N80钢在模拟油田CO_2环境中的腐蚀实验

采用失重法、EMS及EDS分析,模拟油田CO_2腐蚀环境对N80钢进行CO_2腐蚀实验。结果表明:随温度和CO_2分压的升高,N80钢的腐蚀速率迅速增大,在压力为5MPa、温度为80℃时,出现最极值。温度大于80℃,N80钢表面附着有连续的腐蚀产物膜,该膜对金属具有一定的保护作用。     

N80钢在模拟深层气井水溶液中的CO2腐蚀行为

利用高压釜、扫描电镜（SEM）和X-射线衍射（XRD）等手段，研究了温度、CO2分压、Cl^-浓度、pH值和流速等因素对N80钢在模拟深层气井水溶液中腐蚀行为的影响．结果表明，温度对腐蚀速率的影响很大，随着温度的升高，腐蚀速率先增大后减小，80℃时腐蚀速率达到最大值，生成的腐蚀产物主要为FeCO3；降低溶液pH值、增加溶液中的Cl^-浓度、提高CO2分压以及介质的流速，均加剧了N80钢的腐蚀．     

温度对N80钢在饱和CO2模拟地层水下腐蚀行为的影响及机理

目的 研究N80钢在饱和CO2模拟油田地层水中于不同温度下的腐蚀行为及腐蚀特征,探究N80钢在饱和CO2模拟油田地层水中的腐蚀规律及机理。方法 利用高温高压釜对N80钢在不同温度(60、90、120 ℃)的饱和CO2模拟油田地层水中浸泡96 h的失重腐蚀进行测试,并用电化学分析仪对其进行相同条件下的宏观电化学测试。采用XRD、SEM、EDS对N80钢腐蚀后的腐蚀产物物相结构、表面形貌、元素组成及腐蚀产物去除后基体表面的腐蚀形貌进行分析。结果 N80钢在饱和CO2模拟油田地层水中所形成的腐蚀产物主要由FeCO3和溶液介质中的结晶盐CaCO3组成。温度影响腐蚀产物膜的形貌特征、晶粒尺寸及其致密度变化,导致基体发生不同程度的腐蚀。60 ℃时,表面生成的腐蚀产物膜均匀覆盖于基体表面,产物膜膜层平整、致密,去除腐蚀产物后,表面有少量点蚀坑;温度升至90 ℃时,基体表面覆盖的腐蚀产物凹凸不平,晶粒粗大,排列较乱,规则性差于60 ℃下的腐蚀产物,腐蚀产物去除后,发现基体表面有大片蚀坑群,发生连片腐蚀;120 ℃时,腐蚀产物晶粒减少,覆盖不均,具有明显蚀孔和裂纹,部分腐蚀产物脱落,去除腐蚀产物后的基体表面出现大面积蚀坑,发生严重腐蚀。N80钢的腐蚀速率由60 ℃时的0.021 0 g/(m².h)增至90 ℃时的0.036 0 g/(m².h),至120 ℃时的0.044 4 g/(m².h)。N80钢的自腐蚀电流密度由60 ℃时的1.362 3× 10^?6 A/cm²增至90 ℃时的1.427 3×10^?6 A/cm²,至120 ℃时的1.785 1×10^?6 A/cm²,但其自腐蚀电位则随温度的增加而减小。结论 随腐蚀温度增加,N80钢表面所生成的腐蚀产物膜变得较疏松,且膜层含较多微孔与裂纹,腐蚀速率持续增加,N80钢腐蚀加重。     

模拟渤海水源井工况条件下典型金属/非金属材料的适用性评价

在模拟渤海某油田水源井典型工况条件下对N80钢、1Cr钢、3Cr钢、高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)和超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)开展了腐蚀试验，评价了各类金属/非金属材料在目标工况条件下的适用性。结果表明：在模拟含氧水源井工况条件下，N80钢和1Cr钢的腐蚀速率均较高，3Cr钢的腐蚀速率相对较低，但存在一定的点蚀倾向；随着浸泡腐蚀时间的延长，HDPE和UHMWPE的密度、硬度以及拉伸性能均存在一定程度的下降，相比之下，塑性和强度较为均衡的UHMWPE更适用于含氧的水源井工况。     

流速对油管用N80钢CO2腐蚀行为的影响

采用高温高压反应釜进行腐蚀模拟试验,采用失重法、SEM等手段研究了流速对N80油管钢CO₂腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明,N80油管钢在100℃,0.6 MPa CO₂分压时随流速的增大,腐蚀速率几乎呈指数形式增加。低流速时,N80钢腐蚀以全面腐蚀形态为主,流体冲刷的作用有限,但当流速增加以后,局部腐蚀形态愈发明显,流体冲刷显著加剧局部腐蚀的作用。     

凝析气田多相流环境下常用油套管钢的CO_2腐蚀规律

针对凝析气藏CO_2腐蚀工况,利用高温高压反应釜,进行了常用油套管钢N80、P110和3Cr在模拟凝析气田多相流环境中的动态腐蚀试验,研究了温度、CO_2分压及含水率等因素对N80、P110和3Cr腐蚀速率的影响规律。用扫描电镜对腐蚀试样进行了表面形貌观察,对腐蚀产物进行了X射线衍射分析。研究结果表明,在CO_2分压1.4MPa,含水率30%的情况下,N80和P110的腐蚀速率随温度增加而减小,3Cr的腐蚀速率随温度增加先增后减;在60℃条件下,N80、P110和3Cr的腐蚀速率均随含水率和CO_2分压的增加而增大;在模拟凝析气田多相流环境下,3Cr相对于N80和P110具有较好的耐蚀性。     

超临界CO2环境中温度和流速对N80碳钢腐蚀行为的影响

目的研究超临界CO2环境中温度和流速对N80碳钢腐蚀行为的影响,探讨N80碳钢在超临界CO2环境中的腐蚀机制。方法利用高压釜进行失重和电化学测试,同时利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)进行腐蚀形貌观察和腐蚀产物成分分析。结果当温度为40℃时,腐蚀速率最小,电化学阻抗随时间延长持续减小,此条件下并没形成FeCO3保护膜。升高温度导致腐蚀初期的腐蚀速率明显增大,然而腐蚀某个时刻后,电化学阻抗突然增大,意味着FeCO3保护膜的形成。温度越高,腐蚀24 h后的阻抗越大,产物膜越致密,保护性越好。另外,腐蚀失重速率随流速的增加而增大,电化学测试也表明流速越大,阻抗越小,腐蚀电流密度越大。SEM形貌分析表明,流体流动破坏了FeCO3膜的致密度,降低了其对N80碳钢基体的保护作用。结论尽管升高温度加速了N80碳钢的腐蚀,但却有利于保护性FeCO3膜的形成。温度越高,FeCO3膜越致密。流体流动破坏了保护性FeCO3膜的致密性,加速了N80碳钢腐蚀。     

NT80SS钢在高含H2S／CO2环境中的腐蚀行为

模拟罗家寨气田高含H2S/CO2腐蚀环境,研究NT80SS套管钢的腐蚀规律及环境因素(总压、温度、腐蚀时间、Cl-、流速)对其腐蚀的影响;并采用动电位扫描、电化学交流阻抗谱(EIS)和扫描电镜(ESM)等手段分析了腐蚀产物膜的电化学特性和形貌.结果表明,在所研究的温度范围内,NT80SS钢在60℃腐蚀速率最低;当总压≥9MPa时,在120℃下的腐蚀速率比90℃的小,而总压<9MPa时,情况则相反;腐蚀速率随时间的延长而降低;Cl-能促进钢的腐蚀;介质流速增加,钢的腐蚀速率增大.电化学实验结果指出,在30℃～120℃的温度范围内,60℃时钢腐蚀产物膜的阻抗能力强、阳极极化率高,腐蚀产物膜的致密性最好,因而NTSOSS钢在60℃时腐蚀速率最低.     

L80钢的H2S腐蚀行为及H2S缓蚀剂的性能

通过高温高压动态反应釜研究了温度、H₂S分压、流速对L80钢H₂S腐蚀行为的影响，对腐蚀产物进行SEM和EDS元素分析，优选了耐高温的H₂S缓蚀剂LH-11,并对其缓蚀性能进行研究。结果表明：L80钢的H₂S腐蚀速率在80℃达到最大值，在140℃达到最小值；L80钢的腐蚀速率随H₂S分压的升高而增大，随流速的增大逐渐增大，腐蚀产物主要为硫铁化合物，结构疏松不规则，且有孔隙。缓蚀剂LH-11对L80钢的缓蚀率可达到87.05%,耐温180℃;添加缓蚀剂后，L80钢的腐蚀速率可降至0.1 mm/a以内，该缓蚀剂适用于不同H₂S分压和不同流速条件，可对热采管柱起到较好的保护作用。     

N80碳钢在高含CO_2体系中的腐蚀规律

采用浸泡试验,电化学试验等研究了CO_2分压、温度、腐蚀时间等因素对N80钢在高含CO_2腐蚀环境中腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明:N80钢的腐蚀速率随腐蚀时间的延长逐渐减小;当温度为80℃时,N80钢的腐蚀速率出现最大值;在不同CO_2分压条件下,N80碳钢的腐蚀存在过渡平稳期。由于电极表面状态不同,N80钢表面呈现不同的电化学阻抗特征。N80钢的腐蚀产物FeCO_3膜为三层膜结构。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

The Mirror with Patterns of Auspicious Animals and Grapes——Exquisite cast mirror and the technology of surface tin-enrichment by rubbing-in and infiltration of tin-rich powder

<正>Bronze mirrors were used by the Chinese people before the introduction of the glass mirror.Only after it was replaced by the glass mirror did the bronze mirror gradually retreat from people's lives.Different styles of bronze mirrors were made in different historical periods,particularly in the Warring States Period,the Han and Tang Dynasties,which were the three peaks of the development of bronze mirror arts in ancient China.The casting techniques were exquisite.The surface of the bronze mirror was smooth and bright enough to reflect one's image,and there were scarcely any casting defects on the mirror surface.On the back of the bronze mirror,there were rich depictions of Arts and Humanities,and the ornamentations were also     

The 9th China International Diecasting Congress & Exhibition

The 9th China International Diecasting Congress ＆ Exhibition was held on July 22-24, 2014 at Shanghai New International Expc Centre. This exhibition was the most successful over the years, with over 6890 visitors and 155 exhibitors, and the exhibition area increased by 30% from 9,500 square meters in 2012 to 12340 square meters. Die casting enterprises from a total of 24 countries and regions, including China mainland, Chinese Taiwan and Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan, Germany, India, Thailand, Malaysia, the United States, Russia, Australia, Iran, Ukraine, Brazil, Colombia, Singapore, Austria, Canada, Croatia, France, Turkey, United Kingdom, Vietnam, attended the congress and exhibition.     

Introduction of the Fluid Control Engineering Institute of Kunming University of Science and Technology

正The Fluid Control Engineering Institute of Kunming University of Science and Technology was set up in 1996.The researches of institute concentrate on electro-hydraulic(pneumatic)servo/proportional control and hydromechatronics.The Institute is committed to research and development of electro-hydraulic control of high-end technical equipment in ferrous metallurgy refining produc-     

RARE METALS Volume Contents

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Antimony Induced Crystallization of Amorphous Silicon

Antimony induced crystallization of PVD (physics vapor deposition) amorphous silicon can be observed on sapphire substrates. Very large crystalline regions up to several tens of micrometers can be formed. The Si diffraction patterns of the area of crystallization can be observed with TEM (transmission electron microscopy). Only a few and much smaller crystals of the order of 1μm were formed when the antimony layer was deposited by MBE (molecular beam epitaxy) compared with a layer formed by thermal evaporation. The use of high vacuum is essential in order to observe any Sb induced crystallization at all. In addition it is necessary to take measures to limit the evaporation of the antimony.     

A CUMULATIVE FATIGUE DAMAGE RULE UNDER THE ALTERNATIVE OF CORROSION OR CYCLIC LOADING

Fatigue damage increases with the applied loading cycles in a cumulative manner and the material deteriorates with the corrosion time. A cumulative fatigue damage rule under the alternative of corrosion or cyclic loading was proposed. The specimens of aluminum alloy LY12-CZ soaked in corrosive liquid for different times were tested under the constant amplitude cyclic loading to obtain S-N curves. The test was carried out to verify the proposed cumulative fatigue damage rule under the different combinations among corrosion time, loading level, and the cycle numbers. It was shown that the predicted residual fatigue lives showed a good agreement with the experimental results and the proposed rule was simple and can be easily adopted.