对架空输电线路雷击跳阐率的评估及考核

架空输电线路雷击跳闸率是全面了解线路运行可靠性的一项重要指标。对已投运的线路，通过实际的雷击跳闸次数及线路长度，折算出雷击跳闸率；对规划、设计中的线路，需有效、可信的计算方法对雷击跳闸率实施评估．而雷击跳闸率的考核应客观、合理地建立在跳闸率数值基础上。结合线路雷击跳闸的实际状况，围绕上述问题进行分析，期望为架空线路防雷的设计、运行和维护提供参考和帮助。     

Reliability of lightning-resistant overhead lines

Lightning continues to be the major cause of outages on overhead power distribution lines. Through laboratory testing and field observations and measurements, the properties of a lightning stroke and its effects on electrical distribution system components are fairly well-understood phenomena. A meticulous compilation of 32 years of historical records has been kept for outage causes, duration, and locations for eight distribution feeders at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Due to the limited growth of ORNL, the number, length, and location of the 13.8 kV overhead lines have remained the same between 1960 and 1992. Except for noted differences (voltage construction class, length, age, and maximum elevation above a reference level), other factors that could influence the reliability of an overhead line have remained nearly the same. This allowed a meaningful reliability study to be performed on the entire ORNL electrical distribution system. In this article, the main findings of the reliability assessment as it relates to lightning-resistant overhead line construction techniques are out-lined, and a simple and cost-effective method to reduce lightning caused outages is offered. In addition, comparisons are made between the failure rates and causes experienced at ORNL and those in industry surveys. Where large discrepancies exist between survey data and experiences at ORNL, evidence is presented to explain the differences between ORNL's distribution system and those typical of industry     

2007年全国220kV及以上电压等级输变电设施可靠性分析

对2007年全国220kV及以上电压等级13类输变电设施,特别是对影响变压器、断路器、架空线路3类主要输变电设施可靠性的计划停运、非计划停运的主要因素进行了分析比较。通过对近几年可靠性指标的分析比较,提出了影响可靠性因素的变化趋势,为未来几年提高输变电设施可靠性提供了有益的依据。     

Current industry practices in bulk transmission outage datacollection and analysis

The scope of the task force was to outline techniques and procedures for analysis of bulk transmission outage data, and to explain the uses and limitations of calculated statistics. The task force had the following objectives: survey the utility industry on the collection and analysis of bulk transmission-independent outage events; evaluate the basic concepts necessary to develop performance indices of independent and multiple-related outage events; review the impact of weather on bulk transmission performance; review the difficulties in gathering data for modeling weather effects on transmission; review current approaches to modeling weather effects on transmission; and evaluate the availability of information on the extent and duration of thunderstorms, ice storms, and other damaging weather in the United States. These works are described     

利用第二次土地调查DOM和DEM数据进行送电工程勘测设计

本文主要是依据已有山东省第二次土地调查DOM和DEM数据,通过核线共线方程原理恢复生成大场景三维立体模型,然后进行架空送电线路路径优选、测量平断面图及外业采集交叉跨越和断面数据精确拟合等数据处理、进行三维漫游等,主要研究将测量标准4D数据应用到中架空送电工程勘测设计全过程中,本文通过工程实际应用,提出了应用方法及作业注意事项等。     

Lightning protection of overhead power distribution lines

There are two major protective methods against lightning outages on overhead distribution lines. One is by use of surge arresters and the other is by an overhead ground wire. Surge arresters have rather constant effect regardless of the type of lightning outage causes. On the other hand, the effect of an overhead ground wire is quite different against the two major causes: direct lightning hit and induced overvoltages. This paper shows how to design lightning protection for overhead power distribution lines taking these characteristics into account. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

基于配电自动化终端配置方案的供电可靠性评估

建立了架空系统供电可靠性评估模型,分别以架空主干馈线故障和柱上开关故障为研究场景,在馈线满足N-1和不满足N-12种情形下,运用集中式馈线自动化故障处置原理,分析并推导了架空主干馈线故障和柱上开关故障时的户均停电时间计算公式。特别是针对“二遥”和“三遥”终端混合配置情形,枚举“二遥”和“三遥”终端不同数量、不同位置的配置方案,详细分析故障处理过程,推导得出基于“二遥”和“三遥”终端配置数量的架空系统故障平均停电时间计算公式。最后,以某架空区域配电自动化终端建设为例,对研究成果进行了应用。     

The Application of Statistical Reliability Data in the Selection of a Utility Power Supply Scheme for an Industrial Plant

A detailed analysis was made to determine the most economical electrical utility supply configuration to serve a new polyester manufacturing facility. The basis used for the analysis centered around: a) IEEE survey reliability data and IEEE statistical reliability techniques, b) historical outage cost data from the three existing manufacturing facilities, and c) an estimated power restoration curve developed by the facilities maintenance department. Explicit definitions were developed to define what power outages meant for the various types of loads to be served. The minimum total yearly cost, made up of yearly facilities' cost plus yearly outage cost was used to identify the most economical configuration.     

Estimating Power Outage Costs Based on a Survey of Industrial Customers

Thousands of factories in Japan responded to a survey on power outage costs for industrial customers. From across the country, 5139 facilities designated as energy management factories answered questions about their power consumption and the loss of production value due to a hypothetical hour‐long power outage on a summer weekday. Using their responses, we estimated the median unit cost of a power outage across all sectors to be 672 yen/kWh. The service sector of amusement and hobbies and the manufacturing sector that makes electronic information and communication equipment have relatively high unit costs for power outages. The direct cost of damage from a specified power outage across all sectors totaled 77 billion yen. Using input–output analysis, we estimated the indirect damage costs caused by the repercussions of halting production. Indirect damages across all sectors totaled 91 billion yen. The wholesale and retail trade sector had the largest direct damage costs, while the transportation equipment manufacturing sector has the largest indirect damage costs. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 185(4): 25–32, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.22306     

缺电成本及其调查估算方法的探讨

介绍了缺电成本的类型及其影响因素,通过构造用户停电损失函数和利用缺电功率、缺电电量方法以及通过近似构造停电损失评价率,分别介绍了缺电成本的三种调查估算方法,并以此阐述了缺电成本与经济可靠性的关系。缺电成本的调查估算方法在实地应用后,说明缺电成本的调查估算方法是可行的。     

2003年全国220 kV及以上电压等级输变电设施可靠性分析(二)

(1)变压器。2003年变压器共发生非计划停运198次，比2002年增加34次。其中，220kV有174次，增加34；330kV有2次，增加1次；500kV有22次．减少1次。累计非计划停运6924．26h，比2002年减少2717．98h，影响变压器全年可用系数0．019％。     

分界负荷开关在10 kV架空线路上的应用

分界负荷开关在10 kV馈电架空线路上的应用可大大减少无故障线路连带性的事故停电、缩小故障停电范围、缩短用户停电时间,从而提高所带用户的供电可靠性。     

Reliability of Power Transmission and Transformation Facilities in 2010

Through the reliability analysis on transmission and transformation facilities with 220 kV or above voltage level in China in 2010, particularly by investigating the planned and unplanned outage of transformers, circuit breakers and overhead transmission lines with 220 kV, 330 kV and 500 kV level, the weak parts that may influence the operational reliabilities are figured out from technical and liability causes. Moreover, through the research on the device models and comparison of performance indices between domestic and imported devices, the trend of the reliability changes are identified so that the references can be provided for power enterprises to determine corresponding effective reliability measures during planning, design, implementation and production stages.     

Integrated fuzzy filter for distribution outage information

In many distribution management systems, customer trouble calls have been used as the main data source for low-level outage handling. Increased distribution supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) and recent developments in automated meter reading (AMR) systems are providing more metering information about the distribution system below the feeder breaker. However, the distribution system is so complex that no single data source can provide consistently errorless outage information for fast and accurate outage location determination. In this paper, an outage data processing algorithm is introduced, which provides more accurate outage information for the distribution outage management system by combining data from trouble call, AMR and distribution SCADA. Fuzzy logic is used in this algorithm to model the uncertainty of the outage information and to reconcile conflicting data. The filtered outage data include a reduced amount of accurate information for use in the outage location and system restoration algorithm.     

2000～2002年全国220kV及以上电压等级输变电设施可靠性分析报告(上)

本评估了2000～2002年220kV及以上电压等级13类输变电设施的主要运行可靠性指标，重点分析了架空线路、变压器、断路器3类主要设施由于计划停运、非计划停运对可靠性的影响，为设备制造、规划设计、施工安装和运行维护提供了改进工作与深入研究的重要信息和依据。     

基于态势感知的电网停电用户敏感度及投诉预测

在电网停电用户敏感度及投诉预测中,由于预测结果不准确影响了电网公司的精准化服务,因而设计一种基于态势感知的电网停电用户敏感度及投诉预测方法。通过SAS软件中的Enterprise Miner workstation模块和Enterprise Guide模块采集电网停电用户敏感度及投诉相关数据,具体包括停电敏感用户标签数据、故障处理数据、停电事件数据、客户通话数据、95598工单数据。对挖掘数据实施缺失数据处理、异常数据处理以及告警误报漏报数据处理等预处理。基于态势感知技术与随机森林算法构建电网停电用户敏感度及投诉预测模型,实现用户对于停电的敏感度及投诉预测。利用该方法对某地区电网实施用户关于停电的敏感度及投诉预测,测试该方法的预测性能。测试结果表明该方法有着高于90%的查准率、查全率,F测度数据值较高,AUC面积较大,数据灵敏度始终大于97%,说明设计方法有着优越的电网停电用户敏感度及投诉预测性能。     

基于多源数据融合策略的配电网停电故障分析

配电网停电原因比较复杂,为精准地对停电故障进行预警,需采用大数据分析方法从多视角来深入剖析停电事件,尝试全景分析停电诱因及其对配电网影响程度的变化。因此,提出了一种简单易行的基于多源数据融合策略的配电网停电故障分析方法。方法首先融合停电池数据、配电网运行数据及气象数据来构建停电场景,然后采用成熟的主成分分析和逻辑回归来区分停电场景和其对应的非停电场景间的差异,进而发现配电网停电故障发生前的明显征兆。     

基于可信性理论的输电网短期线路检修计划

传统方法将短期线路检修计划作为单重不确定性优化问题进行建模和求解。但是，架空线路的可靠性指标难以表达现场运行中线路发生故障的可能性，所以需要在短期线路检修计划中对双重不确定性(随机性和模糊性)同时进行建模和求解。可信性理论是基础数学领域最近完成的数学分支， 它提供了随机性与模糊性综合评估的严格数学基础。基于可信性理论可建立短期线路检修计划的混合整数随机模糊双重不确定性优化模型(原始模型)，其目标函数是检修费用与停电损失费用之和的随机模糊期望值最小。文中利用Benders分解法将原始模型分解为主问题和子问题进行求解：主问题是一个多目标整数规划问题，利用改进Balas算法求解；子问题是一个随机模糊双重不确定性模型，利用可信性理论和直流潮流求解。IEEE-RBTS系统和IEEE-RTS系统的算例表明，文中提出的算法可以综合协调全网的风险和经济目标。同时由于支持原始数据的随机模糊性，使得该算法具有较强的实用性。     

基于可信性理论的输电网短期线路检修计划

传统方法将短期线路检修计划作为单重不确定性优化问题进行建模和求解。但是，架空线路的可靠性指标难以表达现场运行中线路发生故障的可能性，所以需要在短期线路检修计划中对双重不确定性(随机性和模糊性)同时进行建模和求解。可信性理论是基础数学领域最近完成的数学分支， 它提供了随机性与模糊性综合评估的严格数学基础。基于可信性理论可建立短期线路检修计划的混合整数随机模糊双重不确定性优化模型(原始模型)，其目标函数是检修费用与停电损失费用之和的随机模糊期望值最小。文中利用Benders分解法将原始模型分解为主问题和子问题进行求解：主问题是一个多目标整数规划问题，利用改进Balas算法求解；子问题是一个随机模糊双重不确定性模型，利用可信性理论和直流潮流求解。IEEE-RBTS系统和IEEE-RTS系统的算例表明，文中提出的算法可以综合协调全网的风险和经济目标。同时由于支持原始数据的随机模糊性，使得该算法具有较强的实用性。