Response of Wood Supports in Panel Paintings Subjected to Changing Climate Conditions

Abstract: The finite element method was used to model the moisture movement and strain in the wood supports of panel paintings, in response to changing climate conditions – temperature and relative humidity (RH). The material properties of lime wood (Tilia sp.), determined experimentally, were used in the modelling. Critical amplitudes of cyclic sinusoidal RH fluctuations generating strain of 0.002 in the most responsive tangential direction of the unrestrained, single wood panel, which the pictorial layer was assumed to endure without damage, were derived for the mid‐RH region as a function of cycle duration, panel thickness and diffusion configuration. Panels do not respond significantly to diurnal fluctuations or shorter. The panels respond more and more significantly when the duration of the fluctuations increases until the panel fully responds to each cycle. These fluctuation periods are 14 and 90 days at 20 °C for a panel thickness of 10 and 40 mm, respectively, with two faces of a panel diffusively opened. Sinusoidal RH variations bringing about wood’s full response have the critical amplitude of ±6% RH, that is strain of 0.002 endangering the pictorial layer is produced at such amplitude in the tangential direction of the unrestrained panel.     

Nondestructive Evaluation of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Subjected to Combined Localized Heat Damage and Fatigue Damage Using Acoustic Emission

The effect of fatigue damage to unidirectional fiberglass composite specimens with prior contact heat damage was investigated. After damaging the specimens by contacting them to a hot tip at 360°C, the specimens were subjected to fatigue loading at cyclic stress amplitude corresponding to 65% of the specimens' ultimate tensile strength. The fatigue experiments was halted after 3,000 cycles. The specimens were then subjected to tensile tests while monitoring their acoustic emission (AE) activity. In addition, acoustic emission activities of undamaged and contact heat-damaged specimens were monitored during tensile tests for comparison with specimens with combined fatigue and heat damage. AE activities of all specimens can be categorized into three regions: an early rise in activity, a relatively dormant period in activity, and a high exponential activity before failure. The early rise in activity did not appear on the specimens with combined contact heat and fatigue damage. For undamaged and contact heat-damaged specimens, the period of the dormant activity was independent of the contact heat duration of less than 15 minutes. However, the period was a function of the contact heat duration for combined contact heat and fatigue damaged specimens. Analyzing event duration distribution identified micro-mechanisms of the damage growth upon tensile loading. AE-stress delay concept was used to predict the state of the damage in the composite. A correlation between stress delay parameter and damage parameter was obtained for all of the specimens. Fatigue life of contact heat damaged specimen was also studied. It was found that localized heat damage reduced the fatigue life significantly. Loss of matrix to transfer the load to the fibers uniformly was believed to be responsible for the reduction in the fatigue life.     

Static and Dynamic Strength of Paperboard Containers Subjected to Variations in Climatic Conditions

The variability in climatic conditions during product distribution, especially across large distances, can be significant and is well known to affect the mechanical properties of many packaging materials. As the use of environmentally friendly materials, such as paperboard and bio‐cushions, increases, the challenge associated with overcoming the effects of extremes in temperature and relative humidity in the distribution chain becomes critical. To date, in the case of paperboard boxes, this is dealt with by accounting for the loss of static (compression) strength with increasing relative humidity. However, no method exists to address the dynamic loads induced by vehicle shocks and vibrations especially for configurations that involve stacked boxes and where the vibration intensity within the stack is influenced by the dynamic characteristic of the boxes themselves. In such scenarios, it is the variation in the stiffness of the box as a function of environmental conditions and dynamic load that needs to be established. This paper describes the evaluation of the fatigue resistance of paperboard boxes subjected to random excitation and compares the results with those obtained from quasi‐static compression tests under various environmental conditions. Results reveal a lack of correlation between the static and dynamic tests. This finding is attributed to changes in internal damping of the paperboard box samples which, when reduced, results in increased dynamic force. The paper concludes that static testing alone is insufficient to establish the fatigue resistance of stacked packaging subject to variations in climatic conditions. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

微动疲劳损伤失效分析

介绍了微动疲劳损伤失效的现象，影响因素，鉴别特征，并举例说明。     

The Strategy of Widespread Fatigue Damage in FMP System

As is known,widespread fatigue damage ( WFD) is a common phenomenon of aging aircraft being a negative impact on safety and reliability. The current FAR 25. 571( b) requires that"An LOV ( Limit of Validity) must be established,during which it is demonstrated that widespread fatigue damage will not occur in the aircraft structures". The FAA issued AC 91-82A in August 2011 providing guidance on developing and implementing a Fatigue Management Program ( FMP) system to address in-service issues for metallic fatigue critical structures. This action brings new challenges to aircraft manufacturers in China. This paper introduces the problem of widespread fatigue damage including the MSD( multiple site damage) and MED( multiple element damage) and the differences between them and the steps to establish the LOV / ELOV( Extended limit of validity) . Authors in this paper is also proposing some management indicators to control WFD during the design phase and maintenance. Developing and implementing the management indicators to address WFD which are involved in the FMP system may provide guidance on the estimation and management to address WFD for present and future aircraft. Finally,some suggestions are put forward to provide the theoretical basis for large civil aircraft design and airworthiness.     

相位角加载条件下2A12铝合金多轴疲劳失效行为

采用SDN100/1000电液伺服拉扭复合疲劳试验机对2A12铝合金进行不同相位角加载条件下多轴疲劳试验研究,通过加载循环曲线和微观断口形貌分析失效机理,对不同损伤累积模型的预测效果进行评价,修正Manson损伤曲线模型以期达到更好的预测效果。结果表明:单级加载条件下,随相位角正弦值的增加疲劳寿命线性递减,当相位角为0°时,轴向硬化、软化交替出现,切向出现循环硬化,90°加载下轴向和切向单独作用效果明显;两级累积路径下,随一级加载周次的增加多轴疲劳寿命延长,0°加载阶段轴向和切向都出现循环硬化现象,两种路径下断口都呈现出多裂纹源特征,在裂纹源区附近观察到台阶状形貌,扩展区存在大量划痕和鳞片状花样;修正后的Manson损伤曲线模型预测误差均在15%以内。     

Acousto-elastic Measurement of the Fatigue Damage in Waspaloy

It has long been speculated that second-order effects should prove an effective measure of a material's fatigue and damage state. One such second-order effect is the acousto-elastic effect. In a series of experiments on the nickel-based superalloy waspaloy, the change in the acousto-elastic coefficient of Rayleigh waves was monitored as the material was fatigued. Our results demonstrate the possibility of using this variation as a mean of measuring fatigue in waspaloy. They also show that waspaloy demonstrates a significantly different acousto-elastic behavior than that expected from a metal. This fact enhances the sensitivity of the technique in this material. It is interpreted as being due to load transfer between the two major phases found in waspaloy, the matrix phase (γ) and the strengthening phase (γ′).     

瓦楞纸板结构疲劳损伤规律的探究

通过对瓦楞纸板结构的疲劳振动试验,对瓦楞纸板结构的疲劳性能进行初步探讨,获得了在一定频率条件下,施加不同载荷时瓦楞纸板结构的疲劳寿命,给出了相应的S-N曲线,提出了瓦楞纸板结构疲劳损伤数学模型。     

Use of Eddy Current Technology to Assist in the Evaluation of the Fatigue Damage of Electrical Conductors

The article deals with the evaluation of fatigue damage on overhead conductors which have been in service for a period exceeding 50 years. Under wind excitation, electrical transmission lines are subjected to aeolian vibrations that may induce wire fatigue of conductor at the exit of supporting equipment. This fatigue phenomenon is a fretting fatigue problem which is located at contact points between wires belonging to adjacent wire layers or between external layer wire and the supporting equipment. This article reports the methodology followed: 1) in selecting wires with the more severe damaged contact point using eddy current technology and 2) in comparing, through a metallographic examination, the contact points of those selected wires coming from in situ worn conductors and from laboratory fatigue tested virgin conductors used as reference.     

疲劳损伤对波纹管耐连多硫酸腐蚀性能的影响

针对催化裂化装置用波纹管使用中所面临的连多硫酸应力腐蚀问题,采用热态连多硫酸腐蚀模拟装置,试验研究了固溶态Incoloy825波纹管的耐连多硫酸应力腐蚀性能,并利用金相显微镜、SEM、EDX等手段分析了腐蚀波纹管的表面形貌和断口特征,探讨了设计疲劳寿命及累积疲劳损伤对波纹管连多硫酸应力腐蚀敏感性的影响规律。结果表明,在60℃的H2SxO6溶液中,设计疲劳寿命及累积疲劳损伤对固溶态Incoloy825波纹管的腐蚀敏感性影响显著。设计疲劳寿命越低、累积疲劳损伤越大,则越易形成应力腐蚀裂纹。     

疲劳损伤对蜂窝纸板平台应力的影响

目的研究在不同疲劳损伤条件下,蜂窝纸板平台应力的变化规律和损伤机理。方法首先将蜂窝纸板进行温湿度预处理,然后对其进行5种预压缩后再进行不同次数的疲劳压缩,接着进行准静态压缩,最后得到不同疲劳损伤条件下蜂窝纸板的本构关系曲线。结果蜂窝纸板疲劳损伤因原纸纤维无规则排序刚度下降而引起,疲劳损伤对蜂窝纸板平台应力影响较大,在不同疲劳损伤条件下,疲劳损伤对蜂窝纸板平台应力的影响有一定的规律。结论蜂窝纸板在运输过程中受到疲劳损伤后,必须考虑其平台应力的变化。     

Analysis of Fatigue Damage under Block Loading in a Low Carbon Steel

Abstract: The fatigue damage accumulation behaviour of the P355NL1 steel is characterised using block loading fatigue tests. First, the constant amplitude low‐cycle fatigue behaviour of the P355NL1 steel is evaluated through strain‐controlled fatigue tests of smooth specimens. Both fatigue and cyclic elastoplastic behaviours are analysed. Then, block loading is applied to identify the key features of the fatigue damage accumulation phenomena for the P355NL1 steel. The block loading is composed of two distinct low‐cycle constant amplitude strain‐controlled blocks. The first block is applied for a predefined number of loading cycles, being followed by a second block which is applied until failure. The block loading illustrates that fatigue damage evolves nonlinearly with the number of load cycles as a function of the strain amplitude. These observations suggest a nonlinear damage accumulation rule with load sequence effects. The linear Palmgren–Miner's rule used extensively in design is not verified for the P355NL1 steel. Finally, using the generated experimental data, the cyclic elastoplastic behaviour of the P355NL1 steel is modelled using a continuum plasticity model with nonlinear kinematic hardening, available in the commercial finite element code ansys ®.     

多孔试件在热循环下的复合疲劳的损伤特性研究

根据航空发动机工作叶片实际工作中的载荷环境,即气冷叶片承受低周的离心力负荷,气动载荷及温度负荷,同时还叠加高弯曲振动载荷,进行了一系列热循环下复合疲劳和常温机械疲劳的组合试验,在试验研究基础上提出复合疲劳中耦合损伤的概念及分析,     

托盘用竹木复合层合板在疲劳/蠕变交互作用下断裂损伤研究

研究了在疲劳/蠕变交互作用下竹木复合层合板的断裂损伤行为.结果表明,在交变载荷最大值为75%的应力水平下,其疲劳/蠕变断裂曲线为3段式曲线;在55%的应力水平下,15小时内其疲劳/蠕变曲线为两段式曲线.随着最大载荷保持时间的增加,层合板的断裂寿命降低.在疲劳/蠕变交互作用下层合板的破坏形式主要为纤维撕裂、界面剪切破坏和层间开裂3种形式的综合表现.影响疲劳/蠕变断裂寿命分散性的因素主要有层合板的铺设结构、木材缺陷和竹材结构等的影响.     

地下工程改扩建中施工爆破对衬砌危害的三维数值模拟研究

应用LS—DYNA3D软件对某地下工程改扩建中施工爆破作业进行了三维数值模拟，分析了围岩与衬砌中爆炸应力波的传播特征，指出了原有洞室混凝土衬砌的破坏主要为施工爆破诱发的反射拉伸波使衬砌拉应力超过混凝土抗拉强度所导致拉裂破坏，且破损现象主要发生在洞室的侧墙部位，为控制衬砌破损的进一步发展，建议采用台阶法开挖，计算表明台阶法开挖能明显改善衬砌拉应力水平和质点振速。     

等离子喷涂Fe基合金涂层组织及接触疲劳损伤性能的研究

使用超音速等离子喷涂设备在45钢基体上制备了铁基合金涂层,采用扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射仪等设备对涂层的组织结构进行了表征,借助显微硬度仪测定了涂层截面的硬度分布,以球盘式接触疲劳试验机为平台,利用声发射技术实时监测涂层的接触疲劳损伤过程.结果表明,涂层组织主要是由α(Fe,Cr)相和网状的Cr7C3组成,纳米级α(Fe,Cr)相分布于裂纹周围.声发射特征参数RMS可以反映涂层的接触疲劳损伤程度,在转速为2500r/min和应力水平为1.8489GPa实验条件下,分层是涂层失效的最终形式.     

Damage of a screw in the seal coupling

The damage to a screw on the head of a 1.8 liter personal car engine was nucleated as the result of common disadvantageous environmental influences and reversed loads leading to corrosion fatigue.     

金属非对称循环下的匀变速加载问题

由损伤力学理论可知,疲劳是由材料内部的损伤演化导致的,但其损伤演化的机理并不清楚。为此,我们将高分子物理中断裂的分子理论推广应用于金属的疲劳损伤,认为金属的断裂是一个松驰过程,宏观断裂是微观原子键断裂热活化的结果。以Q235钢为例,在CMT5105万能电子试验机上进行拉压非对称循环疲劳试验。从原子键离解的视角出发并结合试验数据,讨论并推算诸多因素影响下匀、变速加载时非对称循环疲劳损伤演化律的具体形式。再将速率作为重点考虑因素提出了新的疲劳损伤演化律,分别讨论了匀、变速情况下损伤演化律的基本形式,并对速率相关参数因子进行了修正。结果表明,新的疲劳损伤演化律形式简单、参数少、应用广泛且与试验结果贴合较好。     

10CrNiMo结构钢弹性模量在低周疲劳过程中的变化规律

采用横截面为圆形的光滑试样,在六级轴向系列不同恒应变幅(0.3%~1.0%)控制下,研究10CrNiMo结构钢弹性模量在低周疲劳过程中的变化规律.结果显示:在不同级别应变幅控制下,随着应变幅值的增加,稳定循环下的弹性模量并不是恒量,而是以负幂指数函数规律减小,且最小与最大应变幅下的弹性模量相差超过15%;而在某一恒应变幅控制下的稳定循环区间内,弹性模量随着循环次数的增加而缓慢下降,但在疲劳失稳时,弹性模量迅速大幅降低.分析认为,出现上述现象的原因,与不同应变幅对材料造成不同程度的疲劳损伤及恒定应变幅控制下材料固有的持续疲劳抗力有关.