Heat Transfer and Two-Phase Flow during Shell-side Condensation

This paper surveys the evolution of power condenser tube bundle arrangements and examines present-day designs. Condensation heat transfer during shell-side flow is reviewed, including the effects of vapor shear, condensate inundation, noncondensable gases, and enhancement techniques. The difficulties experienced in calculating vapor pressure drop through tube bundles are described, as well as recent attempts to obtain more reliable correlations. The modeling of these phenomena to predict shell-side condenser performance is reviewed, as well as the use of one- and two-dimensional computer codes. Appropriate topics for future research are identified.     

圆形换热板片传热及流动性能对比计算研究

整理了几种与研究结构相关的换热器的传热系数与压降计算公式,如:螺旋板式、伞板式、弯管式,并针对新型圆形换热板片进行了传热和压降的计算研究及其对比分析,得出了板片的主要设计参数对流动与传热的影响规律,所做工作对新型圆形板片式换热器的优化设计有重要的参考价值。     

An Experimental Study of Flow Condensation Heat Transfer Inside Circular and Rectangular Mini-Channels

Abstract

By using unique experimental techniques and the careful construction of an experimental apparatus, the characteristics of the local heat transfer were investigated using the condensing R134a two-phase flow in horizontal single mini-channels. The circular channels (D _h = 0.493, 0.691, and 1.067 mm) and rectangular channels (Aspect Ratio = 1.0; D _h = 0.494, 0.658, and 0.972 mm) were tested and compared. Tests were performed for a mass flux of 100, 200, 400, and 600 kg/m²s, a heat flux of 5 to 20 kW/m², and a saturation temperature of 40°C. In this study, the effect of heat flux, mass flux, vapor qualities, hydraulic diameter, and channel geometry on flow condensation were investigated, and the experimental local condensation heat transfer coefficients are shown. The experimental data of condensation Nusselt number are compared with existing correlations.     

长导程双头螺旋槽管换热与流动阻力性能试验研究

对3种相同基管外径、不同螺旋尺寸的长导程双头螺旋槽管进行试验,并与相同基管外径的光滑管进行比较.计算不同工况下螺旋槽管和光滑管管内和管外的表面传热系数,进行换热综合性能评价,并分析了螺旋尺寸对换热性能和流动阻力性能的影响.结果表明:长导程双头螺旋槽管的管内表面传热系数在旺盛湍流区和过渡流区都优于光滑管,且在过渡流区表面传热系数的增大程度更大,而壳程表面传热系数在旺盛湍流区和过渡流区的增大程度有限,螺旋尺寸主要影响管内换热而对管外换热的影响不大,本试验中1号管的综合性能最好.     

Experimental Investigation of Crystallization Fouling on Grooved Stainless Steel Surfaces During Convective Heat Transfer

The beneficial aspects of enhanced or extended heat transfer surfaces may be offset if operated under fouling conditions. In this article, preliminary experimental results for crystallization fouling of CaSO₄ solutions onto surfaces with different structures are reported. Flat stainless steel plates (50 mm × 59 mm) with “V”-shaped grooves on the side of fluid flow were used as heat transfer surfaces. Experiments were carried out under both clean and fouling conditions to discern how the same surface structures perform under such circumstances. In addition, the impact of both the direction of grooves with respect to fluid flow (crossed, longitudinal, and mixed flow grooves) and the groove dimensions has also been investigated. Fouling trends are discussed in terms of induction time and fouling rate. Significant differences have been found for the various flow conditions.     

波纹板式换热器传热与流动特性分析

通过数值模拟的方式,对一种用于低粘度流体的波纹板式换热器的传热特性和阻力性能进行分析,以控制变量法分析了流体速度对传热特性及阻力性能的影响;搭建了板式换热器测试平台,验证了数值模拟结果的正确性和可行性;用等速法拟合了Nu-Re与Eu-Re的相关准则式,并采用JF因子评价换热器综合性能。结果表明：模拟结果与实验结果相比误差在10%以内;当流体流速小于1.0 m/s时,换热器传热系数和压降随着流速的增大而增大,但综合换热性能逐渐变差,在此流速范围内,总传热系数随冷流体进口温度升高而增大。     

Refrigerant Condensation Flow Regimes in Enhanced Tubes and Their Effect on Heat Transfer Coefficients and Pressure Drops

Flow regimes influence the heat and mass transfer processes during two-phase flow, implying that any statistically accurate and reliable prediction of heat transfer and pressure drop during flow condensation should be based on the analysis of the prevailing flow pattern. Many correlations for heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop during flow condensation completely ignored flow regime effects and treated flows as either annular or non-stratified flow or as stratified flow. This resulted in correlations of poor accuracy and limited validity and reliability. Current heat transfer coefficient, pressure drop, and void fraction models are based on the local flow pattern, though, resulting in deviations of around 20% from experimental data. There are, however, several inconsistencies and anomalies regarding these models, which are discussed in this paper. A generalized solution methodology for two-phase flow problems still remains an elusive goal, mainly because gas-liquid flow systems combine the complexities of turbulence with those of deformable vapor-liquid interfaces. The paper focuses on the state of the art in correlating flow condensation in micro-fin tubes and proposes flow regime-based correlations of heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop for refrigerant condensation in smooth, helical micro-fin, and herringbone micro-fin tubes.     

湍流射流冲击移动平板的流动和传热分析

采用雷诺应力湍流模型对半封闭射流冲击移动平板进行了数值分析,得到了不同平板速度下的流场和温度场结构以及近壁面湍流强度和平板表面局部努谢尔数分布曲线。结果表明,平板速度的提高会导致流场和温度场关于射流中心线呈现非对称性,且在流场一侧形成二次漩涡区。平板表面的湍流强度值随平板速度的提高而提高,而冲击区域的局部努谢尔数峰值则随平板速度的提高而降低。当平板速度大于入口射速时,表面平均努谢尔数值随平板速度的提高而逐渐升高。当平板速度提高到入口射流速度两倍时,冲击点处的平板表面湍流强度值升高了约40%,努谢尔数峰值下降了约60%,而平板表面的平均努谢尔数值则提高了30%以上。     

Mixed Convection Heat Transfer in a Grooved Channel with Injection

Improved heat transfer is very important for the energy efficiency, higher performance, and size reduction of a system. In this context, the paper presents an efficient way for improving mixed convection heat transfer in a grooved channel by dividing total flow into main flow and injection under the assisting flow configuration. The influences of the pertinent injection parameters (e.g., position, size, and injection flow) are investigated systematically for Richardson number 0.1–10 and Reynolds number 50–200 using an in-house CFD code. The results reveal that performance with injection is always superior and heat transfer enhancement is found to increase from 50 to 218% depending upon injection, Richardson number, and Reynolds number.     

Experimental Investigation on Port-to-Channel Flow Maldistribution in Plate Heat Exchangers

Experiments have been conducted to analyze the flow and pressure distribution in a plate heat exchanger by measuring local port pressure distribution in a commercial plate heat exchanger. Flow rate in channel and channel pressure drops are evaluated by measuring the pressure inside the inlet and exit ports at different locations for different port dimensions. In these experiments, the measurement of pressure is done without disturbing the fluid flow inside the port. This technique also offers the option of manipulating port size without changing the plate characteristics. Direct experimental measurement provides the scope for eliminating other effects, such as gasket, end losses, and improper wetting of channels from the flow maldistribution effect. The measurements indicate the existence of non-uniform flow distribution that increases with flow rate and decreases with port diameter. Results clearly show that it is important to consider the flow maldistribution for better design of plate heat exchangers.     

波纹板式空气预热器内流动换热过程的数值模拟

对波纹板式空气预热器内换热与流动过程进行数值模拟,分析了波纹板片的结构特征、波纹倾角β、波纹高度H、波纹节距以及板间距对空气预热器性能的影响.结果表明:当波纹倾角和波纹高度增大时,换热性能提高但是压降增大,在β=45°、H=10mm时换热性能最优;波纹间距的改变对换热性能影响较小,但板间距的影响较为明显,综合考虑换热器的紧凑性,选用较小板间距能达到较好的换热效果.     

Effect of Flow Direction for the Heat Transfer Performance of Refrigerant R-410A Evaporation in a Plate Heat Exchanger

This article provides an experimental investigation of the effect of flow direction for refrigerant R-410A evaporated in a plate heat exchanger. Parallel-flow and counterflow arrangements with 2°C and 5°C exit superheat conditions were tested. The refrigerant entered the test section at a vapor quality of 0.24 and evaporated at a saturation temperature of 1.1°C. The experimental results were analyzed by the evaporation heat transfer coefficient and overall average heat transfer coefficient separately. The evaporation heat transfer coefficient in parallel-flow arrangement is higher than that in the case of counterflow arrangement. However, the average heat transfer coefficients are affected not only by the flow direction, but also by the exit superheat condition. The interaction of these two effects causes there to be almost no difference of the average heat transfer performance between these two flow arrangements for low exit superheat condition. While the refrigerant exit superheat is high, the overall heat transfer performance of the parallel-flow case is lower than that of the counterflow case.     

Investigation of the Conjugate Heat Transfer and Flow Field for a Flat Plate with Combined Film and Impingement Cooling

Film cooling combined with internal impingement cooling is one of the most effective technologies to protect the gas turbine vanes and blades from the hot gas. In this study, conjugate heat transfer CFD study was undertaken for a flat plate with combined film cooling and impingement cooling. An experiment on conjugate heat transfer of a flat plate with combined film and impingement cooling was performed to validate the code. Then the effects of several parameters including Biot number, blowing r...     

Heat Transfer Characteristics of Grooved Fin Under Forced Convection

Material removal from an extended surface in the form of perforations and slots is a proven technique to augment heat transfer rates with a considerable reduction in the surface weight. This work presents the outcomes of experimental investigation on heat transfer characteristics of a plate fin having grooves of various configurations on two broad faces. The experimental data pertaining to heat transfer have been collected by varying Reynolds number from 1500 to 5000, for transverse grooved, inclined grooved, V-grooved, and multi-V-grooved fin. The results of the grooved fin are compared with that of a smooth conventional fin to gauge the heat transfer performance of modified fin. The maximum enhancement in Nusselt number corresponds to the inclined groove fin, whereas the highest value of grooved fin effectiveness is obtained for the multi-V-grooved fin. The Nusselt number correlations are presented for different fin configurations tested in this work.     

冰级船板式换热器流动传热分析及结构优化

采用数值模拟方法研究换热板结构对冰晶两相流换热机制和流动特性的影响。研究结果表明:波纹倾角β=60°、波纹深度h=4 mm、波纹间距λ=12 mm为所研究的换热器适用于海水-冰晶两相流的最佳值。利用宽通道对其进行结构优化设计,并采用相关试验数据验证。结果表明:宽通道间距为16 mm时,换热强度最大,流动阻力较小,可有效防止冰晶堵塞板内沟槽,且此时的换热效果和流动特性最佳,适合极地工况下冰晶两相流流动换热。     

凹槽式叶顶流动换热的数值研究

针对叶尖间隙高度对凹槽式叶顶流动与换热的影响展开数值研究,评估4种湍流模型在叶顶换热方面的预测能力.结果表明：凹槽肩壁顶部、凹槽腔底部近前缘区域和叶顶尾缘为高换热区,凹槽腔底的中部和尾部区域为低换热区;不同湍流模型对叶尖间隙泄漏量预测差别很小,但泄漏流流动状态差异很大,这是造成不同湍流模型对叶顶换热预测存在重大差别的原因;在研究的间隙范围内,叶尖间隙泄漏量和叶顶换热强度随间隙高度的增大而增加;在所选的4种湍流模型中,k-ω模型是叶顶换热数值模拟较好的湍流模型选择.     

Numerical Investigation of Nanofluid Flow and Heat Transfer Around a Calabash-Shaped Body

Numerical simulation on unsteady flow and heat transfer of alumina–water nanofluids around a calabash-shaped body was performed in the present study. Improved models of drag force and Brownian force were introduced. As the reaction time of the particle perturbation is short, fluctuation in vorticity is more intense than that in temperature, and many extreme values are found. The streamline is uplifted near the separation point due to the contribution of the particle inertia, which increases the recirculation zone of the quasi-steady vortex. Fewer particles enter the vortex near the waist portion from the separation region, and relatively more particles enter the recirculation region from the reattachment zone. The local streamline is straightened and flow heat transfer is enhanced. It is shown that the variation in the Nusselt number is strongly related to the critical points along the wall.     

光管内流动冷凝换热系数预测关联式研究

选用R22、R32、R134a 3种制冷剂,对其在内径为5 mm光管内的流动冷凝换热特性进行实验。实验工况为:制冷剂质量流速500～1 100 kg/(m~2·s),冷凝温度35、40和45℃,冷冻水Re 10 000～40 000,制冷剂在测试管进出口保持2～3℃的过热、过冷度。选取Cavallini、Shah和Dobson and Chato 3个关联式的预测值与3种制冷剂在光管内换热系数实验值进行比较。结果表明:Shah关联式对换热系数的预测精度最高,其预测误差在10%以内。基于Shah关联式对管内换热机制的假设,参考Dobson and Chato关联式拟合机制,提出新关联式,±7%的预测误差,足可证实新关联式较好的预测能力。     

Effect of Rectangular Winglet Pair in Common Flow Down Configuration on Heat Transfer from an Isothermally Heated Plate

ABSTRACT

Present three-dimensional numerical study aims to investigate the effect of mounting rectangular winglet pair (RWP) on heat transfer enhancement in flow over a flat plate. Computations for incompressible flow of air have been carried out using commercial software ANSYS Fluent. Flow of air has been considered over the surface of an isothermally heated horizontal plate in presence of RWP in the range of Reynolds number from 400 to 2000. Common flow down configuration of RWP has been considered to study the effect of various geometric parameters, such as length of RWP, spacing between leading edges of the winglets and angle of attack of RWP, on flow characteristics and enhancement in heat transfer. Flow and temperature field characteristics have been presented using streamlines and temperature contours near the plate surface and streamlines in cross-stream planes. Enhancement in heat transfer in presence of RWP has been quantified using cross-stream variation of local Nusselt number, streamwise variation of span-averaged Nusselt number and surface-averaged overall Nusselt number.