超强磁场定向凝固试验装置的研制

将强磁场与LMC定向凝固技术相结合,研制出了一套新型强磁场下定向凝固装置.该装置兼有快速液淬固定液固界面的功能,其主要性能指标为温度梯度GL=260℃/cm,最高温度1600℃,抽拉速度R=0.5～104μm/s,定向凝固在充H2或惰性气体保护气氛下进行.定向材料最大尺寸为φ10×150(mm).通过调整试样、加热温度及凝固速率,可满足各种不同要求的定向凝固试验.     

试样尺寸对Al-4.5%Cu合金定向凝固组织和界面稳定性的影响

在传统Bridgeman方法下,利用Al-4.5%Cu合金内外同心嵌套试样,研究了自然对流对凝固过程及组织的影响。试验结果显示,温度梯度和抽拉速率均相同的定向凝固试样,尺寸较大试样的组织呈规则胞状或树枝状时,对应尺寸较小试样组织胞晶尖端发生分叉或杂乱树枝状,表明尺寸较小的试样液-固界面稳定性较差。较小试样尺寸限制了液相中自然对流致使溶质原子液-固界面处大量富集是凝固组织不规则与液-固界面不稳定的主要原因。     

Al-4.0%Cu合金定向凝固中热电磁流体动力学效应的数值模拟

在定向凝同过程中.温度梯度和抽拉速率是两个重要的凝固参数.利用Fluent软件和Vc++软件联合模拟了不同温度梯度以及不同抽拉速率下,同液界面前沿熔体的流动情况.模拟结果表明,当外加弱磁场时,增加温度梯度能够增强热电磁流体动力学效应:而增加抽拉速度,热电磁流体动力学效应相对减弱.     

Sn-Cd包晶合金定向凝固的多场耦合模拟

在有限体积软件FLUENT的基础上建立了包晶合金定向凝固的多场耦合模型,并计算了Sn-Cd包晶合金定向凝固时的温度场、流场、溶质场以及固液界面形态等特征。研究表明,试样直径是决定自然对流强度的主要因素,随着试样直径的增大,固液界面前沿熔体流速增大,径向溶质偏析程度先增强后减弱;抽拉速率增大时,自然对流强度变化较小,固液界面前沿的环流区域减小,溶质径向偏析程度减弱;试样直径越小,抽拉速率越大,试样初始过渡区长度越短。     

Al-4%Cu合金定向凝固温度梯度变化及界面形态演化规律

摘　要：研究了Al-4%Cu合金定向凝固界面形态随抽拉速率的演化规律及其转变机制.通过测量自行研制的定向凝固设备的温度梯度,发现温度梯度随抽拉速率的增大而减小,并随炉体温度的升高而增大.研究了Al-4%Cu合金定向凝固的界面演化及生长形态,对比后发现,在胞状生长过程中,竞争淘汰是主要的生长方式;而在高速抽拉过程中,尖端开裂是枝晶的主要生长方式.     

熔体过热历史对Ni基高温合金定向凝固界面形态的影响

在控制温度梯度、抽拉速率等工艺参数相同的条件下,首次发现熔体过热历史对Ni基高温合金定向凝固界面形态具有显著影响．随着熔体过热温度的提高和过热时间的延长,液固界面稳定性降低;相反,随着低温静置时间的延长,液固界面稳定性提高．熔体热历史对定向凝固液固界面形态影响的根本原因在于对熔体结构状态的改变,进而影响凝固过程.     

抽拉速率对Ti-43Al-3Si合金籽晶法定向凝固组织的影响

以Ti-43Al-3Si为籽晶,研究了不同抽拉速率对TiAl合金耔晶法定向凝固全片层组织的影响．结果表明．60 mm／h抽拉速率下．凝固组织中的片层方向能够与生长方向保持一致．随抽拉速率增加,由于温度梯度降低、成分过冷增大等因素的影响,凝固组织中出现了与生长方向成45°或90°夹角的片层取向．电磁搅拌引起的强制对流使固／液界面前沿的扰动不断增强,晶体生长形态发生变化,破坏了片层取向的一致性．     

有/无强制流动下定向凝固界面形貌的数值模拟研究

基于相场法对Ni-Cu合金的定向凝固过程进行了数值模拟,对比研究了抽拉速度、温度梯度对有/无强制流动下的凝固界面形貌的影响。结果表明,在强制流动的作用下,凝固界面向迎流方向倾斜生长;随着强制流速的增大,胞晶增大,沟槽的倾斜深度也逐渐增大,并且胞晶间的深度差别增大;在流动条件下,随着抽拉速度的增大,定向凝固界面演变模式为：平界面→深胞→浅胞→平界面,随着温度梯度的增大,凝固界面演化模式为：深胞→浅胞→平界面。此外,流动对凝固形成的胞晶一次间距产生重要影响     

定向凝固DZ4125柱晶高温合金晶粒生长过程组织演化及其竞争生长研究

采用Bridgman定向凝固方法制备DZ4125柱晶高温合金定向试棒,研究在恒定抽拉速率下定向晶粒生长过程微观组织演化及晶粒间竞争生长行为。结果表明,随着生长高度的增加,固液界面处温度梯度逐渐降低,一次枝晶间距增加。同时,γ′相尺寸随着生长高度的增加逐渐减小,且γ′相形貌由不规则的蝴蝶状向立方体状、近圆状转变。γ+γ′共晶组织和碳化物大多分布在枝晶间区域,且含量随着生长高度的增加逐渐增加。此外,由于定向凝固过程中晶粒的竞争生长,随着生长高度的增加柱状晶数量明显减少;在具有凸固液界面生长条件下晶粒表现为向近炉壁侧倾斜发散生长。     

Nb42Ti21Co37包共晶合金定向凝固组织演化规律研究

包共晶转变兼具共晶转变和包晶转变双重特征,存在于众多的工业合金中。然而,迄今为止尚未建立起相对完整的包共晶凝固理论模型,关于其凝固机理的相关研究较少。基于此,本文针对Nb42Ti21Co37包共晶合金开展了不同抽拉速度(V=1, 3, 5, 15, 30, 70 μm/s)下的定向凝固实验,旨在研究不同抽拉速度下合金的微观组织演化规律,并构建相应的凝固机制。研究结果表明：Nb42Ti21Co37包共晶合金常规铸态和定向凝固组织中均含有α-Nb、Co6Nb7和TiCo＋Co6Nb7包共晶相,随着抽拉速率的逐渐增加,初生相α-Nb依次经历了圆球状→花瓣状→团簇状→枝晶状的转变;伴随着上述过程,淬火界面经历了胞状界面到胞枝晶状界面的转变,并且,在抽拉速率V=70 μm/s时固/液界面消失;其次,定向凝固稳态生长区内包共晶的组织逐渐细化,其层间距与生长速率呈指数线性关系,即λ=-1＋5×e2.5;当抽拉速率低于5μm/s时,合金的定向凝固过程与平衡凝固相类似;另外,各相在稳定生长区的生长机制为共生生长,随着抽拉速率的增加,包共晶组织的定向排列性逐渐变差。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.