洪水资源化

洪水资源化:概念、途径与策略人类人水关系历程保障足够的储水设施以应对气候变化世界宣言:储水设施与可持续发展长江流域洪水资源利用与策略研究我国水库洪水资源化研究进展     

浅谈极端气候条件下长江流域水资源配置

极端气候事件是对人类社会危害最为严重的自然灾害之一,而长江流域是受气候变化影响的重要地区之一。首先回顾了近年来长江流域发生的极端气候事件,阐述了1960~2004年长江流域降水变化趋势,在此基础上论述了长江流域在气候变化背景下面临的不利形势。提出了优化干支流大型水库联合调度、有效利用洪水资源、兴建水源工程、推进节水型社会建设等对策措施,以应对气候变化对长江流域水资源配置带来的影响。     

洪水资源探究

洪水除了具有破坏性之外,还具有淡水资源的属性,如将其合理储积、利用,可以缓解我国水资源严重紧缺的局面。洪水资源化是减轻洪涝灾害、增加可用水资源量,实现人与洪水和谐共处的有效措施。文章在对洪水资源化利用的必然性和可能性分析的基础上,探讨了洪水资源化的实现途径及其洪水资源化的理论研究与应用实践,提出洪水资源化今后的工作建议。     

豫北地区雨洪资源利用分析

结合豫北地区特点,介绍了洪水资源利用的背景、必要性,分析了豫北地区水文气象条件及工程现状,论证了洪水资源利用的可行性.通过对不同地区降雨、径流资料和工程条件的分析研究,提出了合理调度利用洪水资源的方案及技术措施,并分析了防洪效益及水资源利用效益,为洪水资源化研究及实践提供了应用途径.     

海河流域洪水资源化利用初析

洪水资源化利用是发挥洪水资源特性,缓解水资源短缺,减少水旱灾害损失,实现水资源可持续开发利用的重要措施。针时海河流域自然地理、水系、暴雨洪水特性及现有防洪工程体系特点、水资源利用现状与问题,探讨了洪水资源安全利用的方向及潜力。     

宁夏隆德县洪水资源化利用探析

洪水资源化利用是发挥洪水资源特性,缓解水资源短缺,减少水旱灾害损失,实现水资源可持续开发利用的重要措施。针对隆德县七大流域的自然地理、水系、暴雨洪水特性及现有防洪工程体系特点、水资源利用现状,提出了洪水资源安全利用的方向及途径。     

三峡工程实施洪水管理体系探讨

洪水是水资源的重要组成部分,洪水资源化是洪水管理的重要内涵.在目前中国水资源严重短缺的情况下,洪水资源利用最大化尤其重要.文中依据三峡工程的任务、运用特点、上游及防洪对象的洪水特性,对工程实施洪水管理体系的必要性、可行性、实现途径进行了分析探讨.     

宁夏隆德县洪水资源化利用探析

洪水资源化利用是发挥洪水资源特性,缓解水资源短缺,减少水旱灾害损失,实现水资源可持续开发利用的重要措施。针对隆德县七大流域的自然地理、水系、暴雨洪水特性及现有防洪工程体系特点、水资源利用现状,提出了洪水资源安全利用的方向及途径。     

基于MIKE SHE模型的华北平原水资源利用情景分析

气候变化和人类活动是影响流域水文循环和水资源可持续利用的两大驱动因素,在校准的MIKE SHE模型基础上考虑气候变化和人类活动的影响,设定8个情景对华北平原2009-2028年的水文循环及水资源利用进行预测。结果表明:考虑南水北调工程的情景在预测期末的地下水水位有较大程度(0. 06~1. 26 m)的恢复,预测期内华北平原水量总流入小于总流出会导致含水层储量的消耗和地下水的不可持续利用,但在适当情景下可以较大程度缓解这种不可持续性。气候变化对华北平原含水层储量有较大的影响:降水量减少5%,地下水储量将减少0. 27 m;降水量增加5%,地下水储量将增加0. 3 m。南水北调工程和农业节水措施的实施对华北平原地下水水位的恢复、缺水程度的缓解作用显著。     

从水资源变化趋势探讨中型水库后汛期洪水资源化

随着经济的发展、人口的增加,伴随工业化、城镇化的进程,用水量与用水保证率需求的显著提高与水资源紧缺矛盾愈来愈突出。例如,2013年河南省南阳市部分县城出现饮水困难,不得不利用赵湾水库死库容。如何提高现有水库调蓄洪水的能力,以丰补枯,为最大限度地利用洪水资源,以南阳市为例,从资源现状、洪水管理、洪水利用、洪水资源化风险角度探讨中型水库后汛期洪水资源化是可行的,并提出洪水资源化的工程、管理、风险控制等措施。更多还原     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Desiccation and recolonization of phytobenthos in a regulated desert river: Colorado River at Lees Ferry,Arizona, USA

We tested the recolonization of the phytobenthic community in the tailwaters of Glen Canyon Dam following long- and short-term experimentally induced desiccation. The response of Cladophora glomerata, Oscillatoria spp., miscellaneous phytobenthos species and periphyton was studied over 18 weeks using three treatments: (1) undisturbed control cobbles from the submerged zone; (2) cobbles desiccated and replaced into the submerged zone; and (3) cobbles desiccated and replaced into the varial zone. Periphyton density and compositional response resulting from these treatments were also examined. Desiccation treatments were significantly different in biomass from controls throughout the study. The biomass of desiccated and replaced river cobbles averaged <30% of the controls for C. glomerata and periphyton during the 18-week recolonization period. In contrast, the biomass of the control Oscillatoria and miscellaneous phytobenthos species averaged only 3 and 50% of that in the desiccation treatments, respectively. Cladophora, the dominant alga, comprised 77% of the phytobenthic biomass. A significant positive relationship between discharge, Cladophora and periphyton biomass was present in all treatments, while there was a negative relationship with discharge for Oscillatoria and miscellaneous phytobenthos species. There was a significant inverse correlation, as well as a pattern of separate biomass dominance, between C. glomerata and Oscillatoria. Cladophora was the dominant phytobenthos species on cobbles below the baseflow and Oscillatoria was dominant on cobbles in the varial zone. In general, the Cladophora biomass decreased under intermittent drying conditions, while Oscillatoria declined under permanently wet conditions. Diatom composition was not significantly different between treatments; however, their density was lower on desiccated cobbles. Diatom density on desiccated cobbles in the submerged and varial zones averaged 69 and 42% of that of the controls, respectively. Recovery and maintenance of benthic resources are hindered by fluctuating flow regimes driven by electricity and irrigation requirements. Repeated desiccation of the phytobenthos has major effects on the bottom-up interactions in the Colorado River ecosystem. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.