叔十二硫醇制备方法

本文介绍了叔十二硫醇合成方法,主要介绍具有工业化前景的以十二烯、H2S为原料,分别以传统Friedel-Crafts催化剂、沸石分子筛、离子交换树脂、固体超强酸等为催化剂合成叔十二硫醇的方法.比较了各种催化剂的优缺点,指出以固体酸为催化剂,固定床多相催化反应是合成叔十二硫醇最适宜的方法.     

加成法合成叔十二烷基硫醇的工业试验

介绍了以无水三氯化铝络合物为催化剂,十二烯和硫化氢直接加成法生产叔十二烷基硫醇的工业试验工艺。该合成工艺主要由催化剂制备、十二烯原料提纯、加成反应和反应产物分离4个单元组成,经分离提纯制得质量分数大于98.5%的叔十二烷基硫醇产品,单程总收率不低于70%。     

三氯化铝催化合成叔十二碳硫醇

叔十二硫醇主要用作橡胶、树脂及纤维生产中控制相对分子质量的链调节剂。文中介绍了多种合成叔十二硫醇的方法，并以三氯化铝作催化剂，由十二烯和硫化氢合成了叔十二硫醇，考察了影响收率的因素，叔十二硫醇收率达80％。     

叔十二碳硫醇

叔十二碳硫醇主要用在聚合时作分子量调节剂,气味恶臭。它的主要生产方法是以十二碳烯和硫化氢为 原料进行催化加成。本文全面介绍了该产品的物化特性、国内外生产概况及市场需求。     

叔十二碳硫醇的合成方法

以硫化氢和十二烯为反应原料,以酸性离子交换树脂为催化剂一步合成叔十二碳硫醇。通过考察温度、压力、空速、进料比等因素,确定最佳工艺条件。此合成工艺流程简单、污染小,产品收率大于80%,提纯后的产品纯度大于99%。     

夹套反应釜温度控制浅析

在叔十二碳乙硫醇的设计中,采用分程控制系统来保持釜温的稳定并使反应釜的起动和正常生产都能自动操作。     

硫醇金亮黄金水的试制

叙述了通过叔十二烷基硫醇与金盐反应制作硫醇金的方法。经检测表明,硫醇金亮黄金水具有非常高的稳定性。     

叔羧酸应用及合成

叔羧酸能用于油漆，催干剂，香料，自由基引发剂，萃取与分离，表面活性剂等许多行业，在催化剂Ｃｕ２Ｏ或ＢＦ３存在下，由烯，醇羧基化合成叔酸。     

十二烷基三乙氧基硅烷的合成工艺研究

以1-十二碳烯和三乙氧基硅烷为原料,在铂催化下通过硅氢加成反应制得十二烷基三乙氧基硅烷.研究了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂类型、用量和原料的配比对合成产物收率的影响,确立了最佳合成条件:三乙氧基硅烷和1-十二碳烯的量比之为1.05,反应时间为1 h、反应温度为120 ℃,乙烯基双封头-铂-甲苯配合体系作为催化剂且铂催化剂用量为1-十二碳烯量的10×10-6(以铂计).目标产物收率可达83.5%.     

紫外光引发合成正十二烷基硫醇

介绍了以1-十二烯与硫化氢为原料,紫外光引发自由基加成合成正十二烷基硫醇。考察了不同反应温度、反应压力、引发剂与1-十二烯摩尔配率、单位体积十二烯对应的硫化氢通气速率、通硫化氢时间等因素对反应的影响。确定了最佳的工艺条件:反应温度10℃,反应压力1.1MPa,n(引发剂)∶n(1-十二烯)=0.048∶1,单位体积十二烯对应的硫化氢通气速率为900h-1,通硫化氢时间为45min。正十二烷基硫醇收率可达64.9%,精制后正十二烷基硫醇产品纯度达到98.5%。     

机制砂岩性与级配对混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能的影响

为了探究不同岩性、不同级配机制砂对混凝土性能的影响,对三种不同岩性机制砂混凝土及天然河砂混凝土的工作性和抗压强度进行研究。此外,对比分析了四种混凝土在干湿循环制度下的抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能。结果表明,天然河砂混凝土的工作性优于机制砂混凝土,钙质机制砂混凝土的工作性略好于硅质机制砂混凝土。机制砂混凝土的抗压强度优于天然河砂混凝土,在硫酸盐侵蚀循环作用下的力学性能变化趋势与天然河砂混凝土基本一致。在相同级配条件下,机制砂混凝土的抗蚀系数高于天然河砂混凝土;机制砂岩性并不会对混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能带来负面影响。级配良好的机制砂可以增强混凝土抗压强度和抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能。     

Functional properties of proteins in foods

The measurement of functionality of protein food ingredients has developed somewhat haphazardly, probably due to the wide range of proteins used as ingredients and the diversity of foods. Studies of the physiochemical properties of proteins should enable prediction of a proteins response to process environments and prove more fruitful than many of the empirical measurements of functionality. The effects of pH, salt type and concentration on the phase behaviour of the oilseed globulin and arachin, demonstrates the complexity of protein solubility and the inadequacies of simple tests that have arisen. Studies of the effects of salts and conditioning on meat fibres, coupled with measurement of the location of water in pellets from water holding tests enable the latter to be applied with increased confidence. Comparison of the endothermic transitions observed on heating with the development of storage and loss moduli allow the contributions of domains of skeletal muscle myosin to gel structure to be investigated.     

Failure of tannic acid to inhibit digestion or reduce digestibility of plant protein in gut fluids of insect herbivores

The rate of hydrolysis of the abundant foliar protein, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBPC), in enzymatically active gut fluid ofManduca sexta larvae is very rapid and is unaffected by the presence of tannic acid, even when tannic acid is present in the incubation mixture in amounts in excess of the amount of RuBPC. When this protein is dissolved in the denatured gut fluids ofM. sexta larvae orSchistocerca gregaria nymphs, large amounts of tannic acid must be added to bring about the precipitation of significant quantities of protein. The ability of insect gut fluid to prevent the formation of insoluble tannin-protein complexes is due to the presence of surfactants. On the basis of our results and a review of the findings of other investigators, we argue that there is no evidence that tannins reduce the nutritional value of an insect's food by inhibiting digestive enzymes or by reducing the digestibility of ingested proteins and, further, that the failure of tannins to interfere with digestion is readily explained on the basis of well-documented characteristics of the digestive systems of herbivorous insects. In challenging the currently popular notion that tannins are digestibility-reducing substances, we do not challenge the general utility of either the apparency theory or resource availability theory of plant defense. In debating the merits of these two analyses of plant-herbivore interactions, however, the demise of tannins as all-purpose, dose-dependent, digestibility-reducing defensive substances must be taken into account.     

Aggregation pheromone system of adult gregarious desert locust schistocerca gregaria (forskal)

Six electrophysiologically active aromatic compounds, viz., anisole, benzaldehyde, veratrole, guaiacol, phenylacetonitrile, and phenol, were identified in the volatiles of older-adult male desert locust. Young adults and females of all age groups produced none or only trace quantities of these compounds. Comparison of the aggregation responses of young and older adults to the crude, older-adult, volatile extract and different synthetic blends of the six compounds showed that the aggregation pheromone system of the adult gregarious locust consists of phenylacetonitrile, guaiacol, phenol, and benzaldehyde. Like the crude volatile extract of older males, neither the synthetic blend of the six compounds nor the adult pheromone blend evoked any significant aggregation responses from nymphs. These results confirm our previous report of sexual differentiation in the production of adult aggregation pheromone in the desert locust and of the evidence of two distinct aggregation pheromone systems in the two stages of the insect.     

Molecular mechanics modelling of interfacial energy and flexibility on cellulose

Molecular mechanics modelling is used to calculate the energies of interaction, hence the molecular level energy of adhesion at the interface with crystalline cellulose I of three different photopolymerizable primers and of a polyester varnish at the interface with the primer/cellulose assembly. The energy of interactions for just one of the primers with the statistically most common conformation of amorphous cellulose has also been obtained for comparison. Experimental results of adhesion by a standard peel test and by thermomechanical analysis, in which the effect of viscoelastic energy dissipation by crack tip propagation has been respectively minimized or is not present, hence in which the energy of interfacial interaction is nothing else but the work of adhesion, correlated well with the energies of interaction calculated by molecular mechanics. An equation correlating the energy of interaction at each finish/cellulose interface with the deflection derived by thermomechanical analysis, and with the number of internal bond rotational degrees of freedom as well as the degree of networking of the finish, has been derived and is presented. A relationship between the intrinsic fracture energy Go and the molecular mechanics-derived energy of interaction at the interface equating this to the square of the work of adhesion is obtained and is presented.     

接触式机械密封界面泄漏机理研究的关键科学问题

密封界面的泄漏机理是机械密封研究与应用的焦点问题之一,涉及泄漏通道表征、粗糙表面的接触力学模型、界面微观形貌变化以及介质流体在泄漏通道中的流动阻力等问题。回顾了近几十年国内外接触式机械密封泄漏通道模型的研究,深入分析了G-W模型、M-B模型和Persson模型3种粗糙表面接触力学模型的贡献和存在的问题,提出了一种基于逾渗理论的泄漏通道新模型;探讨了密封界面的分形参数、泄漏通道的流动阻力以及密封界面的有限尺寸效应对泄漏特性的影响,指出孔隙连通贯穿界面和流体流经贯穿通道的流动阻力小是密封界面产生泄漏的成因,以及泄漏通道的形成和泄漏通道内的流体流动特性是泄漏机理研究的主要方向。     

Sr改性Cu催化剂的果糖加氢制备甘露醇性能

使用共沉淀法制备负载Cu催化剂。通过添加碱土金属Sr，对Cu催化剂进行了改性，以提高Cu催化剂在果糖加氢制备甘露醇过程中的活性和选择性。采用ICP-MS、TEM、XRD、H₂-TPR、XPS和CO₂-TPD等对所制备的催化剂进行了系统表征。结果表明：Sr的添加能增大催化剂的比表面积，促进活性组分Cu的分散，从而提高了催化剂的活性，并且增加了催化剂的碱性，使果糖优先形成β-呋喃糖中间体，从而提高了甘露醇的选择性。在果糖浓度为1.1 mol·L^-1、催化剂用量为反应物质量的6%、反应温度为373 K、反应氢压为4.0 MPa、Cu/Sr原子比为7∶1的反应条件下，果糖转化率为99%，甘露醇的选择性为79%。催化剂循环使用了20次，其催化稳定性基本保持不变。     

Distribution of birch (Betula SPP.), willow (Salix SPP.), and poplar (Populus SPP.) secondary metabolites and their potential role as chemical defense against herbivores

Isoprenoids and phenolics, major metabolites of important browse species, are reviewed in regard to concentrations, distribution within tissues, and between species. Seasonal variation of specific substances and changes with age of the plant are also considered. The distribution of substances may affect food selection and feeding behavior of animals. Wild mammalian herbivores tend to avoid plant parts rich in these substances, in spite of high nutritional content of the plant tissue. Possible mechanisms for defense by plants against depredation by mammalian herbivores are discussed within the framework of the plants' biochemistry.     

Biogenic and bio‐structured inorganic materials in heterogeneous catalysis: a brief overview

This mini‐review highlights some research results related to the production and application of biogenic and biomorphic materials in catalysis. Such approaches are of interest for the preparation of materials of unusual and well defined morphology, as well as the recovery of valuable resources from waste streams. Areas covered are the application of biogenic iron oxide occurring as a natural waste in the form of iron ochre which can cause issues in water management, the application of biogenic manganese oxide materials formed from manganese rich media (and therefore possibly playing a role in water remediation), the application of bacteria for the preparation of metal nanoparticles of potential relevance to precious metal recovery from waste streams and the application of natural biological materials as templates for biomorphic inorganic materials of controlled and unusual uniform morphology. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry     

Selecting the optimal linear alcohol ethoxylate for enhanced oily soil removal

Use of nonionic surfactants in detergent products has become increasingly popular because of their tolerance to hardness ions and their effect on lowering the critical micelle concentration of anionics. Their performance as detergents, however, is very sensitive to changes in temperature and electrolyte concentration, which need to be carefully controlled in order to ensure that phase inversion conditions prevail. For a fixed temperature in an application, the only variables available for optimizing the performance of a system containing nonionics are: the type of nonionic, and the concentrations of electrolytes and anionics. Based on the mutual interactions of these ingredients in mixed systems, we have devised some guidelines for selection of the optimal ethylene oxide (FO) chain length in lauryl alcohol ethoxylate type of nonionics for a range of electrolytes and anionic surfactant concentrations. For any given concentration of electrolytes (sodium carbonate and sodium tripolyphosphate), anionic (sodium linear alkyl benzene sulfonate) and nonionic, the detergency of synthetic sebum from blended polyester/cotton fabrics shows a maximum as a function of average FO moles in the nonionic. Oil/water interfacial tension shows an expected reverse trend. The optimal EO moles (for maximal detergency) show a monotonically increasing trend when plotted as a function of the ratio of nonionic to anionic concentration for a fixed level of electrolyte. The optimal EO moles also increase with increasing level of electrolytes in the system. However, the effect of nonionic/anionic ratio is much stronger than the effect of electrolytes on the optimal EO moles.