基于现场混装炸药的巷道爆破参数优化

为解决现场混装炸药在巷道掘进爆破应用时参数的合理性和周边孔装药问题,结合某地下矿山水平巷道掘进工程,对巷道掘进钻爆参数优化以及周边孔装填低密度混装炸药可行性开展了试验研究。研究表明：与装填包装乳化炸药相比,现场混装炸药技术在巷道爆破中应用,可降低钻孔量15%,在保持炸药单耗不变的情况下进尺率提高10%,达到了100%;通过调节敏化剂浓度,降低混装炸药密度和爆速的方法,能有效地解决巷道爆破周边孔机械装药的问题,光爆效果良好。现场混装炸药技术在巷道掘进爆破中应用,提高了掘进效率、节约了施工成本,应用前景广阔。     

散装炸药在矿山巷道爆破掘进的应用效果分析

当前矿山巷道爆破掘进时,炮孔装填炸药多采用人工装填卷状炸药的方式,劳动强度大且作业效率不高,尤其在矿岩条件差和炮孔较深的作业环境,该方式严重影响了巷道掘进的效率,间接制约了矿山的生产能力。为此在非洲某铜矿进行散装炸药的巷道掘进爆破实验,使用井下压缩空气向水平炮孔中装填散状炸药的便携式装药设备,从炮孔布置、炸药种类和装填方式等对现行的巷道掘进工艺进行了改良。考虑巷道周边光面爆破的要求和底板积水的特点,掏槽孔和辅助孔采用散装炸药,周边孔和底孔采用卷装乳化炸药。通过改变风压来调节炮孔内的散装炸药的装药密度,经20余次实验,寻找到了较优的爆破施工方案,使该矿巷道掘进进尺成本每米节约15.4%,炮孔利用率提高到91.31%,平均单循环装药时间缩短了16.7%。同时该工艺在国内的某磷矿巷道掘进中也取得了较大的成功,其中炮孔利用率高达97%,平均单循环装药时间缩短近40%,为实现矿山巷道掘进机械化奠定了坚实的基础。     

散装炸药在矿山巷道爆破掘进的应用效果分析

当前矿山巷道爆破掘进时,炮孔装填炸药多采用人工装填卷状炸药的方式,劳动强度大且作业效率不高,尤其在矿岩条件差和炮孔较深的作业环境,该方式严重影响了巷道掘进的效率,间接制约了矿山的生产能力。为此在非洲某铜矿进行散装炸药的巷道掘进爆破实验,使用井下压缩空气向水平炮孔中装填散状炸药的便携式装药设备,从炮孔布置、炸药种类和装填方式等对现行的巷道掘进工艺进行了改良。考虑巷道周边光面爆破的要求和底板积水的特点,掏槽孔和辅助孔采用散装炸药,周边孔和底孔采用卷装乳化炸药。通过改变风压来调节炮孔内的散装炸药的装药密度,经20余次实验,寻找到了较优的爆破施工方案,使该矿巷道掘进进尺成本每米节约15.4%,炮孔利用率提高到91.31%,平均单循环装药时间缩短了16.7%。同时该工艺在国内的某磷矿巷道掘进中也取得了较大的成功,其中炮孔利用率高达97%,平均单循环装药时间缩短近40%,为实现矿山巷道掘进机械化奠定了坚实的基础。     

粉状乳化炸药的生产与应用

介绍了一种新型粉状硝铵炸药———粉状乳化炸药的生产技术。该炸药油包水型的独特结构 ,使其兼备了乳化炸药和粉状炸药的优点。文中简要阐述了这种炸药的配方与制备工艺 ,分析了它的技术性能和安全性能 ,指出它具有良好的发展前景和经济效益。同时作为一个实例 ,介绍了粉状乳化炸药在浙江遂昌金矿平巷掘进和深孔采矿中的应用情况     

粉状乳化炸药的生产与应用

介绍了一种新型粉状硝铵炸药———粉状乳化炸药的生产技术。该炸药油包水型的独特结构 ,使其兼备了乳化炸药和粉状炸药的优点。文中简要阐述了这种炸药的配方与制备工艺 ,分析了它的技术性能和安全性能 ,指出它具有良好的发展前景和经济效益。同时作为一个实例 ,介绍了粉状乳化炸药在浙江遂昌金矿平巷掘进和深孔采矿中的应用情况     

高威力三级煤矿许用水胶炸药巷道掘进爆破

针对原有三级煤矿许用水胶炸药在巷道掘进中炮孔利用率低,循环进尺少,爆破效率低的问题,采用了研制成功的的高威力三级煤矿许用水胶炸药进行掘进爆破。同时,对煤矿许用水胶炸药的爆炸性能进行了对比和分析,对高威力三级煤矿许用水胶炸药的巷道掘进爆破技术经济进行了统计分析。结果表明,高威力三级煤矿许用水胶炸药的爆炸性能接近二级煤矿炸药水平,其可燃气安全度仍然高于二级煤矿炸药,达到三级煤矿炸药水平;高威力三级煤矿许用水胶炸药巷道掘进爆破炮孔利用率提高了12%~15%,月平均进尺增加14~18m,掘进循环次数减少,节约了大量掘进爆破直接费用,同时可缩短巷道开拓工期,提高煤炭开采效率和间接经济效益。     

一种光面爆破用乳化炸药的研究与应用

针对我国隧道掘进中光面爆破采用传统乳化炸药存在装药不便及爆破效果差的问题,改变现有装药方式,生产了新型25 mm乳化炸药,研究了该乳化炸药的爆炸性能、隧道掘进装药情况及爆破效果。结果表明,新型小直径乳化炸药爆炸性能符合GB18095—2000要求,储存期6个月以上;采用新型装药方式,经现场爆破施工,开挖面平整稳定,光面爆破效果较好。     

乳化炸药在煤,半煤岩巷掘进工作面爆破新工艺

通过在煤，半煤岩掘进工作面应用乳化炸药的试验研究，确定了使用乳化炸药的合理装药结构和炮泥充填工艺，优选出了乳化炸药在煤，半煤岩巷掘进了工作面的爆破参数，证明该项新工艺能加快掘进速度，降低爆破成本，提高安全性，社会和经济效益显著。     

高威力三级煤矿许用水胶炸药巷道掘进爆破

针对原有三级煤矿许用水胶炸药在巷道掘进中炮孔利用率低,循环进尺少,爆破效率低的问题,采用了研制成功的的高威力三级煤矿许用水胶炸药进行掘进爆破。同时,对煤矿许用水胶炸药的爆炸性能进行了对比和分析,对高威力三级煤矿许用水胶炸药的巷道掘进爆破技术经济进行了统计分析。结果表明,高威力三级煤矿许用水胶炸药的爆炸性能接近二级煤矿炸药水平,其可燃气安全度仍然高于二级煤矿炸药,达到三级煤矿炸药水平;高威力三级煤矿许用水胶炸药巷道掘进爆破炮孔利用率提高了12%¹5%,月平均进尺增加1415%,月平均进尺增加14¹8m,掘进循环次数减少,节约了大量掘进爆破直接费用,同时可缩短巷道开拓工期,提高煤炭开采效率和间接经济效益。     

软岩隧洞中乳化炸药拒爆的解决办法

为解决在软岩隧洞掘进爆破中乳化炸药发生拒爆的问题,通过分析乳化炸药破乳的原因,发现乳化炸药在爆炸环境中结构成分容易发生变化。研究结果表明,在分段延时爆破作业中,先引爆的炮孔产生的冲击波会对其作用范围内后引爆炮孔中的炸药产生挤压作用,被挤压的部分微小敏化气泡消失,导致乳化炸药破乳失效。盐边县偏路水库泄洪排沙隧洞爆破工程的实验,验证了在不改变爆破器材的情况下,可以通过改变装药结构,调整布孔参数以及起爆顺序成功克服乳化炸药在软岩隧洞掘进爆破中发生的拒爆问题,并取得了良好的爆破效果,可为类似爆破工程提供参考。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...