on masonry panels.     

Mixed mode fatigue crack growth: A literature survey

The applications of fracture mechanics have traditionally concentrated on crack growth problems under an opening or mode I mechanism. However, many service failures occur from growth of cracks subjected to mixed mode loadings. This paper reviews the various criteria and parameters proposed in the literature for predictions of mixed mode crack growth directions and rates. The physical basis and limitations for each criterion are briefly reviewed, and the corresponding experimental supports are discussed. Results from experimental studies using different specimen geometries and loading conditions are presented and discussed. The loading conditions discussed consist of crack growth under mode II, mode III, mixed mode I and II, and mixed mode I and III loads. The effects of important variables such as load magnitudes, material strength, initial crack tip condition, mean stress, load non-proportionality, overloads and crack closure on mixed mode crack growth directions and/or rates are also discussed.     

A new risk prioritization model for failure mode and effects analysis

Failure modes and effects analysis is a framework that has been widely used to improve reliability by prioritizing failures modes using the so‐called risk priority number. However, the risk priority number has some problems frequently pointed out in literature, namely its non‐injectivity, non‐surjectivity, and the impossibility to give weights to risk variables. Despite these disadvantages, the risk priority number continues to be widely used due to its higher simplicity when compared with other alternatives found in literature. In this paper, we propose a novel risk prioritization model to overcome the major drawbacks of the risk priority number. The model contains 2 functions, the risk isosurface function that prioritizes 3 risk variables considering their order of importance in a given risk scenario, and the risk prioritization index function which prioritizes 3 risk variables considering their weights. The novelty of the proposed model is its injectivity, surjectivity, and ease of use in failure modes prioritization. The performance of the proposed model was analyzed using some examples typically used to discuss the conventional risk priority number shortcomings. The model was applied to a case study and its performance correlated with other risk prioritization models. Results show that the failure modes prioritization reached with the proposed model agrees with the expectations made for the risk scenario.     

Experimental study of I + III mixed mode fatigue crack transformation propagation

In this paper, compact tension specimens with tilted cracks under monotonic fatigue loading were tested to investigate I + III mixed mode fatigue crack propagation in the material of No. 45 steel with the emphasis on the mode transformation process. It is found that with the crack growth, I + III mixed mode changes to Mode I. Crack mode transformation is governed by the Mode III component and the transformation rate is a function of the relative magnitude of the Mode III stress intensity factor. However, even in the process of the crack mode transformation the fatigue crack propagation is controlled by the Mode I deformation.     

迷宫密封结构对泄漏量和轴系临界转速影响分析研究

通过数值方法对转子-轴承-密封系统动力学模型求解,对3种密封间隙、8种密封直径、8种压差、8种入口损失率和21种密封长度对泄漏量和临界转速的影响进行研究;通过密封结构对轴系临界转速影响规律进行研究,对比分析了有、无密封力作用下转子-轴承-密封系统对临界转速影响。研究结果表明：通过与DYNLAB程序、TASCFlow程序的结果对比分析,该数学模型能较好的模拟计算泄漏量和转子系统临界转速;通过泄漏量影响规律研究,得出泄漏量随着密封间隙、密封直径和密封长度得增大而增大,泄漏量随压差和入口损失率的增大而减小。通过对临界转速影响规律研究,得到考虑密封会提高临界转速,密封长度的变化对临界转速的影响最大、密封间隙的变化对临界转速影响最小。     

超声波散射有限元模型中单一模态入射研究

超声波在缺陷处的散射行为分析中,研究单一模态与缺陷的作用极为重要。通过在多个节点上沿特定方向上施加简谐力形成合成点源,分析和验证了单一纵波和横波有限元模型的稳定性及近似为平面波的监测距离。仿真结果表明:单一纵波位移场纵波相对幅值变化率在±1.5%范围内波动,相位变动幅度为±0.6°,近似单一横波位移场横波相对幅值变化率在±0.5%范围内波动,相位变动幅度为±20°;当监测距离大于10λ时,超声横波可近似认为是平面波;当监测距离大于5λ时,纵波可近似为平面波。单一纵波有限元模型显示出较好的稳定性。此模型的建立为单独分析单一模态对缺陷的散射特性、模态转换及高精度定量检测提供了支撑和依据。