喷射器结构分析及两类喷射器性能比较

对气力输送喷射器内部流场进行了模拟,从数值计算的角度分析了影响喷射器性能的几个重要因素,并介绍了一种新型的同心气力输送喷射器,将其与传统的气力输送喷射器进行了比较,得出了这种喷射器的优点和实际操作中需要注意的问题。     

全氢炉氢气角度对内罩中气流影响的数值模拟

以国内某钢铁厂常用的全氢炉为例,使用计算机仿真技术对全氢炉炉台氢气进口角度改变后内罩内各处氢气流量的变化进行了仿真研究,研究结果表明氢气入口速度矢量的轴向夹角与切向夹角的变化会主要会引起顶部流通通道、第一、第二层对流板处氢气流量的变化,第三、第四层对流板处氢气流量随着氢气入口速度矢量变化范围不大,且存在"均匀轴向夹角"和"均匀切向夹角",当氢气入口速度矢量的轴向夹角和切向夹角分布在此范围时,顶部流通通道和第一、第二层对流板处氢气流通通道的氢气流量较为均匀,此时有助于内罩内各个钢卷与四周环境的换热。     

锅炉尾部烟气对流冷凝换热器结构优选分析

在分析比较了气体纯对流换热强化方式、纯净蒸汽凝结换热强化方式基础上,结合含不凝性气体蒸汽冷凝换热机理及纯净蒸汽凝结换热机理与气体纯对流换热机理的差异,对已有各类换热器结构自身在强化含不凝性气体蒸汽凝结换热程度进行了分析,得出了既能强化锅炉尾部烟气对流冷凝换热又能高效回收凝结水分的错列布置垂直光管管外凝结换热器与带有波纹槽道的板式换热器2种优选结构,进一步给出了根据烟气灰尘浓度高低选取2种冷凝换热器的原则。     

贯流锅炉表面燃烧改造后水管产生裂纹的原因分析

随着国家对工业锅炉NOx排放限制的进一步收紧,在用贯流锅炉由于其炉膛尺寸较小,较多的采用表面燃烧进行低氮改造.但贯流锅炉采用表面燃烧改造后,其水管普遍产生密集性裂纹,严重影响锅炉安全运行.认为水管产生裂纹的主要原因是贯流锅炉原有的热力平衡系统遭到严重破坏,从传热学的角度对产生裂纹的原因进行具体分析,并通过材料失效分析进...     

几何参数变化对气封密封性能的影响

气流在轴封内流动时,气流加速、降压发生在轴封齿与轴之间的间隙内,由于轴封间隙较小,气流速度高,附面层的作用强烈.气封齿的形状、气封齿与轴封台阶的组合关系、气封间隙的大小、轴封静止部分与转动部分之间由于热膨胀不均匀而引起的轴向相对串动等都会影响到气封的封严效果.针对较为典型的轴封结构,经过数值模拟,讨论了上述因素对气封密封效果的影响.     

锅炉自动控制系统节能改造的实现

我国工业锅炉控制自动化程度不高,其操作基本上停留在手工和简单模拟仪表操作的水平,操作人员不仅劳动强度大,还容易造成运行事故。文中介绍了一种工业锅炉自动控制系统,并讨论了系统的整体构成方案。将可编程序控制器与工业控制计算机相结合,制定出先进的计算机控制系统替代了传统的控制方法。根据这种控制方法控制系统,很容易被实现,并且将达到很好的控制效果。     

T型叶根制造中定位误差的分析

根据机械制造过程中夹具设计与工件装夹的原理,分析了汽轮机动叶T型叶根制造过程中定位误差的成因和遵循的规律,在此基础上给出了分析实例,所获得的结论对于汽轮机动叶叶根制造有一定指导意义.     

烟气加热器转子制造工艺介绍

介绍了目前烟气脱硫装置中2种烟气加热器(GGH)转子的结构型式及特点,在制造过程中的一些制造要求及相应的工艺措施,如焊接材料的成分及选用、焊接方法的比较和选择、零件加工的要求、转子组装的要求、工艺程序和多次制造积累的相关经验介绍。制造工艺的日趋成熟,为今后开拓广阔的烟气加热器市场打下了扎实的基础。     

汽轮机通流部分改造后机组的回热系统优化

在火电厂中应用先进的气动技术对汽轮机的通流部分进行改造后，汽轮机的膨胀效率会得到提高，而回热系统则偏离了最佳的设计工况。为了解决这个问题，采用非线性优化方法通过变动汽轮机的抽气参数得到回热系统的给水焓升最佳分配方案，从而进一步提高了机组的热力性能。研究方法和结果对火电厂机组的改造具有参考价值。图2表3参8     

浅论电能质量的问题与改善措施

现代电网与负荷构成出现新的变化趋势,由此带来的电能质量问题一直是电力用户的生产需求驱动的,提出了电能质量的问题,阐明了电能质量的内涵和指标,分析了电能质量的检测内容与方法,提出了改善电能质量的方法和措施。     

美国清洁能源产业发展战略及对我国的政策启示

美国奥巴马政府把发展清洁能源产业作为战胜危机、占领经济制高点的法宝。本文介绍了美国清洁能源产业发展的重点领域,政府为支持清洁能源产业发展采取的战略举措,并针对我国的现状提出了政策建议。     

抽水蓄能机组推力轴承静力学特性分析

本文针对抽水蓄能电站在调相启动过程中出现的高压注油泵出口压力降低情况,研究油膜对推力轴承的作用机理.分别建立1/12推力瓦和推力头模型,基于流固耦合理论,对推力轴承进行静力学分析.结果表明:推力轴承润滑油进口压力和油膜表面最大压力呈线性增长趋势;随着进口压力的减小,推力瓦表面应力和应变随之减小,推力瓦表面产生的最大形变不足推力瓦外径尺寸的0.1％,对机组运行造成的影响较小;进口压力为4MPa和11MPa对应推力头的最大应力相差近60％,考虑对推力头应力集中处进行表面强化或改善其结构,同时进口压力应控制在一定范围,降低推力头形变对油膜均匀分布的影响.研究结论对抽水蓄能机组安全可靠运行提供了理论参考.     

燃油注汽锅炉烟气余热回收技术

本文对稠油油田注汽锅炉余热利用潜能进行了分析,探讨了回收烟气余热的必要性。对注汽锅炉烟气余热回收方式进行了研究,提出了注汽锅炉烟气余热回收的方案。经现场实施和测试,分析证实了注汽锅炉烟气余热回收的效果。     

工业锅炉燃烧室出口折烟墙形状对炉内空气动力场影响的试验研究

采用一台1.4MW的热水锅炉为主要试验设备,利用七孔探针测试并计算出燃烧室和燃烬室在三种不同的折烟墙形状下的空气动力场,得出当折烟墙的底边角为28°~30°时的炉膛扰动最大,更有利于延长烟气在炉膛内的行程,降低锅炉的初始排尘浓度,达到节能与环保的目的。     

雷诺数对压气机性能影响的数值模拟

采用加入AGS转捩模型的Spalart—Allmaras湍流模型对低雷诺数条件下NASA37跨音速压气机转子内部流场进行数值模拟。分析了雷诺数对NASA37压气机转子内部流场特性和性能的影响,探讨了雷诺数对压气机气动性能的影响机理和影响规律。结果表明,随着雷诺数的降低,叶片表面吸力面附面层分离增大,压气机的效率和增压比都逐渐下降,稳定工作范围减小,特别是当雷诺数低于临界雷诺数时,压气机的工作性能和稳定性都发生明显下降。     

基于用电客户群体细分的差异化用电行为特征分析

随着电网优化升级,电力客户用电行为差异化变得更为显著。通过对用电客户群体差异化用电行为进行细分管理、建立细分结构模型来提升供电企业服务质量成为发展方向。以电力大数据为依托,通过数据挖掘技术,建立满足用电客户群体细分的模型结构。首先根据用电客户群体实际运营情况,建立基于客户供电可靠性要求、客户行为、客户价值的模型评价指标,然后针对庞大的数据群体,采用K-eans聚类算法进行数据清洗预处理,获得精细化的细分数据,最后实现对用电客户的差异化评价和管理,满足“智慧能源”发展模式的需求。     

Evidence of the illegitimacy of the additive approach to the determination of the thermophysical properties of coal-water fuel with glycerol

For the fuel ignition, the thermal conductivity and heat capacity are the key properties that determine the pre-ignition behavior of the drop of the fuel. The classic monophase fuels, such as natural gas, liquid propellants, or solid one-component fuels, have been investigated for a long time; and their thermophysical properties are well known in most of the cases. Composite fuels, which have recently attracted the attention of the researchers, have complex contents. In many cases, composite fuel is a mixture of solid and liquid components in the form of a slurry. Coal-water fuel and its derivatives with different additives are examples of such type fuels. For those fuels, the thermophysical properties are usually unknown. Nowadays, researchers use simple additivity theory for the calculation of the thermophysical properties of complex fuels for the first approach. Authors of this research believe that the simple additivity approach is not correct and can lead to the wrong results in the case of the numerical research of the ignition and burning processes of such a fuel. In the present research, the thermophysical properties of coal-water fuel with glycerol additives were experimentally obtained. It was found that the coefficient of thermal conductivity increases with temperature and varies in the range of 0.45 to 0.53 W/(m·K). The heat capacity of the fuel also increases with the temperature and varies from 4.7 to 5.5 kJ/kg·K. The higher the glycerol content, the lower the thermal conductivity and heat capacity of the composite fuel in the investigated temperature range. The results confirm the failure of the approach of the additivity law usage. Neither, thermal conductivity coefficient or heat capacity of the coal-water fuel with the addition of up to 20% glycerol complies with the additivity law. Differences between real values of the thermophysical properties and calculated ones are more than 30% to 50%. Empirical expressions for calculation of the thermophysical properties of coal-water fuel with the addition of up to 20% glycerol are presented.     

Analysis of the influence of the current-voltage characteristics of the voltage rectifiers on the static characteristics of hydrogen electrolyzer load

Traditionally, the determination of static load characteristics is one of the main stages in the preparation of a design model of an electric power system. It is especially important to correctly take into account energy-intensive industries, which make a huge contribution to the formation of these characteristics. In particular, the increased interest in hydrogen technologies observed in the world as one of the most promising high-tech areas of energy development, and an increase in the share of the installed capacity of generation units based on renewable energy sources determine the prospects for the development of hydrogen production by water electrolysis. Accordingly, a significant increase in the scale of application of hydrogen technologies, in particular, in accordance with the “Hydrogen Strategy for Climatically Neutral Europe”, the European Commission for the production of “green” hydrogen, determines the task of forming correct mathematical models of these devices in terms planning of modes, analyzing their impact on the parameters of electric power systems. Determination of static load characteristics on the basis of a physical experiment will not allow obtaining a characteristic with a significant increase or decrease in voltage in the node of the electric power system, which occur only in emergency modes of operation of the power system. Therefore, it seems relevant to analyze and determine the electrical characteristics of consumers by mathematical modeling of the power circuit. This article presents the results of correcting the static load characteristic of a high-power electrolyzer used in the production of hydrogen. The analysis of these results obtained with the MATLAB software is carried out using least squares regression to procure polynomial functions of the static load characteristics. According to this analysis, the static characteristics of the considered electrolyzer, being close to linear within the control range, outside the control range acquire parabolic dependences of active and reactive power on voltage. The static load characteristics of the installation are determined by the parameters of the power circuit and the current-voltage characteristic of the rectifiers displacing the vertices of the parabolas from the origin, which should be taken into account to increase the reliability of the design scheme.     

桨叶翼型弯度对摆线桨前飞状态气动性能的影响

以前飞状态下的摆线桨为研究对象,使用CFD软件进行数值模拟,非定常时间推进采用双时间法,计算模型的刚体运动采用滑移网格技术处理,分别研究了桨叶相对弯度X和最大弯度位置Y对摆线桨气动性能的影响。研究表明:与桨叶为对称翼型的摆线桨相比,当桨叶具有一定的弯度且最大弯度位置适中时,推力和推进效率都有显著提高;随着相对弯度的增加,推进效率先增大后减小,存在一个最佳的相对弯度X使得推进效率最高;随着最大弯度位置向尾缘移动,相对弯度X=2%C时,推进效率缓慢上升,相对弯度X2%C时,推进效率先增大后减小,存在一个最佳的最大弯度位置Y使得推进效率最高,但升力和载重系数都有所下降。实际应用时,需综合考虑飞行器实际载重确定合适的桨叶弯度。