丙烷浓度对45钢离子碳氮共渗的影响

首次以丙烷作为供碳剂对45钢进行离子碳氮共渗。利用金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪和显微硬度计研究了丙烷浓度对试样截面形貌、物相组成和表面硬度的影响。结果表明:随丙烷浓度的增加,化合物层厚度和表面硬度均呈现先增大后减小的趋势。当丙烷浓度为1.5%时,510℃离子碳氮共渗4h后,化合物层厚度和表面硬度分别达到最大值40μm和779HV0.05,同时得到以ε相为主,并伴有极少量渗碳体的最优物相组成。当丙烷浓度超过1.5%时,化合物层厚度和表面硬度均下降,这是由于渗碳体相含量随丙烷的增加而增加,并当丙烷浓度为2.5%时渗碳体成为主要物相,从而阻碍了C、N原子向基体内的进一步扩渗。     

气体氮碳共渗中NH3和CO流量对低碳钢渗层组织及其性能的影响

通过调控气体氮碳共渗过程中的NH_3和CO流量来调控气氛中的氮化势和碳势,从而调控共渗层的微观组织和性能。采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计和电化学分析仪研究了气体氮碳共渗过程中的NH_3和CO流量对低碳钢氮碳共渗层的微观组织结构及其性能的影响。研究结果表明:气体氮碳共渗气氛中,随着NH_3流量的增加,化合物层厚度增大但致密性降低;随着CO流量的增加,化合物层致密性逐渐增大,但渗层厚度先增大后减小。氮碳共渗过程中C的加入可抑制γ'相的形成而促进ε相的产生,过量的C会形成θ相,但是C的渗入对渗层腐蚀性能影响较小。NH_3和CO对氮碳共渗过程中的协同作用表现为,当NH_3流量增加时,可相应增加CO流量来获得较厚、致密、耐腐蚀的化合物层。     

碳含量对AISI304奥氏体不锈钢离子碳氮共渗性能的影响

对AISI304奥氏体不锈钢进行了不同C2H2含量下的离子碳氮共渗,利用金相显微镜、辉光放电光谱仪、x射线衍射仪和显微硬度计测试了经碳氮共渗处理后试样改性层的截面形貌、渗层成分、相组成和力学性能.结果表明低温下离子碳氮共渗可以同时获得性能好的γc相和γn相,且最大含量分别出现在不同深度;气氛中C2H2含量为3%时,渗层厚度最大,表面显微硬度最大.     

钛合金表面等离子体电解氮碳共渗的研究

在含有硝酸铵、甘油、乙醇的水溶液中,利用等离子体电解渗入技术在Ti6Al4V钛合金表面制备了氮碳共渗层.利用SEM、XRD、GDS以及显微硬度计分析了渗层的形貌、成分、组织和显微硬度,探讨了渗层形成的机理和过程.结果表明:(1)以300V的电压经45min处理制备的渗层总厚度约为100μm,其中化合物层约为20μm,主要由Ti(C,N)相组成;(2)渗层最高显微硬度超过2000HK0.0025.等离子体电解渗入技术可以较快地在钛合金表面制备出厚度大、硬度高的氮碳共渗层.     

钛铝基合金离子碳氮共渗及其耐磨性的研究

为提高TiAl基合金的耐磨性及抗高温氧化性,利用渗氮在TiAl基合金表面形成氮化物,以提高耐磨性;渗碳形成致密且与基体结合牢固的碳化物层,提高抗高温、抗氧化性;将二者结合,采用辉光离子碳氮共渗的方法,研究了渗层的相结构组成、不同工艺参数对TiAl基合金离子碳氮共渗后渗层厚度以及表面硬度和耐磨性的影响.结果表明:TiAl基合金共渗层是由碳氮化合物层与过渡层组成的复合相结构;随共渗温度的升高和时间的延长,渗层厚度增加;与未经共渗处理的试样相比,表面硬度及耐磨性显著提高.X射线衍射结果显示,渗层主要由TiC,TiN,AlTi3,Al2O3等组成.     

稀土对42CrMo钢等离子体氮碳共渗表层组织的影响

对42CrMo钢在不同温度和时间下进行有、无稀土添加的脉冲等离子体氮碳共渗的工艺进行研究。通过金相检验和XRD分析,归纳出稀土对等离子体氮碳共渗的影响。结果表明：稀土的添加改善了渗层的显微组织,并降低了渗氮初期的化合物层厚度;使渗层的e相含量降低,γ＇相含量增加;并且使表面氮含量提高。     

DC53钢的离子氮碳共渗工艺及稀土催渗研究

为了探究DC53钢的优化氮碳共渗工艺,对DC53钢在530℃不同共渗时间、NH3/CO2不同气氛比值、不同炉内气压情况下的离子氮碳共渗效果进行了研究.运用OM、XRD、SEM、EDS、显微硬度、摩擦磨损实验,对材料的显微组织、显微硬度和耐磨性进行了分析.研究表明:对于冷作模具钢DC53,10 h、NH3/CO2为15∶1、炉内气压为800～1000 Pa时,氮碳共渗效果最好;随着稀土镧(La)的加入,渗层变厚且渗层与基体更致密,表层到心部的硬度梯度更小,氮碳共渗效果更佳.     

42CrMo钢空气离子氮氧共渗研究

采用不同空气流量对42Cr Mo钢进行离子氮氧共渗,并和常规离子渗氮进行对比。利用金相、显微硬度计、X射线衍射仪、电化学性能分析测试仪对复合渗层的显微组织、厚度、物相、表面硬度及耐蚀性进行了测试和分析。研究结果表明,普通空气可用作42Cr Mo钢离子氮氧共渗处理的氧气源;同样温度和时间条件下,离子氮氧共渗比常规离子渗氮的渗层厚,表面显微硬度提高,硬度梯度更加平缓。同时,渗层中物相含微量Fe3O4,起到提高耐蚀性的效果。同时,研究发现,空气流量0.3 L/min为最佳工艺参数。     

碳氮马氏体和含氮马氏体在回火过程中的硬度变化

测试了20Cr2Ni4A钢820C碳氮共渗层中的碳氮马氏体低温回火时的硬度变化和工业纯铁经680C氮碳共渗后渗层中的含氮马氏体回火过程中显微硬度的变化。     

表面纳米化38CrMoAl钢的低温离子氮碳共渗

采用表面机械研磨处理（SMAT）技术实现了38CrMoAl钢的表面纳米化,并对表面纳米化后的样品进行了490℃离子氮碳共渗。采用扫描电镜、X-衍射、透射电镜、显微硬度仪等分析和测试手段,对处理后的样品进行观察分析及性能测试。结果表明：经SMAT处理的样品实现了低温离子氮碳共渗,渗层中渗入较多的氮、碳原子,并析出大量细小的高硬度化合物,获得了较好的硬度分布。     

Plasma Post Oxidation of Plasma Nitrocarburized SKD 61 Steel

Plasma nitrocarburizing and plasma oxidizing treatments were performed to improve the wear and corrosion resistance of SKD 61 steel.Plasma nitrocarburizing was conducted for 12 h at 540℃in the nitrogen, hydrogen and methane atmosphere to produce theε-Fe-（2-3）（N,C） phase.The compound layer produced by plasma nitrocarburising was predominantly composed ofε-phase,with a small proportion ofγ′-Fe-4 （N,C） phase. The thickness of the compound layer and the diffusion layer are about 10μm and about 200μm,respectively. Plasma post oxidation was performed on the nitrocarburized samples with various oxygen/hydrogen ratio at constant temperature of 500℃for 1 h.The very thin magnetite （Fe-3O-4） layer of 1-2μm in thickness on top of the compound layer was obtained.Anodic polarization test revealed that plasma nitrocarburizing process contributed a significant improvement of corrosion resistance of SKD 61 steel.However,the corrosion characteristics of the nitrocarburized compound layer was deteriorated by oxidation treatment.     

Study on Mechanical Property in Steel-Aluminum Solid to Liquid Bonding

The bonding of solid steel plate to liquid Al was conducted using rapid solidification.The influence of thickness of FeAl compound layer at the interface on interfacial shear strength of bonding plate was studied.The results show that the relationship between thickness of Fe-Al compound layer and interfacial shear strength is S=30.4 8.51 h-0.51h^2 0.007h^3(where h is thickness of Fe-Al compound layer,S is interfacial shear strength).When thickness of Fe-Al compound layer is 10.7μm,the largest interfacial shear strength is 71.6MPa。     

Effect of Annealing Atmosphere on the Mechanical Property of Free-cutting Phosphor Bronze Alloy

The present work is focused on the influence of annealing atmosphere on the microstructure and mechanical property of free-cutting phosphor bronze alloy.The annealing of the alloy was conducted in the three kinds of annealing atmosphere such as air,vacuum and nitrogen.After annealing,a discernable difference in recystallized grain size and lead particle size was not appeared with different annealing atmosphere.The tensile strength of the alloy annealed in air or nitrogen atmosphere was higher than that of those annealed in vacuum atmosphere.In thecase of the alloy annealed in vacuum atmosphere,the mechanical strength was reduced by vaporization of zinc.In the case of annealing in nitrogen and in air atmosphere,the sweating of lead was occurred.However,the inverse segregation of lead was suppressed by copper oxide layer on the surface annealed in air.This copper oxide layer leads to a decrease of the yield during fabrication process. Therefore,annealing of the alloy in nitrogen atmosphere is favorable in terms of the mechanical strength and yield.     

Effect of carbon addition on low-temperature plasma nitriding characteristics of austenitic stainless steel

Attempts have been made in the present work to investigate the influence of carbon in the treatment atmosphere on the low-temperature plasma nitriding characteristics of austenitic stainless steels. It was found that treatment gas composition has a significant effect on the structural characteristics of the nitrided layer. The addition of a small amount of carbon-containing gas such as methane (CH₄) to the treatment atmosphere can alter the structural development in the alloyed zone and offer several beneficial effects to the nitriding process. Based on this discovery, a new process has been developed, which involves the simultaneous incorporation of both nitrogen and carbon into the alloyed zone to form a dual-layer structure, which is free from chromium nitride, and carbide precipitates. Such a hybrid structure not only possesses larger layer thickness, high hardness, and more favourable hardness gradient than nitrided-alone layers, but also exhibits much improved corrosion resistance.     

Mikrostrukturelle und röntgenographische Analysen an einem plasmanitrierten Schnellarbeitsstahl

Microstructural analysis of a plasmanitrided tool steel by means of metallography and X‐ray diffraction Nitriding leads to improved tribological and corrosive properties of iron alloy components. In order to study the effect of plasma nitriding parameters on the structure of compound layer and diffusion zone, a systematic variation of process parameters, temperature and process gas atmosphere has been carried out. Metallographic inspection, X‐ray diffraction and Glow Discharge Optical Spectroscopy analysis (GDOES) were used in this investigation. The results clarified that depending on the amount of nitrogen in the gas atmosphere nitrided layers with and without compound layer can be generated in the surface of M2 tool steel for temperatures from 350°C to 500°C. For plasma nitriding in 5 vol.% Nitrogen and 95 vol.% Hydrogen no compact compound layer was formed. The gas mixture of 76 vol.% Nitrogen resulted in compound layer formation for all temperatures from 350°C to 500°C. X‐ray phase analysis indicated an almost 100% ε‐(carbo)nitride phase but the existence of the γ′‐(carbo)nitride could not be excluded completely from the X‐ray phase diagrams. After corrections to account for the nitrogen gradient, high compressive surface residual stresses have been measured in the diffusion zone. They increased with temperature. After a qualitative correction for chemical composition gradients high tensile residual stresses were found probably existing in the ε‐(carbo)nitride phase for the investigated plasma nitrided tool steel samples.     

Influence of rf-power on the plasma carbonitriding of titanium

The present work reports on the effect of input plasma processing power in the range of 350–650 W on the microstructure and mechanical properties of plasma nitrided Ti. The plasma processing time was 20 min and a gas mixture of 15% C₂H₂ and 85% N₂ was used. The characteristics of the carbonitrided layer have been investigated by microhardness measurements, surface roughness measurements, optical microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The measured surface hardness values of the compound layer shows a maximum of 2050 HV0.1 for the sample treated at a plasma power of 550 W. The thickness of the carbonitrided layer continuously increases as the plasma power increases. Moreover, the highest carbonitriding rate of 3.52 μm²/s was observed when the input plasma power was adjusted at 600 W. This high carbonitriding rate of treated titanium samples is ascribed to the high concentration of active carbon and nitrogen species in the plasma atmosphere and the formed microcracks in the near surface of the sample during the plasma processing.     

Interfacial reaction and electrical properties of HfO2 film gate dielectric prepared by pulsed laser deposition in nitrogen: role of rapid thermal annealing and gate electrode

The high-k dielectric HfO(2) thin films were deposited by pulsed laser deposition in nitrogen atmosphere. Rapid thermal annealing effect on film surface roughness, structure and electrical properties of HfO(2) film was investigated. The mechanism of interfacial reaction and the annealing atmosphere effect on the interfacial layer thickness were discussed. The sample annealed in nitrogen shows an amorphous dominated structure and the lowest leakage current density. Capacitors with high-k HfO(2) film as gate dielectric were fabricated, using Pt, Au, and Ti as the top gate electrode whereas Pt constitutes the bottom side electrode. At the gate injection case, the Pt- and Au-gated metal oxide semiconductor devices present a lower leakage current than that of the Ti-gated device, as well as similar leakage current conduction mechanism and interfacial properties at the metal/HfO(2) interface, because of their close work function and chemical properties.     

氮势对奥氏体不锈钢离子渗氮性能的影响

对AIS1304奥氏体不锈钢进行了不同氮势的离子渗氮,利用金相显微镜、轮廓仪、摩擦磨损试验机、X射线衍射仪和显微硬度计测试了经渗氮处理后试样改性层的截面形貌、微观结构、相组成和力学性能,并与未渗氮的试样进行了比较。结果表明：随着氮势的增加,试样表面的渗层深度、磨损程度、显微硬度呈规律性变化;X射线衍射分析表明：低氮势容易形成S相,高氮势有利于氮化物的形成。     

Sputtering deposition and characterization of tandem absorbers for photo-thermal systems operating at mid temperature

In this paper the first results of a work concerned with the development of TiAlON selective solar absorbers with high solar absorptance and low thermal emittance are presented. These absorbers are thought for solar collectors application at operational temperature of about 300 °C. Solar absorber tandems, consisting of an absorbing TiAlON compound sputtered on a TiC buffer layer deposited on a metal (Cu) substrate, have been produced in two ways: by changing the nitrogen flux percentage in (Ar + N₂ + O₂) mixture at fixed thickness (300 nm) and by varying the absorber thickness at fixed nitrogen percentage (5%) in the sputtering gas. The optical response in the UV-IR range is discussed. The tuning of the nitrogen flux allows to change the metal elements ratio (Ti/Al) in the oxynitride layer, varying the reflectance intensity both in the IR and visible range. The thickness variation permits to shift the cut-off wavelength of the transition from short wavelength high absorptance to long wavelength low emittance. The tuning of these two parameters (nitrogen flux and absorber thickness) enables to control the optical response of the samples to make them suitable for photo-thermal device application.     

Thermal conductivity issues of EB‐PVD thermal barrier coatings

The thermal conductivity of electron‐beam physical vapor deposited (EB‐PVD) thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) was investigated by the Laser Flash technique. Sample type and methodology of data analyses as well as atmosphere during the measurement have some influence on the data. A large variation of the thermal conductivity was found by changes in TBC microstructure. Exposure at high temperature caused sintering of the porous microstructure that finally increased thermal conductivity up to 30 %. EB‐PVD TBCs show a distinct thickness dependence of the thermal conductivity due to the anisotropic microstructure in thickness direction. Thin TBCs had a 20 % lower thermal conductivity than thick coatings. New compositions of the ceramic top layer offer the largest potential to lower thermal conductivity. Values down to 0.8W/(mK) have been already demonstrated with virgin coatings of pyrochlore compositions.