单元初始火用效率和火用流价值分布

分析了火用的不等价性,在此基础上提出了火用弹性系数、初始火用损耗率等概念.以火用弹性系数为计算基础,分析了在单一系统内各组元火用效率对整个系统火用效率的影响,导出了初始火用损耗率的计算方法,并以实例进行了分析计算.分析表明系统内各组元的单位火用所消耗的初始火用更能反映系统各组元的火用耗特性,从而有利于更科学地分析系统各单元的节能潜力.     

Modeling of a Cylindrical Shell and Helical Tube Condenser of HFC‐134a

A computer program was developed for the performance analysis and design optimization of a cylindrical shell and helical tube type HFC134a condenser and its predicted results were verified against the experimentally determined data. The computer model is based on a numerical method of cell discretization. The local values of variables like heat transfer rate, pressure drop, and the properties of refrigerant are calculated on the basis of appropriate theoretical and empirical correlations available in the literature and the mass, momentum, and energy balance is applied to each cell. The whole sequential and iterative procedure to satisfy the boundary conditions of each cell and of the whole condenser has been transformed into a computer program written in C++. This computer model was used in a parametric study to analyze the effects of varying the input parameters of both fluids on the performance of the condenser. It gives the optimal values of refrigerant mass velocity and of the tube diameter against the available conditions of external cooling fluid, mass flow rate of refrigerant, and degree of subcooling of the refrigerant at the condenser outlet. Its utility was found in the performance optimization of an existing condenser as well as in the design optimization of a new condenser.     

Efficiency of a Combined Desalination and Power System Utilizing a Two-Phase Flow Multistream Heat Exchanger

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study is to simplify the process of discharge thermal energy combined desalination with power system by integrating the two existing heat exchangers (condensers) into a new multistream one. This system is a heat recovery unit, which is used to cogenerate water and power. Two shell-and-tube condensers operate in a closed power cycle and a desalination system for cooling an ammonia mixture as a working fluid and condensing a pure vapor, respectively. Here, a two-phase flow multistream condenser is utilized instead of the two low-exergy-efficiency shell-and-tube condensers. The results proved that the proposed technique leads to improving its exergy efficiency by 15%. The performance of the proposed condenser was analyzed by applying parametric optimization.     

管壳式换热器壳侧气液两相流动和传热的数值模拟研究

采用数值模拟方法,使用FLUENT对管壳式换热器壳侧的两相流动及相变传热进行了模拟计算.根据壳侧流体流动特点,选定合适的湍流模型、两相流模型为混合物模型,并根据汽水转化公式编写了自定义函数UDF来描述相变过程质和量的传递.对管壳式换热器壳侧的流体介质换热发生相变并产生气液两相流动进行了三维的数值模拟研究.得到了管壳式换热器壳程的速度场、温度场、压力场及气液各相的分布情况,对壳侧气液两相流动及相变换热进行了分析.对具有相变情况下的管壳式换热器的结构设计起到参考指导作用.     

Void Fraction and Two-Phase Pressure Drops for Evaporating Flow over Horizontal Tube Bundles

A study has been performed to assess the accuracy of several existing void fraction and pressure drop correlations for diabatic, two-phase, shell-side flow over a horizontal tube bundle. The void fraction predictions have been applied in the computation of the static and momentum components of the two-phase pressure drop and have been compared to measured data for diabatic, vertical, up-flow through a twenty-tube bundle evaporator for refrigerants R-134a, R-410A, and R-507A. The tests were made with bundles comprised of plain tubes, low-finned tubes, and enhanced boiling tubes. The recent correlation of Feenstra et al. [5 Feenstra, P. A., Weaver, D. S. and Judd, R. L. 2000. An Improved Void Fraction Model for Two-Phase Cross-Flow in Horizontal Tube Bundles. Int. J. of Multiphase Flow, vol. 26: 1851–1873. [CSA][CROSSREF] [Google Scholar]] has been found to perform quite well. The void fraction predictions have also been compared to data for flow with oil in the refrigerant. The results show that the static pressure drop is much lower with oil due to the foaming of the refrigerant/oil mixture. Finally, by back calculating the expected frictional pressure drops from the measured data, the investigation has evaluated the leading method for predicting frictional losses for two-phase flow over tube bundles, and a new one has been proposed, applicable to low-mass velocities that are typical of flooded evaporators.     

Two-Phase Frictional Pressure Drop and Flow Boiling Heat Transfer for R245fa in a 2.32-mm Tube

Experimental two-phase frictional pressure drop and flow boiling heat transfer results are presented for a horizontal 2.32-mm ID stainless-steel tube using R245fa as working fluid. The frictional pressure drop data was obtained under adiabatic and diabatic conditions. Experiments were performed for mass velocities ranging from 100 to 700 kg m^?2 s^?1, heat flux from 0 to 55 kW m^?2, exit saturation temperatures of 31 and 41°C, and vapor qualities from 0.10 to 0.99. Pressures drop gradients and heat transfer coefficients ranging from 1 to 70 kPa m^?1 and from 1 to 7 kW m^?2 K^?1 were measured. It was found that the heat transfer coefficient is a strong function of the heat flux, mass velocity, and vapor quality. Five frictional pressure drop predictive methods were compared against the experimental database. The Cioncolini et al. (2009) method was found to work the best. Six flow boiling heat transfer predictive methods were also compared against the present database. Liu and Winterton (1991), Zhang et al. (2004), and Saitoh et al. (2007) were ranked as the best methods. They predicted the experimental flow boiling heat transfer data with an average error around 19%.     

Two-Phase Flow Modeling in Microchannels and Minichannels

In this article, three different methods for two-phase flow modeling in microchannels and minichannels are presented. They are effective property models for homogeneous two-phase flows, an asymptotic modeling approach for separated two-phase flow, and bounds on two-phase frictional pressure gradient. In the first method, new definitions for two-phase viscosity are proposed using a one-dimensional transport analogy between thermal conductivity of porous media and viscosity in two-phase flow. These new definitions can be used to compute the two-phase frictional pressure gradient using the homogeneous modeling approach. In the second method, a simple semitheoretical method for calculating two-phase frictional pressure gradient using asymptotic analysis is presented. Two-phase frictional pressure gradient is expressed in terms of the asymptotic single-phase frictional pressure gradients for liquid and gas flowing alone. In the final method, simple rules are developed for obtaining rational bounds for two-phase frictional pressure gradient in minichannels and microchannels. In all cases, the proposed modeling approaches are validated using the published experimental data.     

HAT循环饱和器工质(火用)计算分析及(火用)效率

饱和器是HAT循环中的关键部件,对其性能的认识关系到整个系统的性能分析。运用的方法,计算了饱和器工质湿空气和水的值,分析了不同参考点的温度和湿度对值的影响规律,以及物理和化学扩散随湿空气温度的变化情况。通过建立饱和器平衡模型,采用了目的效率作为饱和器效率。计算结果表明：湿空气值随参考点的温度和湿度变化规律为：先减小,直到最低点为零,然后不断增加,值始终大于(等于)零,并且与参考点参数差距越大,值越大。当湿空气温度增加,物理所占比重减少,而化学扩散的比重增加,在到达一定温度后,化学大于物理。     

电站锅炉的效率分析

通过对电站锅炉进行(火用)分析,得出了锅炉的(火用)效率及其各部位、各过程的(火用)损失大小,并把所得到的结果与锅炉热量平衡分析得到的结果进行了对比,发现锅炉的(火用)损失主要包括燃烧过程的(火用)损失和传热过程的(火用)损失,这就为进一步提高锅炉的效率指明了方向,即主要从燃烧、传热过程入手,通过富氧燃烧、提高蒸汽初参数等方法来减小锅炉的煤耗.     

空冷凝汽器椭圆翅片椭圆管束外空气的流动与传热特性

研究空冷凝汽器椭圆翅片椭圆管管束外空气的流动与传热特性,对火电站空冷岛的设计与运行具有重要意义.通过CFD模拟,获得了椭圆翅片椭圆管管束外冷却空气的流场和温度场,计算得到了空冷凝汽器冷却空气对流换热平均Nu和摩擦系数f随Re的变化规律,并采用最小二乘法拟合得到了相应的关联式.结果表明:随冷却空气流动Re的增大,Nu增大,f减小.     

Two-Phase Internal Flow: Toward a Theory of Everything

Two-phase flow and heat transfer is still an area of intense research and great uncertainty. Even severely restricting ourselves to just annular, internal two-phase flow does not significantly improve our chances of accurately predicting either pressure gradients or heat transfer coefficients for an arbitrary tube geometry or fluid. This article summarizes a series of investigations that aim to identify the fundamental governing physics of internal two-phase flow: a Theory of Everything. The techniques developed to do so have been varied, and novel approaches are presented here. At the macro scale, simultaneous visualization and measurement of pressure gradient have led to interesting observations about the relationship between flow regimes and these fundamental macroscale behaviors. Since the macroscale behaviors are governed, for the most part, by behaviors at the micro scale, a number of techniques have been developed to study this near-wall behavior in quantitative detail. In particular, dye-assisted planar laser induced fluorescence has provided the first accurate portrayals of the gas–liquid interface annular flow, and microscale multiphase particle image velocimetry has been used to obtain the velocity within the liquid film of annular flow from within micrometers of the wall to velocities within the waves 500 μm or more from the wall. Statistical analyses of these data point toward a general approach for modeling wall shear in two-phase concurrent internal flow.     

凝汽器蒸汽流场对管束布置修正系数的影响

凝汽器蒸汽流场的变化使其传热系数和汽阻发生变化,传热系数和汽阻的改变使凝汽器管束布置修正系数随着负荷变化,分析了管束布置修正系数随蒸汽流场的变化而变化,提出了管束布置修正系数随蒸汽流场变化的范围。     

电站锅炉的(火用)效率分析

通过对电站锅炉进行(火用)分析,得出了锅炉的(火用)效率及其各部位、各过程的(火用)损失大小,并把所得到的结果与锅炉热量平衡分析得到的结果进行了对比,发现锅炉的(火用)损失主要包括燃烧过程的(火用)损失和传热过程的(火用)损失,这就为进一步提高锅炉的效率指明了方向,即主要从燃烧、传热过程入手,通过富氧燃烧、提高蒸汽初参数等方法来减小锅炉的煤耗.     

凝汽器钛管频繁泄漏原因分析

介绍了台州电厂1－6号机凝汽器钛管使用情况,详细分析了凝汽器钛管频繁泄漏原因,并提出防范措施。     

High-Speed Visualization of Two-Phase Flow in a Micro-Scale Pin-Fin Heat Exchanger

Flow regimes and bubble growth are observed in a pin-fin micro-scale heat exchanger with R-11 as the working fluid. The heat exchanger is machined in silicon and derived from a DNA micro-array consisting of 150 μm-square fins separated by 50 μm-square passages. The fins are staggered and oriented 45 degrees to the flow direction such that approximately 750 channel intersections occur within the volume of the exchanger. The purpose of the study is to determine if this multiply-connected geometry produces the flow blockage, reversal, and other instabilities observed in single and parallel micro-channel configurations. The upper surface of the exchanger is a glass plate that provides optical access. High-speed digital photography and microscope optics are used to obtain real-time images of the flow at a framing rate of 5 kHz. The lower surface is electrically heated and instrumented with a heat flux gage. Inlet and outlet temperatures and pressures, heater and wall temperatures, and volumetric flow rate are monitored. Nucleation is observed near the entrance of the heat exchanger. In the central section, developed vapor regions are composed of broad slug-like vapor fronts immediately followed by a slowly growing bubbly flow. An annular regime dominates the downstream section of the exchanger with drop-like liquid structures appearing at the downstream edge of fins. The heat transfer coefficient decreases with exit quality as in other micro-scale exchangers; however, the flow instability present in parallel channel exchangers is not observed in this configuration.     

凝汽器管束布置修正系数的进一步探讨

通过对邢台电厂实测数据的分析,对传统的评价凝汽器管束布置修正系数的方法进行了改进,并根据试验结果,分析并讨论了管束布置修正系数随负荷变化的规律。     

Improved Prediction of Shell Side Heat Transfer in Horizontal Evaporative Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers

This paper presents an improved prediction method for the heat transfer and pressure drop in the shell side of a horizontal shell and tube evaporator. The results from an experimental test program are used in which a wide range of evaporating two-phase shell side flow data was collected from a TEMA E-shell evaporator. The data are compared with shell side heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop models for homogeneous and stratified flow. The comparison suggests a deterioration in the heat transfer data at low mass fluxes consistent with a transition from homogeneous to stratified flow. The pressure drop data suggest a stratified flow across the full test range. A new model is presented that suggests the transition in the heat transfer data may be due to the extent of tube wetting in the upper tube bundle. The new model, which also takes into account the orientation of the shell side baffles, provides a vast improvement on the predictions of a homogenous type model. The new model would enable designers of shell side evaporators/reboilers to avoid operating conditions where poor heat transfer could be expected, and it would also enable changes in process conditions to be assessed for their implications on likely heat transfer performance.     

燃烧室内喷雾两相流场数值研究

采用贴体曲线网格、RNG k-e湍流模型和随机轨道法计算了火焰筒内的喷雾两相流动,构造了包括旋流器在内的主燃烧室计算网格,计算了5种旋流器下的主燃烧室的气流场和喷雾场,分析了不同旋流器对喷雾场和气流场的影响,以及喷雾对气流场的影响,并与实验结果进行了对比。结果显示旋流器叶片角度增大或者外内旋流器流量比的增加,都会导致液滴的喷雾锥角增大。喷雾使气流场的速度减小,旋流强度降低,随着旋流器叶片角度增加或者外内旋流器流量比的增加,喷雾场对气流场的影响增大。提出了主燃烧室内旋流器设计的改进方案。     

稠密气固两相流动过程模拟的改进模型与应用

提出了模拟稠密气固两相流动的改进模型。湍流流场采用改进的k-ε-εe模型，颗粒的聚合效应采用聚合力的当量直径折算模型计算。将颗粒团作为离散相，研究颗粒团的运动、碰撞、破碎与合并。应用上述模型数值模拟了循环流化床内的稠密气固两相流动。得到了床内气相速度、颗粒团分布、颗粒浓度分布及颗粒团大小分布等详细两相流场信息。计算结果合理，与前人实验结果相符。模拟结果详细揭示了循环流化床内稠密气固两相流动的基本特征。图8表2参8