近壁面液膜层中微孔注气气泡动力学研究

为了降低近壁面沸腾过程中气泡动力学分析的不确定性,利用光谱共焦传感器构建了7 mm的液膜层,对近壁面液膜层中单孔注气气泡动力学进行了系统研究.实验测试段为270 mmx6 mm × 12 mm(长×宽×高)的矩形通道,注气小孔的直径为0.49 mm,气体流量为0.30～27.00 mL/min,液体流量为72.00～3...     

Numerical study of single bubbles with dynamic contact angle during nucleate pool boiling

Nucleate pool boiling is typically characterized by cyclic growth and departure of vapor bubbles from a heated wall. It has been experimentally observed that the contact angle at the bubble base varies during the ebullition cycle. In the present numerical study, a static contact angle model and dynamic contact angle models based on the contact line velocity and the sign of the contact line velocity have been used at the base of a vapor bubble growing on a heated wall. The complete Navier–Stokes equations are solved and the liquid–vapor interface is captured using the level-set technique. The effect of dynamic contact angle on bubble dynamics and vapor volume growth rate is compared with results obtained with the static contact angle model.     

质子交换膜水电解中气-液两相传输的模拟研究

两相传输是影响质子交换膜水电解系统性能的关键因素。为掌握质子交换膜水电解单元中多孔扩散层内气液两相传输规律,基于数值重构的三维多孔扩散层结构,采用格子Boltzmann两相流动模型模拟研究了扩散层内两相传输过程,详细分析了扩散层孔隙率和表面接触角对气泡传输与分布的影响。数值模拟结果表明：孔隙率减小会明显降低气体渗透率,从而导致气泡难以在扩散层内找到有效传输通道。接触角的增大不仅增加了气泡在界面堆积的风险,也减缓了气泡在孔隙内的传输速度。从孔隙尺度水平初步掌握了质子交换膜水电解单元多孔扩散层内两相传输规律,可为高性能水电解系统设计和优化提供理论支撑。     

Contact line behavior for a highly wetting fluid under superheated conditions

The contact line behavior of a highly wetting, dielectric liquid (FC-72) droplet under superheated conditions is investigated. Relatively large macroscopic contact angles atypical of FC-72 droplets were observed under superheated conditions. The addition of a non-condensable dissolved gases in the system increased the contact angle at a given superheat. Numerical simulations of the transport phenomena near the microscopic three phase contact line were performed that show how the macroscopic contact angle is related to the superheat and thickness of the adsorbed film ahead of the contact line. The use of a macroscopic contact angle that is a function of superheat in established models for bubble departure diameter and the onset of nucleate boiling enhanced the ability of those models to describe the behavior of highly wetting fluids.     

Confined growth of a vapour bubble in a capillary tube at initially uniform superheat: Experiments and modelling

Bubble growth was triggered in a capillary tube closed at one end and vented to the atmosphere at the other and initially filled with uniformly superheated water. Measurements of the rate of axial growth and the varying pressure at the closed end were used to test under these simplified conditions assumptions employed in one-dimensional models for bubble growth applicable to the more complex conditions of confined-bubble flow boiling in micro-channels. Issues included the thickness of the liquid films round confined bubbles and changes in saturation temperature due to the changes in pressure generated by bubble motion. Modelling features requiring further attention were identified, such as the possibility of “roll-up” of the liquid film due to a large dynamic contact angle.     

Pore shape development from a bubble captured by a solidification front

Development of the pore shape from a tiny bubble captured by a solidification front is fundamentally and systematically investigated in this study. Pore formation and its shape in solid influence not only microstructure of materials, but also contemporary issues of various sciences of biology, engineering, foods, geophysics and climate change, etc. In this work, the tiny bubble cap beyond the solidification front is considered to be spherical. As the dominant parameter, the bubble growth rate-solidification rate ratio, decreases, contact angle is found to approach 90°. An accepted criterion, stating that a pore becomes closed as long as the solidification rate is greater than bubble growth rate, is incorrect. This study also finds that the pore can be closed if the bubble radius at contact angle of 90° exhibits a local minimum. Since contact angle of 90° can maintain for a period of time, a subsequent positive bubble growth rate-to-solidification rate ratio readily gives rise to an isolated pore. The pore can be elongated, expanded, shrunk, rippled or closed, depending on the bubble growth rate-to-solidification rate ratio. Manipulating the bubble growth rate or solidification rate to control the pore shape in solid is therefore provided.     

On the influence of pore shape,contact angle and film flows on drying of capillary porous media

As pointed out in several previous works, thick liquid film flow can represent a major transport mechanism in drying. The effect of films is to greatly reduce the drying time compared to situations where they cannot develop. Using pore network simulations, we explore the influence of pore shape and contact angle on drying rates during the isothermal drying of porous materials in relation with the effect of liquid films when viscous effects are important in the films but not in the liquid saturated pores. It is shown that the overall drying time is greatly affected by the pore shape and contact angle when film flows are important and that incorporating the film effect in the pore network model leads to a much better agreement with experimental results. Film flows can significantly contribute to the occurrence and/or the duration of the constant rate period (CRP), which is a classical feature of convective drying. When film flows are important, the quantitative prediction of drying rate becomes very difficult for it depends on tiny details of the pore space geometry and is affected by possible changes in the local wettability conditions. This contributes to explain why the accurate prediction of drying rate still remains essentially an open question, at least when the effect of films cannot be neglected.     

Visualization of film wavelike characteristics and measurement of film thickness in spray cooling

An experimental investigation was performed to study the heat transfer in an eight-nozzle spray cooling system with de-ionized water as the working fluid. Visualization of the liquid-solid contact area and the flow near the heated surface was made using a microscopic lens system in conjunction with an advanced high-speed camera. The film thickness and film wavelike characteristics under liquid volume flow rates ranged from 2.78×10 -6 m 3 /s to 1.39×10 -5 m 3 /s and surface temperatures between 22℃ and 78.2℃ were examined respectively. The development process of the liquid film on the heated surface was observed. The local mean film thickness, the film wavelike characteristics and the behavior of the bubbles appeared in the liquid film were captured using an image processing technique. It is discovered that there exists a climax of local mean film thickness during the starting process of spray cooling. When the liquid film reaches the dynamic stable state, the dimensionless mean film thickness decreases with the increase of the liquid volume flow rate, and increases with the increase of surface temperature generally. Besides, the volume flow rate has a more significant impact on the wavelength and amplitude of the liquid film compared to the surface temperature.     

Numerical investigation of the bubble growth in horizontal rectangular microchannels

To explore the mechanism of flow boiling in microchannels, the processes of a single-vapor bubble evaporating and two lateral bubbles merging in a 2D microchannel are investigated. The temperature recovery model based on volume of fluid method is adopted to perform the flow boiling phenomena. The effects of wall superheat, Reynolds number, contact angle, surface tension, and two-bubble merger on heat transfer are discussed. Wall superheat dominates the bubble growth and is roughly proportional to wall heat flux. The update of velocity and temperature fields’ distribution in the channel increases with increasing inflow Reynolds number, which improves the wall heat flux markedly. Besides, the area of thin liquid film between the wall and the bubble is enlarged by reducing the contact angle, thus, expanding the wall heat flux several times compared with the single-phase cross section. However, variation of surface tension (0.0589, 0.1?N/m) is found to be insignificant.     

Bubble dynamics at boiling incipience in subcooled upward flow boiling

Bubble dynamics in water subcooled flow boiling was investigated through visualization using a high-speed camera. The test section was a vertical rectangular channel, and a copper surface of low contact angle was used as a heated surface. Main experimental parameters were the pressure, mass flux and liquid subcooling. Although all the experiments were conducted under low void fraction conditions close to the onset of nucleate boiling, no bubbles stayed at the nucleation sites at which they were formed. Depending on the experimental conditions, the following two types of bubble behavior were observed after nucleation: (1) lift-off from the heated surface followed by collapsing rapidly in subcooled bulk liquid due to condensation, and (2) sliding along the vertical heated surface for a long distance. Since the bubble lift-off was observed only when the wall superheat was high, the boundary between the lift-off and the sliding could be determined in terms of the Jakob number. Based on the present experimental results, discussion was made for the possible mechanisms governing the bubble dynamics.     

Numerical study of bubble growth and wall heat transfer during flow boiling in a microchannel

A numerical study has been performed to analyze the wall heat transfer mechanisms during growth of a vapor bubble inside a microchannel. The microchannel is of 200 μm square cross section and a vapor bubble begins to grow at one of the walls, with liquid coming in through the channel inlet. The complete Navier–Stokes equations along with continuity and energy equations are solved using the SIMPLER method. The liquid vapor interface is captured using the level set technique. Experiments have been conducted to validate the numerical model. The bubble growth rate and shapes show good agreement between numerical and experimental results. The numerical results show that the wall heat transfer increases with wall superheat but stays almost unaffected by the liquid flow rate. The liquid vapor surface tension value has little influence on bubble growth and wall heat transfer. However, the bubble with the lowest contact angle resulted in the highest wall heat transfer.     

Molecular dynamics study of wettability and pitch effects on maximum critical heat flux in evaporation and pool boiling heat transfer

Molecular dynamics simulations were employed to investigate the effects of wettability (contact angle) and pitch on nanoscale evaporation and pool boiling heat transfer of a liquid argon thin film on a horizontal copper substrate topped with cubic nano-pillars. The liquid–solid potential was incrementally altered to vary the contact angle between hydrophilic (～0°) and hydrophobic (～127°), and the pitch (distance between nano-pillars) was varied between 21.7 and 106.6?Å to observe the resultant effect on boiling heat transfer enhancement. For each contact angle, the superheat was gradually increased to initiate nucleate boiling and eventually pass the critical heat flux (CHF) into the film boiling regime. The CHF increases with pitch, and tends to decrease substantially with increasing contact angle. A maximum overall heat flux of 1.59?×?10⁸?W/m² occurs at the largest pitch investigated (106.6?Å), and as the contact angle increases the superheat required to reach the CHF condition also increases. Finally, in certain cases of small pitch and large contact angle, the liquid film was seen to transition to a Cassie–Baxter state, which greatly hindered heat transfer.     

A BUBBLE MECHANISTIC MODEL FOR SUBCOOLED BOILING FLOW PREDICTIONS

Population balance equations combined with a three-dimensional two-fluid model are employed to predict subcooled boiling flow at low pressure in a vertical annular channel. The MUSIG (Multiple-Size-Group) model implemented in CFX4.4 is extended to account for the wall nucleation and condensation in the subcooled boiling regime. Comparison of model predictions against local measurements is made for the void fraction, bubble Sauter diameter, interfacial area concentration, bubble population density, and gas and liquid velocities covering a range of different mass and heat fluxes and inlet subcooling temperatures. Good agreement is achieved with the local radial void fraction, bubble Sauter diameter, interfacial area concentration, bubble population density, and liquid velocity profiles against measurements. However, further improvement is needed for the accurate prediction of the vapor velocity using the present bubble mechanistic model. A proposal to include an algebraic slip model to account for bubble separation in the MUSIG boiling model is presented.     

Film cooling performance of a row of dual-fanned holes at various injection angles

Film cooling performance about a row of dual-fanned holes with injection angles of 30°, 60 ° and 90° were experimentally investigated at blowing ratios of 1.0 and 2.0. Dual-fanned hole is a novel shaped hole which has both inlet expansion and outlet expansion. A transient thermochromic liquid crystal technique was used to reveal the local values of film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient. The results show that injection angles have strong influence on the two dimensional distributions of film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient. For the small injection angle of 30 degree and small blowing ratio of 1.0, there is only a narrow spanwise region covered with film. The increase of injection angle and blowing ratio both leads to the enhanced spanwise film diffusion, but reduced local cooling ability far away from the hole. Injection angles have comprehensive influence on the averaged film cooling effectiveness for various x/d locations. As injection angles are 30 and 60 degree, two bands of high heat transfer coefficients are found in mixing region of the gas and coolant. As injection angle increases to 90 degree, the mixing leads to the enhanced heat transfer region near the film hole. The averaged heat transfer coefficient increases with the increase of injection angle.     

Non-simultaneous impact of multiple droplets on liquid film

Multi-droplet impinging on a thin liquid film non-simultaneously is studied using a three-dimensional numerical model incorporating a random disturbance subjected to Gaussian distribution. Subsequent droplet encountering upward-rising liquid sheets induced by leading droplets results in bubble entrainment with great bubble size. A liquid vortex in the vicinity of entrained bubble is observed. Many capillary waves are produced on the liquid sheet enclosing entrained bubble prior to its breakup, with high pressure beneath crests but low pressure beneath troughs. The criterion devised purposely for a liquid jet breakup can be used to estimate the breakup of enclosed liquid sheet.     

VOF modelling of gas–liquid flow in PEM water electrolysis cell micro-channels

In this study, the gas–liquid flow through an interdigitated anode flow field of a PEM water electrolysis cell (PEMEC) is analysed using a three-dimensional, transient, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. To account for two-phase flow, the volume of fluid (VOF) method in ANSYS Fluent 17.2 is used. The modelled geometry consists of the anode channels and the anode transport layer (ATL). To reduce the complexity of the phenomena governing PEMEC operation, the dependence upon electro-chemistry is disregarded. Instead, a fixed source of the gas is applied at the interface between the ATL and the catalyst layer. An important phenomenon that the model is able to capture is the gas–liquid contact angle on both the channel wall and ATL-channel interface. Particularly, the latter interface is crucial in capturing bubble entrainment into the channel. To validate the numerical simulation, photos taken of the gas–liquid flow in a transparent micro-channel, are qualitative compared against the simulation results. The experimental observations confirm the models prediction of long Taylor bubbles with small bubbles in between. From the simulation results, further intriguing details of the flow are revealed. From the bottom to the top of the outgoing channel, the film thickness gradually increases from zero to 200 μm. This increase in the film thickness is due to the particular superficial velocity field that develops in an interdigitated flow. Here both the superficial velocities change along the length of the channel. The model is capable of revealing effect of different bubble shapes/lengths in the outgoing channel. Shape and the sequence of the bubbles affect the water flow distribution in the ATL. The model presented in this work is the first step in the development of a comprehensive CFD model that comprises multiphase flow in porous media and micro-channel, electro-chemistry in catalyst layers, ion transport in membrane, hydrogen evolution, etc. The model can aid in the study of gas–liquid flow and its impact on the performance of a PEMEC.     

Lateral wetting angle of falling film in dense fluid

An investigation of the wetting ability of a liquid-falling film on vertical steel and glass surfaces is performed by measuring the thickness and the width of the water falling film at 313 K up to 27 MPa. An attempt to reconstruct the two-dimensional cross-section of the falling film was made. The cross-section of the falling film is assumed to have the shape of a circular segment.The falling film wetting angle is compared with the sessile drop contact angle. The sessile drop contact angle represents the upper limit of the film wetting angle. A continuous increase in the mass flow at a constant pressure causes the spreading of the film. This happens when the force balance between the interfacial tensions and the dynamic forces, which deform the film geometry, is exceeded. However, if the pressure increases, the wettability goes down. This is partly due to the accumulation of liquid mass, which is caused by a larger buoyancy.The critical mass flow, that is, the minimum mass flow needed to guarantee a wide covering film is reported. The disintegration point of a liquid film is directly affected by its wettability.     

Bubble Dynamics,Flow, and Heat Transfer during Flow Boiling in Parallel Microchannels

Significant efforts have recently been made to investigate flow boiling in microchannels, which is considered an effective cooling method for high-power microelectronic devices. However, a fundamental understanding of the bubble motion and flow reversal observed during flow boiling in parallel microchannels is lacking in the literature. In this study, complete numerical simulations are performed to further clarify the boiling process by using the level-set method for tracking the liquid–vapor interface which is modified to treat an immersed solid surface. The effects of contact angle, wall superheat, and the number of channels on the bubble growth, reverse flow, and heat transfer are analyzed.     

壁面材料对太阳能降膜吸收特性影响的实验研究

为探索壁面特性对降膜吸收及太阳能利用的影响,实验研究了不同竖壁表面（不锈钢、PTFE塑料及这两者的超亲水改性表面）上的氯化锂气液吸收过程。结果表明,更小的表面接触角不仅有利于液膜铺展及膜厚降低,还可增强表面波动频率与振幅,从而促进了传质。不锈钢壁面上的液膜厚度较PTFE壁面上薄20%,传质量提升35%以上。超亲水改性后不锈钢表面上的膜厚进一步降低15%,振幅/膜厚比提高25%,传质量提升了30%以上。与不锈钢表面相比,塑料表面超亲水改性对传质的提升更为明显。基于实验获得了降膜形态随填料表面接触角变化的经验关联式,并预测了对系统能耗及太阳能利用率的影响,为太阳能除湿空调、吸收式制冷、蒸发冷却等相关工程应用提供参考。