废旧梯黑铝混合炸药中RDX的回收和表征

为了对废弃梯黑铝混合炸药中的有效成分进行回收利用,根据TNT、RDX在有机溶剂中的溶解度差异,设计了从废旧梯黑铝混合炸药中回收、提取RDX的工艺流程,并对回收的RDX进行了性能测试和形貌表征。结果表明,以甲苯和丙酮作为回收梯黑铝混合炸药中RDX的有机溶剂,回收率为90%。回收RDX的主要理化性能达到GJB 296A-95的要求。     

密度分级法分离废旧梯黑铝炸药中的RDX与铝粉

为了研究分离回收废旧梯黑铝炸药中各成分的高效低成本的物理方法,采用控温离心和控温水洗结晶,回收梯黑铝炸药中的TNT组分;再根据RDX与铝粉的密度差异,使用密度分级法,分离RDX与铝粉,优化了分离条件,对回收物质进行DSC和XRD表征,并测试其撞击感度。结果表明,在密度为2.0g/cm3的溴化锌溶液中,控温30℃、离心转速2500r/min等条件下,回收RDX和铝粉回收率分别为67.6%和86.5%,纯度分别为77.2%和94.6%;回收的RDX热安定性良好,存在少量铝粉和TNT与RDX的共熔物,且基本没有独立存在的TNT组分,其撞击感度为90%;回收铝粉中含有微量氧化铝粉和炸药成分;两种回收物组分中均不含溴化锌。该物理方法可有效实现废旧梯黑铝炸药各组分的高效绿色回收。     

纳米Al对RDX基炸药机械感度和火焰感度的影响

采用机械混合法制备了含纳米Al的RDX基混合炸药,测试了其机械感度和火焰感度,用扫描电镜表征了纳米Al及其炸药的表面形貌,分析了感度变化的原因。结果表明,加入纳米Al后,RDX基炸药的撞击感度、摩擦感度和火焰感度增大;随着纳米Al含量的增加,撞击感度、摩擦感度和火焰感度明显增大;且含纳米Al炸药的撞击感度、摩擦感度和火焰感度均高于含微米Al炸药。纳米Al及含纳米Al炸药均存在微量团聚现象,在一定程度上影响了含纳米Al的RDX基炸药的感度。     

黑梯炸药力学性能与感度的分子动力学研究

为了研究黑梯炸药配方对其力学性能与感度的影响,用Materials Studio软件建立了黑梯炸药的晶胞模型。采用分子动力学方法,计算了不同配方的黑梯炸药的力学性能、引发键键长分布、键连双原子作用能与内聚能密度,并对其变化情况并进行了比较。结果表明,在黑梯炸药中,随着RDX的质量分数从30%增加到80%,黑梯炸药的力学性能参数在一定范围内波动,其中拉伸模量变化范围为1.772 3~2.825 1GPa,剪切模量变化范围为0.636 6~1.042 8GPa,体积模量变化范围为2.734 1~3.747 9GPa,柯西压变化范围为1.203 2~2.181 6GPa,泊松比变化范围为0.354 6~0.397 0,而最大键长从0.155 4nm增至0.162 6nm,键连双原子作用能从167.6kJ/mol减至152.3kJ/mol,内聚能密度从0.899kJ/cm~3减至0.678kJ/cm~3,表明炸药的感度增大。     

纳米HMX/微米RDX复合炸药撞击感度的性能研究

在超声波的环境下制备了不同配比的纳米HMX(奥克托今)/微米RDX(黑索今)复合炸药,并对纯RDX炸药和自制炸药的撞击感度进行了比较。结果发现,在实验配比范围内,纳米HMX/微米RDX复合炸药比纯RDX炸药敏感,且随HMX含量的增加,撞击感度降低。     

复合钝感剂对梯黑铝炸药的钝感机理

为了降低梯黑铝类混合炸药的感度,采用微晶蜡、高分子预聚体、硝化纤维素等材料制成复合钝感剂,并将其加入到梯黑铝炸药中,测试了梯黑铝(THL90%/钝感剂10%)炸药的机械感度和抗过载安全性,初步探讨了复合钝感剂的钝感机理.结果表明,高分子预聚体PE、硝化纤维素对微晶蜡有较强的乳化作用,高分子预聚体、梯恩梯对硝化纤维素有熔胀与熔解作用.复合钝感剂的乳化作用是使炸药钝感的根本所在.钝感的梯黑铝炸药的摩擦感度为0,撞击感度为24%.     

纳米LaCoO3对RDX基混合炸药的热分解特性和感度的影响

用DSC和DTA研究了LaCoO3对含AP的RDX基混合炸药热分解特性的影响。结果表明,纳米LaCoO3对含有AP的RDX基爆炸混合物的热分解具有一定的催化作用;纳米LaCoO3使RDX基混合炸药的撞击感度和热感度降低,摩擦感度增大。     

梯黑铝混合装药唯象动力学性质研究

为分析某型报废火箭炮弹内部梯黑铝混合装药唯象动力学性质,采用差示扫描量热仪测定了其热分解过程。分别得到梯黑铝炸药样品在5,10,20℃/min升温速率下的DSC曲线和相关特征数据。利用非模函数Ozawa方程,结合线性回归分析,计算了梯黑铝炸药的动力学参数,求得活化能Ea=59.035 0 kJ/mol,相关系数r=0.999 53。     

RDX和铝含量对RDX基含铝炸药热爆发温度的影响

通过热爆发延滞期试验测定了含铝炸药的5s延滞期热爆发温度Tb,研究了RDX和铝粉含量对热爆发温度的影响.结果表明,随着RDX含量的增加,Tb先下降后升高,获得了描述Tb与RDX和铝粉含量关系的线性经验方程.认为在热爆发试验中体系是从含能材料热分解和加热介质两个途径获得能量(热量),前者与含能反应物的含量有关,后者与体系...     

RDX基铝薄膜炸药与铝粉炸药水下爆炸性能比较

为了减少铝粉炸药在生产过程中因铝粉对环境污染,降低铝粉炸药的撞击感度,提高含铝炸药的成型性及力学性能,将RDX用铝薄膜分层包裹得到新型的铝薄膜混合炸药。将铝薄膜混合炸药与铝粉炸药进行水下爆炸实验与爆速实验,得到两种炸药的爆速与压力时程曲线,经过分析计算得到两种炸药的压力峰值、冲量、冲击波能、气泡脉动周期与气泡能。结果表明：铝薄膜炸药药柱的轴向为RDX与铝薄膜独立贯通的结构,有利于降低混合炸药中添加物对基体炸药爆轰波传播的影响,从而使铝薄膜混合炸药的爆速高于铝粉炸药,导致铝薄膜炸药的冲击波损失系数高于铝粉炸药,使铝薄膜混合炸药的总能量、比气泡能与铝粉炸药相当情况下,其比冲击波能却降低了10.16%～10.33%,计算过程说明铝薄膜混合炸药的C-J压力计算公式具有合理性。     

梯黑铝混合装药提取铝的反应动力学研究

采用"颗粒不变收缩芯模型"研究了梯黑铝装药中Al的酸解反应动力学行为,考察了反应温度、硫酸浓度及炸药粒度对反应速率的影响。结果表明,A l的酸浸过程符合动力学方程g(x)=1-(1-x)1/3=kt,为化学反应控制类型,表观活化能为42.392 kJ/mol。在此基础上,经线性回归分析,发现表观反应速率常数k与硫酸初始浓度C0及炸药粒径1/r20成正比例关系。     

溶剂萃取法回收TNT的安全性研究

为了更好地利用回收的废弃火炸药,以甲苯作为溶剂,利用溶剂萃取法从B炸药中回收TNT组分;采用液相色谱法测定回收TNT的纯度;采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和5 s爆发点实验对回收的TNT和对比样品进行了热安定性分析;测定了回收TNT的撞击感度和摩擦感度。结果表明,液相色谱法测得回收TNT纯度为94.19%,对比样品TNT纯度为96.66%;不同升温速率下,回收TNT熔化峰温较对比样品降低了0.9~1.4℃,分解峰温降低了5℃左右,活化能降低3.51 kJ/mol,表明回收TNT的热安定性有所降低;回收TNT的5 s延滞期爆发点为422.7℃,较纯TNT文献值低约53℃,比对比样品TNT高28.5℃;5 s爆发点变化与其所含杂质种类有关,回收TNT中的杂质对热感度的影响较小;回收TNT的撞击感度为8%,摩擦感度为4%,与对比样品相比均下降,表明回收TNT的安全性较好,能满足再利用的要求。     

超声空化-表面活性剂水溶法提取RDX/Al/AP/HTPB炸药中的AP

为了对RDX/Al/AP/HTPB炸药的有效成分进行分离回收,研究了以超声空化-表面活性剂水溶法提取RDX/Al/AP/HTPB炸药中高氯酸铵(AP)的分离工艺,探讨了各工艺参数对AP提取率的影响。结果表明,表面活性剂浓度、提取时间和超声频率是影响AP提取率的主要因素,表面活性剂种类为次要因素,料液质量比和提取次数对AP提取率的影响很小。最佳工艺条件为:室温,提取时间40min,料液质量比1∶3,提取次数1次,超声功率3.0kW,表面活性剂为吐温80(质量分数2.0%)。     

长贮后的梯黑混合炸药性质研究

利用差热分析法、卡斯特落锤仪、动态撞击下应力测试系统研究了经过长期贮存的ＴＮＴ－ＲＤＸ－Ａｌ三元混合炸药的热分解、机械撞击感度、成分变化和撞击下粉状样品的应力－时间变化关系。结果表明，经过不同的贮存时间后的上述炸药性质不变。     

RDX/Al超细复合粒子的制备及性能研究

为了研究超细与复合途径对炸药性质的影响，运用YLG型高效研磨制备出RDX／Al超细复合粒子，并以水和乙醇作研磨介质进行了比较研究，并对复合粒子粒度，粒子形貌、热力学性能，粒子组分及爆热等进行了较全面的研究，结果表明，在水中研磨有助于粒子的复合，而在乙醇中研磨则有利于粒子的超细化和分散，在乙醇中研磨样品由于高能物质（C2H5O）3Al的生成，其爆热提高明显。为了解释这些现象，提出了超细复合模型及超细RDX／Al复合炸药热分散模型，其结论与实施结果相符合。     

Degradation of TNT,RDX, and HMX Explosive Wastewaters Using Zero‐Valent Iron Nanoparticles

The high‐energy explosives 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine (RDX), and the high melting explosive octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine (HMX) are common groundwater contaminants at active and abandoned munitions production facilities causing serious environmental problems. A highly efficient and environmentally friendly method was developed for the treatment of the explosives‐contaminated wastewaters using zero‐valent iron nanoparticles (ZVINs). ZVINs with diameters of 20–50 nm and specific surface areas of 42.56 m² g⁻¹ were synthesized by the co‐precipitation method. The explosives degradation reaction is expressed to be of pseudo first‐order and the kinetic reaction parameters are calculated based on different initial concentrations of TNT, RDX, and HMX. In addition, by comparison of the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) images for the fresh and reacted ZVINs, it was apparent that the ZVINs were oxidized and aggregated to form Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles as a result of the chemical reaction. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and X‐ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) measurements confirmed that the ZVINs corrosion primarily occurred due to the formation of Fe₃O₄. Furthermore, the postulated reaction kinetics in different concentrations of TNT, RDX, and HMX, showed that the rate of TNT removal was higher than RDX and HMX. Furthermore, by‐products obtained after degradation of TNT (long‐chain alkanes/methylamine) and RDX/HMX (formaldehyde/methanol/hydrazine/dimethyl hydrazine) were determined by LC/MS/MS, respectively. The high reaction rate and significant removal efficiencies suggest that ZVINs might be suitable and powerful materials for an in‐situ degradation of explosive polluted wastewaters.     

Preparation and Performance of a HNIW/TNT Cocrystal Explosive

A novel cocrystal explosive composed of 2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexanitrohexaazaiso‐wurtzitane (HNIW) and 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT) in a 1 : 1 molar ratio was effectively prepared by solvent/nonsolvent cocrystallization adopting dextrin as modified additive. The structure, thermal behavior, sensitivity, and detonation properties of HNIW/TNT cocrystal were studied. The morphology and structure of the cocrystal were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and single crystal X‐ray diffraction (SXRD). SEM images showed that the cocrystal has a prism type morphology with an average size of 270 μm. SXRD revealed that the cocrystal crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, space group Pbca, and is formed by hydrogen bonding interactions. The properties of the cocrystal including sensitivity, thermal decomposition, and detonation performances were discussed in detail. Sensitivity studies showed that the cocrystal exhibits low impact and friction sensitivity, and largely reduces the mechanical sensitivity of HNIW. DSC and TG tests indicated that the heterogeneous exothermic decomposition of the cocrystal occurs in the temperature range from 170 °C to 265 °C with peak maxima at 220 °C and 250 °C and significantly increases the melting point of TNT by 54 °C. The cocrystal has excellent detonation properties with a detonation velocity of 8426 m s⁻¹ and a calculated detonation pressure of 32.3 MPa at a charge density of 1.76 g cm⁻³, respectively. Moreover, the results suggested that the HNIW/TNT cocrystal not only has unique performance itself, but also effectively alters the properties of TNT and HNIW. Therefore, the cocrystal formed by HNIW and TNT could provide a new and effective method to modify the properties of certain compounds to yield enhanced explosives for further application.