Supercritical water gasification of glucose in fluidized bed reactor: A numerical study

Supercritical water fluidized bed (SCWFB) is a new reactor concept for gasification of biomass and coal in supercritical water. In this paper, physical fields, residence time and gas yield in a SCWFB reactor were investigated numerically based on the Eulerian two-fluid method with the kinetic theory of granular flow. A three-step reaction model including steam reforming, water-gas shift and methanation was used to describe the supercritical water gasification of glucose. Distributions of velocity and temperature were obtained, and the results show that the mixing of preheated water and cold glucose solution at the bottom in the bed leads to a region with low solid volume fraction and local swirl flow. In the freeboard, most of reactants flow near the wall and with a velocity much higher than the superficial velocity. The reaction rates and conversion ratio of glucose at different regions in the reactor were also obtained. Distribution of residence time was found to be non-uniform, and its effect on glucose gasification was analyzed. In addition, the effects of operation condition and reactor structure on gas yield and residence time were studied to explore best operation rules for increasing gas yield. The results from this work may be of interest to operators attempting to obtain more information in the reactor and provide instruction for the design of SCWFB reactor.     

应用Fluent软件研究流化床中布风板结构

利用Fluent数值模拟软件对流化床冷模入口段进行流场模拟，重点讨论布风板二种布孔排列型式（正方形和正三角形）和三种开孔直径（d=0．5mm，d=1mm和d=2mm）下对流态的影响。经过合理简化和缩小模型，认真细化网格，Fluent数值模拟和实验数据分析，最终结果表明：在本实验模型和操作工况下，开孔形式成正三角形排列，开孔直径d=2mm布风板，是本实验所选的流化床冷模中直孔式均匀多孔布风板的最优结构。     

Hydrogen production by coal gasification in supercritical water with a fluidized bed reactor

The technology of supercritical water gasification of coal can converse coal to hydrogen-rich gaseous products effectively and cleanly. However, the slugging problem in the tubular reactor is the bottleneck of the development of continuous large-scale hydrogen production from coal. The reaction of coal gasification in supercritical water was analyzed from the point of view of thermodynamics. A chemical equilibrium model based on Gibbs free energy minimization was adopted to predict the yield of gaseous products and their fractions. The gasification reaction was calculated to be complete. A supercritical water gasification system with a fluidized bed reactor was applied to investigate the gasification of coal in supercritical water. 24 wt% coal-water-slurry was continuously transported and stably gasified without plugging problems; a hydrogen yield of 32.26  mol/kg was obtained and the hydrogen fraction was 69.78%. The effects of operational parameters upon the gasification characteristics were investigated. The recycle of the liquid residual from the gasification system was also studied.     

Combustion of single coal particles in a jet

Fluidized bed combustion has attracted much interest in recent years, but there is very little data on the behavior of coal particles at these new conditions. Coal of much larger diameter (1–10 mm), much lower furnace temperatures (~850 °C), and different fluid mechanical conditions exist compared to pulverized coal furnaces. This paper presents experimental data on the behavior and combustion rates of individual coal particles aerodynamically suspended in a heated jet, to stimulate flow conditions in a fluidized bed.Tests of bituminous, sub-bituminous and lignite coals from 2 to 12 mm at jet temperatures of 705 and 816 °C in air and air diluted with equal parts of nitrogen were conducted. The ignition delay time varied from 2 to 44 sec. The devolatilization time extended up to 80 sec and was dependent mainly on particle size. The total burn time was independent of coal type and temperature, and varied as the square of the size and inversally with the oxygen concentration. The total turn time varied from 25 to 740 sec independently of coal type. The square law for the char burning rate was investigated.     

循环流化床锅炉燃煤着火特性

在电加热的小型流化床燃烧系统上,采用热烟气炉下点火方式研究了7个煤种的着火点,并分析了粒径、床温、挥发分、水分等因素对着火特性的影响．提出了煤颗粒在流化床内着火点测定的实验规范,并在TGA上测量着火点,与实际电厂锅炉投煤温度进行了比较．结果表明,在流化床实验台上测得的着火温度可以通过修正来表示实际锅炉上的投煤温度．     

FAC型流化床式冷渣器热态试验研究

介绍了FAC型流化床式冷渣器的特点及其在燃用劣质煤300MW CFB锅炉的应用情况,实炉进行了布风板阻力特性及流化风量、床压等参数对其运行影响的试验研究,并对该冷渣器的出力进行了热态测定。     

中心提升管内循环流化床颗粒循环流率预测研究

中心提升管内循环流化床生物质气化装置的关键是合理控制物料循环量.自行设计并搭建了中心提升管内循环流化床冷态试验台,在小型试验台上就运行参数对颗粒循环流率的影响进行了试验.试验结果表明:颗粒循环流率随着提升管风速或鼓泡床风速的增加而增加,并且当提升管风速或鼓泡床风速分别增加到一定程度时,颗粒循环流率增加趋于缓慢.在试验基...     

600MW超临界循环流化床锅炉技术特点

超临界循环流化床（CFB）锅炉兼备了CFB燃烧技术和超临界压力蒸汽循环技术的优点,是一种具有广阔发展前景的洁净煤发电技术,讨论了超临界CFB锅炉设计中的关键问题,诸如水冷壁的选型以及锅炉结构的实现等,在此基础上给出了600MWCFB锅炉的方案,并通过热力计算对运行结果进行预测。     

发展超临界循环流化床的讨论

综述了设计超临界循环流化床时工质侧若干需要注意的问题。介绍了超临界压力下的汽水循性、超临界流化床的特点、工质在水冷壁内的流动特性和水冷壁的选型。     

考虑热解热的大颗粒煤热解过程计算模拟

流化床中大颗粒煤的热解与粉煤炉中偻煤的热解有很大差别，其过程由煤粒内部的传热和化学动力学联合控制，除必须考虑热解热效应对热解过程的影响外，还应考虑温度对热解动力学的影响。本文应用双方程化学动力学模型，考虑了热解热效应，对经床大颗粒煤的热解规律进行计算模拟，并与实验结果比较，取得较好结果。     

倾斜布风板对流化床内颗粒流化特性影响的研究

应用FLUENT商业软件,采用Euler双流体模型对二维非稳态倾斜布风板流化床内颗粒流动进行模拟计算,得到不同时刻流化床内流化特性。对不同倾斜度的布风板床内气泡及颗粒的运动特性研究结果表明倾斜布风板可有效加强颗粒横向混合。倾斜角的大小对混合的强烈程度有影响。     

CO2 gasification of coal cokes using internally circulating fluidized bed reactor by concentrated Xe-light irradiation for solar gasification

For the solar thermochemical gasification of coal coke to produce CO + H₂ synthetic gas using concentrated solar radiation, a windowed reactor prototype is tested and demonstrated at laboratory scale for CO₂ gasification of coal coke using concentrated Xe light from a 3-kW_th sun simulator. The reactor was designed to be combined with a solar reflective tower or beam-down optics. The results for gasification performance (CO production rate, carbon conversion, and light-to-chemical efficiency) are shown for various CO₂ flow rates and ratios. A kinetics analysis based on homogeneous and shrinking core models and the temperature distributions of the prototype particle bed are compared with those for a conventional fluidized bed reactor tested under the same Xe light irradiation and CO₂ flow-rate conditions. The effectiveness and potential impacts of internally circulating fluidized bed reactors for enhancing gasification performance levels and inducing consistently higher bed temperatures are discussed in this paper.     

Effect of swirling flow on fluidized bed drying of wheat grains

In this paper, batch drying of wheat grains in a fluidized bed dryer, which had a swirling flow field in its drying medium, was experimentally investigated. In the experiments, a laboratory scaled fluidized bed type dryer was used. The effects of the swirling flow field on the drying performance were investigated by using an axial guide vane type swirl generator. The effects of the mass flow rate and temperature of the air on the drying performance were also investigated. The goal of this work is to present the experimental results on the drying process of wheat and the effects of the swirling flow field on the drying performance.     

Numerical and experimental study on granular flow and heat transfer characteristics of directly-irradiated fluidized bed reactor for solar gasification

Solar gasification is one of the promising techniques to convert the carbonaceous materials to clean chemical fuels, which offers the advantages of being transportable as well as storable for extended period of time. In this study, thermal performance of a recently developed 5 kW_th fluidized bed reactor for solar gasification has been investigated and reported. Discrete element method (DEM) has been used for modeling the granular flow, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method has been used for modeling the multiphase flow. To validate the developed model, experiments were preformed and compared with modeling results. Discrete ordinate radiation model has been used to solve the radiative transfer equation. The thermal performance of the reactor and particulate flow behavior have been predicted and the effect of particle size, particle size distribution and gas flow rate are analyzed. The results indicate that the performance of the bed increases when fluidizing the annulus region particles as the high porosity increases the diffusion rate of radiation throughout the bed.     

Fundamental design of a continuous biomass gasification process using a supercritical water fluidized bed

A novel biomass gasification (first stage of hydrogen production from biomass) process using a supercritical water fluidized bed was proposed and the fundamental design of the process was conducted. The flow rate was determined by evaluating the minimum fluidization velocity and terminal velocity of alumina particles enabling fluidization with the thermodynamic properties of supercritical water. Three cases were examined: a bubbling fluidized bed in which water was used mainly as the fluidized medium and biomass were added for gasification, a bubbling fluidized bed fluidized by biomass slurry feed alone, and a fast fluidized bed fluidized by biomass slurry feed alone. According to calculations of the residence time and thermal efficiency assuming heat recovery with a heat exchanger efficiency of 0.75, the bubbling fluidized bed fluidized by biomass slurry alone was appropriate for continuous biomass gasification using a fluidized bed.     

喷动流化床煤气化试验研究

以空气和水蒸汽为气化剂，在一内径为60mm的V型布风板喷动流化床工业煤气炉内对动力烟煤的气化进行了系统的试验研究，考察了V型布风板床料的流化特性，研究了操作参数对气化过程的影响，测量了煤气成分沿床高和径向的变化，分析了影响煤气成分和热值的有关因素，提出了合理的运行条件和参数，研究结果对工业装置的放大设计，改造现有燃烧设备并降低对环境的污污具有指导意义。     

流化床中单颗粒纤维素热解模型研究

为了研究生物质热解过程，该文对纤维素这种生物质中主要组份的流化床热解过程进行了数值模拟。模型在合理选取动力学模型的基础上考虑了单颗粒纤维素在流化床热解过程中由扩散和对流所引起的热量传递，包括了各种重要的气、液相热解产物的质量传递以及颗粒内部压力对过程的影响。计算结果显示，即使是对非常小的颗粒，热解反应热对热解过程的影响也至关重要；而无论是在大颗粒还是小颗粒中，热解液相中间产物流动对能量、质量传递的影响以及挥发份参加颗粒内二次反应的份额则可以忽略。计算还得到不同粒径颗粒热解的产物分布。总体来说，该模型为我们提供了一个探究纤维素热解细节的机会。计算结果可以为实际热解反应器的设计和运行提供依据。     

生物质超临界水气化制氢反应建模及数值模拟

建立了管式反应器中生物质超临界水气化制氢反应的数学模型,同时提出了以葡萄糖做为生物质模型化合物的全局气化反应动力学模型。模型计算结果与实验值的比较表明该模型能较好的预测反应器出口温度与气体产物组份分布。利用该模型数值模拟计算得到了反应器中温度场、速度场基本情况以及化学反应速率分布的基本规律。该文通过计算还讨论了反应器入口水温、反应器壁温以及物料和预热水之比对反应器内气化反应的影响,得出一系列重要结论。该模型对生物质超临界水反应器系统的优化设计与化学反应最佳工况的选择有一定的实用价值。     

旋流片开槽深度对低热值煤层气燃烧特性的影响

为提高低热值煤层气的燃烧效率,设计了3种由不同开槽深度的旋流片组合成的低热值煤层气燃烧器,并进行燃烧特性实验研究,分析了不同流量下,开槽深度对燃烧室内速度、温度及火焰结构特性的影响。研究表明,火焰温度在燃烧器轴线方向分布与流速分布相似,均存在一个温度和速度峰值。相同轴向距离处,甲烷流量减小,3种旋流片的火焰中心流速和温度峰值逐渐下降,且中心流速峰值、温度峰值位置逐渐前移,但温度峰值位置始终是大于速度峰值位置。开槽深度对燃烧特性的影响主要是由于燃气通流截面改变引起的入口流速和射流直径变化导致的。采用3 mm开槽深度的旋流片时,火焰长度和直径增加最快,燃烧室内轴向速度分布和温度场最为理想,射流刚性和火焰充满度最好。     

Experiments on chemical looping combustion of coal with a NiO based oxygen carrier

A chemical looping combustion process for coal using interconnected fluidized beds with inherent separation of CO₂ is proposed in this paper. The configuration comprises a high velocity fluidized bed as an air reactor, a cyclone, and a spout-fluid bed as a fuel reactor. The high velocity fluidized bed is directly connected to the spout-fluid bed through the cyclone. Gas composition of both fuel reactor and air reactor, carbon content of fly ash in the fuel reactor, carbon conversion efficiency and CO₂ capture efficiency were investigated experimentally. The results showed that coal gasification was the main factor which controlled the contents of CO and CH₄ concentrations in the flue gas of the fuel reactor, carbon conversion efficiency in the process of chemical looping combustion of coal with NiO-based oxygen carrier in the interconnected fluidized beds. Carbon conversion efficiency reached only 92.8% even when the fuel reactor temperature was high up to 970 °C. There was an inherent carbon loss in the process of chemical looping combustion of coal in the interconnected fluidized beds. The inherent carbon loss was due to an easy elutriation of fine char particles from the freeboard of the spout-fluid bed, which was inevitable in this kind of fluidized bed reactor. Further improvement of carbon conversion efficiency could be achieved by means of a circulation of fine particles elutriation into the spout-fluid bed or the high velocity fluidized bed. CO₂ capture efficiency reached to its equilibrium of 80% at the fuel reactor temperature of 960 °C. The inherent loss of CO₂ capture efficiency was due to bypassing of gases from the fuel reactor to the air reactor, and the product of residual char burnt with air in the air reactor. Further experiments should be performed for a relatively long-time period to investigate the effects of ash and sulfur in coal on the reactivity of nickel-based oxygen carrier in the continuous CLC reactor.