填充床内对流换热的数值研究

为研究空气流入高温填充床时小球直径和空气流速变化对填充床内对流换热和压力损失等的影响,利用孔隙尺度介观方法对顺序排列多孔介质小球的三维填充床进行数值计算,数值计算与实验结果吻合较好。结果表明:填充床内固相和气相间存在热的非平衡性;当小球直径从2.8增大到5.6 mm时,在最高温度上游对流换热强度减小,在最高温度下游对流换热强度增大,同时,压力损失和最大无量纲速度减小;气体流速增大时,填充床内产生湍流运动。     

多孔介质中高温气体非稳态渗流传热数值计算

针对水平导管中填充颗粒物料层内的高温气体参流传热现象，考虑渗流与传热的相互作用并采用局部非平衡假设建立多孔介质中的瞬态渗流传热物理数学模型。研究不同情况下填充物料中的渗流速度和气固温度分布。计算结果表明，高温热气体对水平导管中移动颗粒料层的热渗透主要发生在渗流入口端区域，随着渗流时间延长，热渗透深度沿导管推进。增大入口渗流速度以及减小出料速度，将导致物料温度沿导管慢速下降，热渗透深度扩大，热渗透作用区域内的物料温度水平提高。在热渗透作用区域，孔隙率对流场和温度场有很大的影响。研究对于高温反应器的颗粒输运和给料器的设计与运行有一定的参考作用。     

Unsteady Forced Convection Heat Transfer Over a Semicircular Cylinder at Low Reynolds Numbers

An unsteady two-dimensional numerical simulation is performed to investigate the laminar forced convection heat transfer for flow past a semicircular cylinder in an unconfined medium. The Reynolds number considered in this study ranges from 50 to 150 with a fixed Prandtl number (Pr = 0.71). Two different configurations of the semicircular cylinder are considered; one when the curved surface facing the flow and the other when the flat surface facing the flow. Fictitious confining boundaries are chosen on the lateral sides of the computational domain that makes the blockage ratio B = 5% in order to make the problem computationally feasible. A finite volume-based technique is used for the numerical computation. The flow and heat transfer characteristics are analyzed with the streamline and isotherm patterns at various Reynolds numbers. The dimensionless frequency of vortex shedding (Strouhal number), drag coefficient, and Nusselt numbers are presented and discussed. Substantial differences in the global flow and heat transfer quantities are observed for the two different configurations of the obstacle chosen in the study. It is observed that the heat transfer rate is enhanced substantially when the curved surface is facing the flow in comparison to the case when the flat surface is facing the flow.     

循环流化床锅炉水冷壁的传热系数

对循环流化床锅炉内水冷壁的传热机理进行了分析,验证了循环流化床炉内受热面的传热计算经验公式,可供设计、调试和运行时参考。     

Mixed Convection Heat Transfer from Tandem Square Cylinders in a Vertical Channel at Low Reynolds Numbers

The fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics around two isothermal square cylinders arranged in a tandem configuration with respect to the incoming flow within an insulated vertical channel at low Reynolds number range (1 ≤ Re ≤ 30) are estimated in this article. Spacing between the cylinders (S) is fixed at four widths of the cylinder dimension (d) and, the blockage parameter (B) is set to 0.25. The buoyancy-aided/opposed convection is examined for the Richardson number (Ri) ranges from ?1 to 1 with a fixed Prandtl number (Pr) of 0.7. The transient numerical simulation for this two-dimensional, incompressible, laminar flow and heat transfer problem is carried out by a finite volume code based on the PISO algorithm in a collocated grid system. The results suggest that the flow remains steady for the entire range of parameters chosen in this study. The representative streamlines, vorticity, and isotherm patterns are presented to interpret the flow and thermal transport visualization. Additionally, the time average drag coefficient (C _D ) as well as time and surface average Nusselt number (Nu) for the upstream and downstream cylinders are determined to elucidate the effects of Re and Ri on flow and heat transfer phenomena.     

Laminar Flow and Heat Transfer Phenomena Across a Confined Semicircular Bluff Body at Low Reynolds Numbers

The present study is concerned with the simulation of incompressible Newtonian fluid flow and heat transfer over a long semicircular bluff body in a channel at low Reynolds numbers. In particular, wall effects on the forced convection from a (heated) semicircular cylinder confined in a horizontal channel are investigated for Reynolds number = 1–40 and blockage ratio = 16.67–50% for air as the working fluid. Flow and thermal fields are found steady for the preceding range of settings. The onset of flow separation increases as the wall confinement increases. The size of the recirculation zone downstream of a semicircular cylinder is seen to increase almost linearly with Reynolds number for a fixed blockage ratio, but it decreases with increasing blockage ratio for a fixed Reynolds number. As expected, total drag coefficient and its components decrease with increasing value of Reynolds number. However, with increasing blockage ratio, the values of these drag coefficients increase. On the basis of equal projected area, the total drag coefficient for the present flow system is found to be greater than the corresponding drag in the case of the unconfined semicircular cylinder. Similarly, the overall drag in the case of a confined semicircular cylinder is found to be greater than that of a confined circular cylinder for the appropriate range of dimensionless control parameters. The maximum augmentation in heat transfer for blockage ratios of 25% and 50% is found to be approximately 16% and 51% with respect to the corresponding value at the blockage ratio of 16.67% at Reynolds number = 1. Finally, the correlations of wake length, drag coefficient, and average Nusselt number are obtained.     

移动床中热气体渗流传热对煤粒热解反应过程的影响

针对移动床内热气体对煤颗粒预热处理工艺,分析了颗粒料层中热气体渗流传热对煤热解反应过程的影响,建立了多孔介质渗流传热与煤热解反应相互作用的物理数学模型。研究了不同情况下移动床内气固温度和压力分布以及煤热解反应规律,计算结果表明,高温热气对移动床煤颗粒料层的热量渗透主要发生在渗透入口端区域,热解反应发生在热渗流作用区域,煤的热解反应对应酬内温度场分布有较大的影响,改变运行参数可以调整热渗透作用区域推移速度和物料温度水平,从而控制煤热解反应过程,在热解反应区域,孔隙率对流场,压损和煤热解过程有很大的影响。图9参11     

Wall‐Confined Flow and Heat Transfer Around a Square Cylinder at Low Reynolds and Hartmann Numbers

This article discusses the results obtained through a two‐dimensional numerical simulation following a finite volume approach on the forced convection heat transfer for the hydromagnetic flow around a square cylinder at low Reynolds and Hartmann numbers. The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of a viscous incompressible and electrically conducting fluid is assumed to take place in a rectangular channel subjected to externally imposed magnetic fields and the cylinder is fixed within the channel. The magnetic fields may be applied either along the streamwise or transverse directions. Simulations are performed for the range of kinetic Reynolds number 10 ≤ Re ≤ 60 with Hartmann number 0 ≤ Ha ≤ 15 and for different thermal Prandtl numbers, Pr = 0.02 (liquid metal), 0.71 (air), and 7 (water) for a blockage ratio β = 0.25. A steady flow can be expected for the above range of conditions. Besides the channel wall, the magnetic field imparts additional stability to the flow as a consequence of which the recirculation region behind the obstacle reduces with increasing magnetic field strength for a particular Re. The critical Hartmann numbers for the complete suppression of flow separation in the case of a transversely applied magnetic field are computed. The rate of heat transfer is found almost invariant at low Re whereas it increases moderately for higher Re with the applied magnetic field. The heat transfer increases in general with the Reynolds number for all Hartmann numbers. Finally, the influence of obstacle shape on the thermohydrodynamic quantities is noted. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 43(5): 459–475, 2014; Published online 3 October 2013 in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj ). DOI 10.1002/htj.21091     

Mixed Convection Heat Transfer From an Equilateral Triangular Cylinder in Cross Flow at Low Reynolds Numbers

A two-dimensional numerical study is undertaken to investigate the influences of cross buoyancy on the vortex shedding phenomena behind a long heated equilateral triangular cylinder for the low-Reynolds-number laminar regime. The flow is considered in an unbounded medium; however, fictitious confining boundaries are chosen on the lateral sides to make the problem computationally feasible. Numerical calculations are performed by using a finite-volume method based on the pressure-implicit with splitting of operators algorithm in a collocated grid system. The range of Reynolds number is chosen to be 10–100 with a fixed Prandtl number, 0.71. The mixed convection effect is studied for the Richardson number range of 0–1. The effects of superimposed thermal buoyancy on flow and isotherm patterns are presented and discussed. The global flow and heat transfer quantities such as the overall drag and lift coefficients, local and surface average Nusselt numbers, and Strouhal number are calculated and discussed for various Reynolds and Richardson numbers.     

脉动流化床传热特性

在讨论脉动燃烧对传热特性影响的基础上,基于脉动流化燃烧概念,试验研究了脉动流化床中的传热特性,得到不同空截面风速、静止床层高度和声波扰动下的传热系数,并与同一运行参数条件下非脉动流化床及纯气流脉动燃烧器中的传热特性进行对比．总结影响脉动流化床传热特性的各种因素,分析不同运行参数对传热的影响作用．     

棉秆循环流化床稀相区传热系数的试验研究

在热功率0.5 MW棉秆循环流化床试验装置上对稀相区传热系数进行了测定,研究了不同参数对传热系数的影响,结果表明:环形区颗粒浓度和床温对传热系数的影响较大,且随着颗粒浓度和床温的增加而增加;一次风率和过量空气系数对不同床高的传热系数也有一定影响,传热系数随一次风率的增加而增加,但一次风率过大时,传热系数会有所下降;为了得到较高的传热系数,过量空气系数存在一个最佳值;循环倍率对传热系数的影响也很明显,在一定的范围内,传热系数随循环倍率的增加而增加;当循环倍率太大时,床温有所降低,使传热系数减小.     

Effect of Thermal Buoyancy on Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer Across a Semicircular Cylinder in Cross-Flow at Low Reynolds Numbers

The influence of superimposed thermal buoyancy on hydrodynamic and thermal transport across a semicircular cylinder is investigated through numerical simulation. The cylinder is fixed in an unconfined medium and interacted with an incompressible and uniform incoming flow. Two different orientations of the cylinder are considered: one when the curved surface is exposed to the incoming flow and the other when the flat surface is facing the flow. The flow Reynolds number is varied from 50 to 150, keeping the Prandtl number fixed (Pr = 0.71). The effect of superimposed thermal buoyancy is brought about by varying the Richardson number in the range 0 ≤ Ri ≤ 2. The unsteady two-dimensional governing equations are solved by deploying a finite volume method based on the PISO (Pressure Implicit with Splitting of Operator) algorithm. The flow and heat transfer characteristics are analyzed with the streamline and isotherm patterns at various Reynolds and Richardson numbers. The dimensionless frequency of vortex shedding (Strouhal number), drag, lift and pressure coefficients, and Nusselt numbers are presented and discussed. Substantial differences in the global flow and heat transfer quantities are observed for the two different configurations of the obstacle chosen in the study. Additionally, intriguing effects of thermal buoyancy can be witnessed. It is established that heat transfer rate differs significantly under the superimposed thermal buoyancy condition for the two different orientations of the obstacle.     

Laminar Heat Transfer in a Pipe Subjected to a Circumferentially Varying External Heat Transfer Coefficient

Abstract

Numerical techniques have been used to solve the thermally developed regime for a laminar pipe flow that exchanges heat with a fluid environment in the presence of a circumferentially varying external heat transfer coefficient. By making use of the fact that the temperature distributions have similar shapes at successive streamwise locations, the three-dimensional temperature field was scaled to two dimensions. The resulting two-dimensional eigenvalue problem was solved by a rapidly converging automated scheme that successively refines an initial guess. Solutions were obtained for two circumferential distributions of the external heat transfer coefficient respectively intended to model forced and natural convection cross flows. The circumferential average heat transfer coefficient was found to be quite insensitive to the imposed circumferential variations. The local wall heat flux is nearly circumferentially uniform when the mean value of the external coefficient is high. On the other hand, at low mean values of the external coefficient, the local wall heat flux tends to follow the imposed circumferential variations.     

相变贮能球堆积床结合夜间自然风蓄冷的理论研究

本文对相变贮能球堆积床结合夜间自然风的蓄冷过程建立了数学物理模型,并进行了数值计算.分析了该系统的换热效果和充冷过程的特点及某些流动参数的变化对堆积床换热特性的影响.计算结果合理,所得结论对该类贮能系统的设计和性能优化有一定指导作用.     

Experimental Determination of the Heat Transfer Coefficient of a Plate-Fin Heat Exchanger

Heat transfer in compact plate-fin heat exchangers is augmented by the introduction of complex fin patterns in the channels. Kays and London presented a lot of experimental data for several types of fin configurations, and many authors followed their example with other types of fins. For some fin types, the heat transfer correlation for the Nusselt number cannot be found in literature. Most of the data are given for large scale model fins in good controlled laboratory environments—little data is available for real heat exchangers.

A test rig was constructed at Ghent University to verify the performance of several fin types. Measurements were done on a real heat exchanger and not on a large scale model in order to determine the performance under real operational conditions.

The measurement setup consists of a hot water circuit and an air circuit with a fan. In the heat exchanger, 40 thermocouples are introduced on the air side and the wall. This way, the convection coefficient of the fins can be determined for a broad range of Reynolds numbers.

In the paper the measurement set-up is discussed and the measurements are presented. An in depth error analysis is performed on the measurements. This way a heat transfer correlation is provided with a tight error margin for compact plate-fin air coolers.     

导热油管内强制对流换热系数的计算

以一种常见导热油为例对有机热载体锅炉的对流受热面传热系数进行计算分析。     

大型循环流化床锅炉中的传热

分析了典型的大型循环流化床锅炉炉膛传热数据及其相关参数关系.以12 MW、50MW和135 MW循环流化床锅炉为例,讨论大型循环流化床锅炉炉膛传热问题.此外,还讨论了炉膛悬吊受热面、汽/水冷旋风分离器、外置式换热器和尾部受热面的传热规律,并给出大型循环流化床锅炉传热系数计算的经验公式.图10表2参12     

Heat Transfer in High Moisture Content Gas Flow Across a Cylinder at Moderate Reynolds Numbers

The average Nusselt number for the flow of a mixture of air and vapor across a tube was measured at moderate Reynolds numbers (2000–7000) for temperatures from 300 to 700°C and for humidity ratios from 0.22–0.54. Results are also presented for flow over a set of three tubes aligned perpendicular to the flow for the same range of conditions. The effects of humidity ratio and temperature on the convection coefficients were investigated to develop a modified Nusselt number correlation describing the heat transfer over the tubes. The results showed that the Nusselt number increased as the humidity ratio increased and that the increase was more than could be accounted for by typical models for the property variations of mixtures. The Nusselt number data were correlated with an equation that included both a Prandtl number ratio and a thermal conductivity ratio to correlate the multiple property variations due to both the large temperature variations and the large humidity variations. The exponent of the thermal conductivity ratio used in the modified correlation to correlate the additional effects of the property variations due to the large humidity variations was 0.073 for the entire data set, indicating the importance of the property variation due to the moisture content.     

对流传热计算中的烟气辐射放热系数α_1

本文提出锅炉对流传热计算中用到的烟气辐射放热系数α_(?)袭用炉内辐射传热的计算公式有误差,因为所对应的温压不同,应予改正。     

Heat Transfer from Confined Contaminated Bubbles to Power‐Law Liquids at Low to Moderate Reynolds and Prandtl Numbers

In this work combined effects of the wall confinement and the power‐law fluid viscosity on the heat transfer phenomena of contaminated bubbles are reported through numerical investigations. In order to delineate the effect of insoluble surfactants the spherical stagnant cap model is adopted. The solver is thoroughly validated by comparing the present results with their literature counterparts. Further, extensive new results are reported on the isotherm contours and average Nusselt numbers of confined contaminated bubbles in the range of conditions: Reynolds number, Re: 0.1 to 200; Prandtl number, Pr: 1 to 1000; power‐law index, n: 0.2 to 1.6 and stagnant cap angle, α: 0 to 180°. Briefly, results are indicative of the following observations. The temperature contours are increasingly sucked towards the rear end of the bubble with the increase in Reynolds number and/or with the increase in Prandtl number and/or with the decrease in power‐law index and/or with the decrease in stagnant cap angle. At Re ≤ 1 and Pr ≤ 10, the average Nusselt number is almost independent of power‐law indices and the stagnant cap angle. For Pe > 10, regardless of values of the confinement ratio and Reynolds number, for α ≥ 60 the average Nusselt number decreases with an increasing stagnant cap angle whereas for α < 60 the effect of contamination is found to be insignificant. The increase in the average Nusselt number with an increasing confinement ratio would occur only at moderate to large values of Reynolds and Prandtl numbers regardless of the values of the power‐law index provided that α ≥ 60°.