Nanotechnology and Heat Transfer

Microscale two-phase flow is at present one of the hottest topics of heat transfer research, both in academia and in the industry. The miniaturization of two-phase flow systems, which has led to numerous experimental and theoretical challenges not yet completely resolved, is primarily related to the dissipation of high heat duties typical of compact systems such as CPU (central processing unit) chips, electronic devices, micro chemical reactors, and micro fuel cell combustors.     

板翅式换热器表面传热与流阻特性数值模拟

本文将计算流体力学应用到换热器领域,对具有相变换热混合工质低温板翅式换热器表面传热与流阻特性进行数值模拟,得到沿长度方向一定温度下传热系数、压力梯度的变化曲线,并将数值模拟结果与目前国际上通用的换热器设计仿真软件MUSE计算结果相比对,证明了本文所用数值模拟方法的正确性,为具有相变换热混合工质的换热器设计和优化提供一定参考。     

Modeling and Coupling Particle Scale Heat Transfer with DEM through Heat Transfer Mechanisms

The detailed heat transfer mechanisms particle interior, gas film around particles, gas gap between contact surfaces, and rough surface are considered to model heat transfer between particles. The validation of the heat transfer model is accomplished and the predicted results show good agreement with other experiments. From the quantitative comparison of four heat transfer paths, it is revealed that the heat transfer through gas gap and rough surface could be neglected for a particle diameter larger than 2 mm. Furthermore, the detailed heat transfer model is coupled with the discrete element method (DEM) to calculate macro effective thermal conductivity (ETC) of fixed beds, and the accuracy and applicability is verified by comparing with other estimated and experimental results. The influence of particle diameter, density, specific thermal capacity, and thermal conductivity on ETC is investigated. Results show that the proposed heat transfer model provides an effective and accurate way to couple with DEM in the particle system.     

太阳能热水器传热传质和强化传热研究

在低温太阳能光热光伏联合应用试验台的基础上,结合GB/T 17049—2005,利用Gambit、Ansys Fluent和Tecplot软件,对全玻璃真空管太阳能热水器进行传热传质和强化传热分析。结果表明:所建立的二维数值计算模型,能准确反映同一条件下,全玻璃真空管太阳能热水器的变化趋势;在数值模拟基础上,确定了单面受热时的最佳安装角度为51°,加装反光板类似双面受热的最佳安装角度为38°;在粗略估算和细化分析的基础上,确定了不同真空管结构的最佳导流板长度及安装位置;通过实验和数值模拟,确定了58mm×1 800mm为优化的全玻璃真空管结构。     

Single-Phase Laminar-Flow Heat Transfer and Two-Phase Oscillating-Flow Heat Transport in Microchannels

This article focuses on the research field of heat transfer of single-phase laminar flow and two-phase self-exciting oscillating flow in microchannels. First, to make prominent the special features of microthermal systems, the definition of the term “nanothermal systems” is discussed from the viewpoint of local equilibrium. Next, to show the special features of flow and heat transfer in microchannels, some thermal functions appearing in microchannels are introduced. Further, focusing on flow and heat transfer characteristics of single-phase laminar liquid-flow in microchannels, research is introduced that shows that the results obtained for tubes larger than 0.1 mm in inner diameter are in good agreement with the conventional analyses. Finally, Japanese research and recent results at IIS on Micro SEMOS heat pipes (M-SEMOSs) are introduced, and it is shown that a M-SEMOS of 0.5 mm in inner diameter can transport a significant amount of heat.     

油气散热器传热特性的分析研究

运用fluent软件对油气散热器管内流动的传热特性和阻力特性进行了数值模拟,得出了管内努赛尔数Nu和阻力与雷诺数Re的关系曲线,然后进一步对管内外的流动与换热进行试验研究,并根据试验数据将管内外的换热系数分离出来,得到了管外换热的关系准则式.将管内的传热和阻力特性的数值模拟和试验研究结果进行对比分析表明,两者具有很好的一致性.     

Heat Transfer Studies of a Heat Pipe

The present investigation reports a theoretical and experimental study of a wire screen heat pipe, the evaporator section of which is subjected to forced convective heating and the condenser section to natural convective cooling in air. The theoretical study deals with the development of an analytical model based on thermal resistance network approach. The model computes thermal resistances at the external surface of the evaporator and condenser as well as inside the heat pipe. A test rig has been developed to evaluate the thermal performance of the heat pipe. The effects of operating parameters (i.e., tilt angle of the heat pipe and heating fluid inlet temperature at the evaporator) have been experimentally studied. Experimental results have been used to compare the analytical model. The heat transfer coefficients predicted by the model at the external surface of the evaporator and condenser are reasonably in agreement with experimental results.     

管壳式换热器的换热管强化传热技术浅述

介绍了管壳式换热器的换热管强化传热技术,分析了各自的原理、优缺点及推荐的使用场合。采用节能技术的换热器不仅提高了能源的利用率,而且减少了金属材料的消耗,对化工行业提高经济效益具有重要意义。     

热管余热回收器传热计算方法研究

余热回收器设备在结构上的关键部件为高温和低温受热面。因此,对于余热回收器的设计来说,设计的主要难点集中在传热机理、传热模型、高温介质混合的特性研究等方面。本文主要介绍余热回收器换热管内有多种高温介质混合、换热管外有相变过程的传热计算方法,为今后类似余热回收器的设计提供参考。     

Laminar Heat Transfer in a Pipe Subjected to a Circumferentially Varying External Heat Transfer Coefficient

Abstract

Numerical techniques have been used to solve the thermally developed regime for a laminar pipe flow that exchanges heat with a fluid environment in the presence of a circumferentially varying external heat transfer coefficient. By making use of the fact that the temperature distributions have similar shapes at successive streamwise locations, the three-dimensional temperature field was scaled to two dimensions. The resulting two-dimensional eigenvalue problem was solved by a rapidly converging automated scheme that successively refines an initial guess. Solutions were obtained for two circumferential distributions of the external heat transfer coefficient respectively intended to model forced and natural convection cross flows. The circumferential average heat transfer coefficient was found to be quite insensitive to the imposed circumferential variations. The local wall heat flux is nearly circumferentially uniform when the mean value of the external coefficient is high. On the other hand, at low mean values of the external coefficient, the local wall heat flux tends to follow the imposed circumferential variations.     

圆形换热板片传热及流动性能对比计算研究

整理了几种与研究结构相关的换热器的传热系数与压降计算公式,如:螺旋板式、伞板式、弯管式,并针对新型圆形换热板片进行了传热和压降的计算研究及其对比分析,得出了板片的主要设计参数对流动与传热的影响规律,所做工作对新型圆形板片式换热器的优化设计有重要的参考价值。     

导热油管内强制对流换热系数的计算

以一种常见导热油为例对有机热载体锅炉的对流受热面传热系数进行计算分析。     

Heat Transfer in Confined Forced-Flow Boiling

Remarkably different behaviors are found when comparing micro-scale flow boiling heat transfer data by distinct authors, even under similar experimental conditions. Such differences are almost certainly related to the complexity of confined forced-flow boiling. Certain aspects of the phenomenon, which are negligible in the macro-scale, become surprisingly relevant when the system size becomes small. From the results reported in the literature on the thermal-fluid features of evaporating flows in small channels, the following study presents a discussion concerning convective boiling heat transfer, highlighting the aspects that are characteristic to confined two-phase flows.     

Opportunities in Applied Heat Transfer Research

Major heat exchanger problems exist that provide opportunities for applied heat transfer research. Areas for research can be directed to dealing with problems that occur in four major categories: (1) performance and reliability problems: (2) economic recovery from tow temperature heat sources; (3) technological improvement in efficient recovery from high temperature sources: and (4) difficulties and high cost of realistic testing of new equipment.     

Large-scale Heat Transfer Research and Testing

Large-scale research and testing in the area of energy conversion become a fundamental necessity during the current national effort to commercialize proven processes that have been dormant for many years. A recent example of such necessity is the on-site use of a 1-MWe ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) system where ocean temperatures are suitable for energy extraction. Other experimental examples are the coal liquefaction plants currently under construction, as well as many first-of-their-kind syngas systems and “combined cycle“power-generating loops. The large investment in such research design and development projects is further extended by the cost of operation, where budget limitation may force the preclusion of certain test objectives or the premature termination of ongoing test programs. To reduce the probability of such happenings, optimal test programs need to be devised and implemented. This article deals with various aspects of such testing optimization. It is hoped that some of the stated opinions or cited experience will be considered by planners of large experiments so that costly and irretrievable operation time may be utilized for maximum results.     

Heat and Mass Transfer in Open-Cycle OTEC Systems

The temperature difference between surface and deep water in the oceans represents a vast resource of thermal energy. A promising method of harnessing this resource is the open-cycle ocean thermal energy conversion (OC-OTEC) system, which utilizes steam evaporated from the surface water to power the turbine. In this paper the state of the art of heat and mass transfer related to evaporation and condensation of steam at low pressures in OC-OTEC is summarized and relevant research issues are discussed.