A circular tunnel kiln for firing of refractories

Conclusions The first high-temperature circular tunnel kiln in the country, in which firing of mullite-corundum refractories with a phosphate binder at 1400–1500°C has been introduced, has been placed in service.The operation of the kiln is characterized by the high service reliability of its design elements, including the hearth system, and insignificant costs for routine repairs of the kiln equipment.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 2, pp. 40–44, February, 1985.     

A new tunnel kiln for the high-temperature firing of magnesian refractories

An updated microprocessor-based version of a tunnel kiln for production of high-grade magnesian refractories is presented. Improvements achieved in engineering and economic figures are discussed. __________ Translated from Novye Ogneupory, No. 5, pp. 18–20, May, 2006.     

Conversion of a tunnel kiln for firing of mullite-corundum refractories to firing with natural gas

Conclusions At Zaporozhe Refractory Plant the tunnel kiln of the High-Alumina Part Shop has been converted to firing with natural gas with replacement of the single-passage burners with doublepassage ones equipped with individual supply of primary eold air. Subsequent improvement in the design parameters of the burners and the accomplishment of measures directed toward increasing the effectiveness of combustion of natural gas made it possible to stabilize the thermal operation of the kiln with respect to production of mullite-corundum refractories of the specified quality and reduce fuel consumption by 3%.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 4, pp. 42–45, April, 1988.     

Short-length tunnel-type kiln for firing kaolin refractories

Conclusions Provided burners of the right design are used, the shortlength tunnel-type kiln can be fired with mazut. The use of mazut as a fuel makes it easier to control the kiln automatically.The convenience and simplicity of controlling the set heat conditions for the tunnel-type kiln, using very little manpower to service it, will help to improve the standard of refractories, reduce their cost and increase labor productivity.     

A system for firing a small tunnel kiln operating on natural gas

Refractories and Industrial Ceramics - An improved method of firing corundum refractories in the small high-temperature tunnel kiln of Snigirevka Division of Vnukovo Refractory Part Plant has been...     

An ejection system for firing a small high-temperature tunnel kiln

Conclusions An ejection system for firing a tunnel kiln differs from an ejection system for firing metallurgical and machine building industry furnaces.Investigations were conducted on a model of the ejection equipment of small high temperature kilns.Results were obtained on the change in the coefficient of ejection in relation to the geometric parameters of the ejectors and the burners, the distance between them, the pressure in the ejection channel and the working space of the kiln, and the temperature of the air ejected.A method of calculation of ejectors used in tunnel kilns is proposed.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 2, pp. 40–43, February, 1984.     

燃煤隧道窑

介绍了燃煤隧道窑的结构、配套系统、烘窑、热工制度、产量与燃料等。该窑系统齐全，窑内火焰、气流组织合理；窑车曲折密封、窑底均压起到了良好效果；阶梯炉栅式火箱和周期烧火操作，可使赛温稳定在１３７０—１４００℃。该窑烧出了优质粘土制品。     

Tunnel kiln for firing refractories at 1850°c

Conclusions The refractories industry of the Soviet Union has designed and is now operating a tunnel kiln for firing refractories at 1850–1900°C. The kiln works with high cost-benefit indices and is used for firing high-grade magnesite-spinel goods on the basis of fused and sintered materials.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 4, pp. 17–22, April, 1979.     

Some gas phase reactions during the firing of magnesite-chromite refractories in a tunnel kiln

Conclusions A correlation is shown between the high-temperature, physicochemical processes in basic refractories, changes and reactions in the gaseous phase, and the nature of the wear of the roof of a tunnel kiln.As a result of dissociation, oxidation, and volatilization the waste gases are enriched with vapors of alkalis, CrO₃, sulfur trioxide, and oxides of iron and magnesium, and become corrosive with respect to the kiln lining. The reaction of the oxides vapors with each other and with the lining of the roof and their condensation determines the nature of the wear in the magnesite-chromite refractories, the chemical and mineral compositions of the resulting deposits and crusts. The main source of alkalis and sulfur trioxide is the sulfite yeast dregs (sulfite lye) present in the goods being fired.We determined the temperature relationship with the composition and amounts of deposits and crusts. Carcase and skeletal deposits and crusts formed on the firing section of the kiln, mainly periclase and spinel compositions; in the warming-up section the deposits were brittle, granulated, consisting of sulfates, chromates, chromium oxide, periclase, and spinels.It was found that the deposits on the walls of the pores in the MKhS refractories consist of sulfates and chromates, forming solid solutions.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 5, pp. 13–16, May, 1980.     

水泥回转窑烧成带用耐火材料的最新研究

对水泥回转窑烧成带用耐火材料的使用条件和要求进行了分析,并对近年来水泥窑用镁铬砖、镁尖晶石砖、镁钙锆砖的应用进行了探讨,指出所存在的缺点及改进措施。认为其发展方向为镁钙锆砖及尖晶石砖,并对其应用前景进行了展望,希望实现水泥回转窑的无铬化。     

High-temperature tunnel furnace for drying and firing spinel-containing refractories

The participants of the development, construction, and start-up of a tunnel furnace are mentioned. The concept of a tunnel furnace as a thermotechnological complex is defined, where the main component is the drying-and-firing chamber acting as a reactor in product treatment. The design of the drying-and-firing chamber and the furnace in general is described. Design parameters and data on the industrial performance of the furnace in drying and firing spinel-containing refractories are given. __________ Translated from Novye Ogneupory, No. 8, pp. 25–28, August, 2006.