A hybrid expert system for faulted section identification, faulttype classification and selection of fault location algorithms

The authors present an expert system developed in Turbo PROLOG to identify faulted sections and interpret protective apparatus operation in large interconnected power systems. This expert system is capable of identifying bus faults, line fault sections, and fault sections in the common area of a specific bus and line. Also, the expert system identifies relays or breaker malfunctions. The expert system is expanded to include real-time measurements of current and voltage phasors to classify the type of fault that the faulted section has experienced. When the faulted section is a transmission line, the expert system then selects an appropriate fault location algorithm to compute the fault location in miles. The importance of using a combination of numeric and database algorithms is emphasized     

考虑运行方式和时变故障率随机评估电压凹陷频次

电力系统的运行状态、线路与母线故障率、线路故障位置等不确定性因素对电压凹陷频次评估有重要影响。传统随机估计法分别假设电力系统运行状态、线路及母线故障率恒定,主观假设线路故障随机分布规律,不能很好地反映实际情况。综合考虑各种不确定性因素,用系统内各机组的发电计划描述系统运行状态;引入天气因子,用线路和母线的时变故障率反映其不确定性;用最大熵原理提取线路故障位置分布规律,不需任何主观假设的不足,评估结果更符合实际。考虑不同运行方式、故障类型、天气条件后,综合评估母线电压凹陷频次。假设3种不同仿真条件,对IEEE-30节点标准测试系统进行仿真分析,结果证明所得到的评估结果更符合实际,评估精度较高,具有一定的理论价值和明显的工程应用前景。     

基于区域PMU和节点故障注入电流的广域后备保护算法

电网结构日益复杂,传统输电线路后备保护整定变得越来越困难.文中在间隔母线布置相量测量单元(PMU)策略下,先根据广域差动法确定故障区域,再估计出故障区域中未布置有PMU母线的电压和节点注入电流,推导出该区域节点电压故障分量方程,构造节点故障注入电流.分析故障发生前后故障线路两侧母线和正常母线的节点故障注入电流的变化特征,构造广域后备保护判据.基于IEEE 39节点系统的仿真结果验证了所提算法不受故障位置、类型和过渡电阻影响,在各种故障情景下均能检测出故障线路.     

基于监测点优化配置的电压暂降故障点定位估计

提出一种基于系统监测点优化配置的电压暂降故障点定位新方法。针对由输电线路短路故障引起的电压暂降,首先以监测点数目最少为目标,以全网各节点电压暂降完全可观测为约束条件,构建监测点优化配置的0-1线性规划模型。然后根据监测点最优配置结果及其修正方案,以故障时监测点电压幅值信息为量测量,应用最小二乘原理对故障点故障位置及故障线路进行定位估计。通过对IEEE 39节点标准测试系统的测试分析,验证了该方法的有效性与实用性。     

A generalized fault location method based on voltage sags for distribution network

An enhanced fault location method based on voltage sag profiles for distribution networks is presented in this paper. In other previous methods, only a single measurement has been used. The proposed method can be used with any number of measurements in the network, making it more general. A new ranking approach that addresses multiple possibilities of the faulted section is proposed. Different case studies with various numbers of measurements are performed on a large 11‐kV network with the main feeder consisting of 42 buses to validate the method. The test results show that there is an improvement in terms of accuracy in detecting the faulted section in the first attempt for each additional measurement. Therefore, by utilizing the average value of each measurement, a better accuracy of fault location can be achieved. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

一种利用衰减直流分量的谐振接地系统故障选线方法

高频暂态量故障选线方法利用的是故障产生的高频分量。当在电压过零附近发生单相接地故障时,引起的高频分量将很少,高频暂态量选线方法灵敏度会大大下降。但电压过零附近故障会引起较大的衰减直流分量,可以构成基于衰减直流分量的暂态量选线方法。分析与仿真表明:对于经消弧线圈接地的小接地电流系统,当线路不在电压最大值附近发生单相接地故障时,故障线路上的衰减直流分量很大,而非故障线路上的衰减直流分量很小;当母线故障时,所有线路上的衰减直流分量都将很小。提出了一种利用衰减直流分量的故障选线方法,用来克服现有高频暂态量选线方法在电压过零附近故障时灵敏度低的缺点。该方法与高频暂态量选线方法集成可以形成完善的故障选线方案。     

双端测量不同步的非对称故障测距新方法

考虑到经济性,并非全网所有母线、发电厂和变电站都配备PMU(相量测量单元)装置。母线PMU失灵或缺失会引起测量不同步,针对输电线路两端母线电气量测量不同步而产生的非对称故障测距误差问题,采用一种双端不同步故障测距新方法。该方法采用分布参数模型,通过分析正序和负序线路等值网构造了以不同步时间为未知量的一元二次方程,在求解该方程并判别伪根后得到故障测距结果。仿真结果表明,这种方法能消除不同步误差的影响,受过渡电阻影响甚微,测距精度高,抗变换性好。     

New fault-location method for a single multiterminal transmission line using synchronized phasor measurements

This paper describes a new iterative method to locate a fault on a single multiterminal transmission line. The method uses synchronized voltage and current measurements from all terminals. Using positive-sequence components of the prefault and postfault waveforms, positive-sequence source impedances are estimated. Using these source impedances and the line data, the positive-sequence bus impedance matrix (Z/sub bus/) is formed. Using the properties of Z/sub bus/, an iterative algorithm is proposed. The algorithm first identifies the faulted section and then locates the fault on this section. This algorithm is applied to the data obtained from the Electromagnetic Transients Program simulation of a multiterminal transmission line. The simulation results show that the distinctive features of this method are that it performs with very high accuracy for all types of faults at different fault locations and is practically immune to fault resistance.     

Faulty Line Identification Algorithm for Secured Backup Protection Using PMUs

In this paper, a technique for identification of faulty line in a power system is proposed using phasor measurement units (PMUs). The identification is accomplished in two steps (i) detection of bus nearest to fault point and (ii) detection of faulty transmission line connected to that selected bus in step (i). The bus voltages and line currents associated with the non-PMU buses are computed from the available PMU data. Using maximum percentage deviation of bus voltages during fault, the bus nearest to the fault point is detected. With PMUs at all buses, faulty line identification can be accomplished by comparing the angles of positive sequence currents of all connected lines to the selected bus. However, with limited number of PMUs, phase angle comparison method becomes unreliable. Under such situation, comparison of fault voltage magnitudes (VMs) of the selected non-PMU bus computed from all connected routes is used to identify the faulty line. When the selected bus is a PMU bus, % deviation of VM of its connected buses is used to identify the other end of the faulty line. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is tested on IEEE 9-bus system and Northern Region of Electricity Board 391-bus, an Indian utility system. The usefulness of the faulty line identification in supplementing protection decision is also demonstrated for secured backup protection.     

带同杆双回线的T型线路故障分支判定算法

针对T型线路中出现同杆双回线的线路结构,提出了判定故障分支的新方法.该方法以六序分量法为基础,当某支路发生故障时,首先求取各支路保护安装处的突变电气量,然后通过正序网络图,计算2个必要的参数用于判别故障支路,区分非同杆双回线故障、同杆双回线的跨线故障,以及同杆双回线的单回线故障.该方法的特点是考虑了同杆双回线的跨线故障,能够确定同杆双回线中的单回线的故障回路以及跨线故障,并且物理意义明确.序电流可以用来区分同杆双回线的同名相跨线故障.同时,进行了大量的EMTP仿真,结果表明支路判断的准确度不受系统运行方式、故障点过渡电阻等因素的影响,并且也能很好地适用于不对称同杆双回线路.     

复杂电网多重故障条件下的电压暂降分析

针对复杂电网发生多重故障时的电压暂降问题,提出一种新的分析方法。该方法将所有故障点视为虚拟节点并引入多重故障点位置参数。通过计算虚拟节点与非故障节点、虚拟节点之间的互阻抗和自阻抗,将节点阻抗方程进行扩展。结合各故障点的故障边界条件计算得到各故障电流相量,进而推导出电网中任意节点故障电压相量关于多重故障位置参数的函数,最后结合阀值电压进行电压暂降分析。在标准IEEE 30节点系统中验证所提出的电压暂降分析方法的有效性。     

Motor Contribution During Three-Phase Short Circuit Fault

One of the major factors to be considered in selecting the ratings of electrical equipment (circuit breakers, bus bar bracing, etc.) is the level of three-phase short circuit current available at the equipment location in the system. The total three-phase short circuit current at a faulted point includes both the currents from the power source (such as electric utility company or in-plant generators) and contribution from electrical motors in the system. Presently, the calculation of three-phase fault current in a system is based on the method outlined in IEEE Standard 141-1976 in which the calculation of motor contribution within the system is defined. It will be pointed out that during a three-phase fault, only motors directly connected to the faulted bus or downstream buses will contribute fully to the fault. Other induction motors (with transformers connected between the motors and the fault) may or may not contribute current to the fault point. These motors will continue to receive power from the supply and act as motors. Therefore lower fault current values will be the result. This finding will have a significant bearing on borderline equipment selection with consequent savings in equipment cost. The conclusion is drawn that the calculated short circuit current based on IEEE Standard 141-1976, is higher than the actual value. This leads to unnecessarily high fuse and breaker interrupting ratings, bus bracing, etc. Computer studies and an analysis of this phenomenon are presented.     

Transmission line fault location using digital fault recorders

A technique for the location of transmission line faults using voltage and current measurements from one end of the faulted line is presented. The method differs from past approaches in that a time domain rather than a frequency domain representation of voltage and current is used. A phase network model is used, permitting explicit treatment of self and mutual impedance effects for either a single three-phase circuit or two parallel three-phase circuits. The algorithm will be used as one of the analysis functions for a digital fault recorder. Test results are presented to illustrate the performance of the algorithm under various system conditions and configurations. Results compare favorably with those obtained using previously reported fault location methods. Estimated fault locations are within 3 to 4% of the actual fault location. Most cases show errors within 2% of the actual fault location     

单相接地故障下第2个反向行波识别的新方法

在三相线路上发生单相接地故障时,线模行波极性受保护线路两侧的母线结构和测量点行波大小的影响,基于单端线模行波极性正确识别第2个反向行波是故障点反射波还是对端母线反射波非常困难。针对此问题,提出了不受线路两侧母线结构影响的第2个反向行波识别新原理,若第2个到达测量点的反向行波中零模与线模行波极性相同,则为故障点反射波;若零模与线模行波极性相反,则为从故障点透射过来的对端母线反射波,大量EMTP仿真证明了此原理清晰、可靠,方法有效、正确。     

Multiphase transmission line modeling for voltage sag estimation

This paper presents a novel approach for voltage sag indices calculation based on instantaneous voltage estimation. The estimation uses traditional state estimation where redundant measurements are available. The estimation is based on time domain state estimation which uses time domain modeling of the power network. The time domain current monitoring is used to have linear mapping and to achieve high performance of voltage sag estimation. The fault estimation procedure is prior of the voltage sag estimation. This paper shows a possible for fault instance detection, fault location identification and fault type estimation method that are required to estimate voltage sag for different line models utilizing residual analysis and topology error processing. Lumped parameter and distributed parameter transmission line modeling are developed to estimate instantaneous voltage at a three-phase power system in time domain. Magnitude and duration of voltage sag as main indices are calculated from the estimated instantaneous bus voltage. The performance of the novel approach is tested on IEEE 14 bus system and the results are shown.     

A novel principle of single-ended fault location technique for EHV transmission lines

A new fault location principle using one terminal voltage and current data for EHV transmission lines is described in this paper, which is based on distributed parameter line model, breaking through the traditional single-ended fault location ideas. The voltage profile along the healthy line could be calculated using single-ended voltage and current data; however, the voltage profile behind the fault point is not true for a faulted line. Even though, notice the fact that the norm value of derivative function of the "fictitious profile" to distance is minimum at fault point, based on which the fault location function is constructed. The numerical algorithm is also described; this principle is proved by EMTP simulations to be immune to fault resistance, fault types, and fault inception angle. Theoretically, the accuracy of the principle is proportional to the sampling rate of the locator.     

基于注入法的小电流接地系统故障定位新方法

介绍了基于“S注入法”的小电流接地系统单相接地故障选线定位保护。当故障停电后,该保护就存在绝缘恢复和定位困难的问题。为此提出了一种定位新方法。该方法通过向停电后的接地线路故障相外加恒定直流高压,再注入交流信号,并根据所注交流信号的消失点准确地判定故障位置。基于新方法的故障定位装置运行很成功。     

基于单端电气量的故障测距算法

本文提出了一种单端故障测距算法。根据零序电网不含负荷的特点，利用故障相电路和零序等值电路，推导出了一个精确的接地故障测距模型，消除了接地过渡电阻和对端运行状况的影响。本算法不同于以往的基于频域的正弦稳态算法．利用拉氏变换与Z-变换的关系，由频域变换到Z域，再进行Z反变换转换到时域，是一种基于时问域的测距算法。文章先对该方法进行了理论推导，然后利用EMTP对其进行数字仿真，结果证明了该算法的正确性。     

Local optimal load-shedding with allowance for voltage deviation

This paper describes an optimal load-shedding method which can be applied to local buses in order to suppress voltage deviations, based on local information obtained at each bus. When a generation outage occurs, adequate amounts of loads must be shed within a few seconds in order to maintain the balance between supply and demand. This method is able to decide quickly the optimal amounts of loads to be shed after the fault. The proposed method is based on the fact that the location of the fault can be estimated exclusively from power flow deviations at local buses, measured after the outage. Because the amounts of load to be shed have constraints, it is necessary to find the optimal factors which decide the amounts of load-shedding at each bus by quadratic programming. To solve this problem we first linearize the study system. Next, in order to relate power flows to voltage deviations at each bus, the voltage sensitivity factors obtained by ac power flow calculation are evaluated. Numerical simulations with 4-machine and 9-machine power system models show the effectiveness of the proposed method. It distributes adequate loads which are almost identical to the completely optimized loads, and it produces smaller voltage deviations than the conventional method. Improved transient characteristics of voltage deviations are also demonstrated. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn 119(1): 35–44, 1997     

基于小波变换的双端行波测距新方法

提出一种不受行波波速和线路长度变化影响的双端测距新方法。通过对电压、电流突变量进行相模变换,采用二进小波变换求出模极大值;利用两侧的模极大值对应点确定行波到达母线的时刻,并且采用极性对照法很好地解决了故障点和相邻母线反射波的识别问题,用初始行波与故障点反射行波到达两端母线的时间之比计算故障距离与线路全长之比;最后采用杆塔定位的方法确定故障点位置。仿真结果证明,此方法有效且具有很高的精度。