油液磨粒检测传感器线圈间距对输出信号的影响

电感式磨粒传感器在机械设备润滑油液磨粒在线监测中具有独特优势,通过测量传感器输出的感应电压信号来获取油液中磨粒的大小、数量以及质量等信息,进而可实现设备磨损程度的判断。为了研究电感式三线圈传感器中相邻两线圈之间的距离对传感器输出感应信号的影响,基于差动式三线圈互感原理建立传感器三维模型;利用JMAG-Designer12.0软件对传感器检测铁磁磨粒的过程进行瞬态电磁仿真,分析线圈间距对传感器输出感应电动势的影响;通过制作传感器进行实验并行验证仿真结果的正确性。研究结果表明,当线圈间距小于2.5 mm时,感应电动势随间距的增加而增大,当线圈间距大于2.5 mm时,感应电动势随间距的增加而减小,线圈间距为2.5 mm时,感应电动势最大,传感器输出信号与理论正弦信号变化趋势接近一致,并且信号干扰最小、信号最为稳定。     

一种高梯度静磁场感应式全流量磨粒监测传感器

针对传统单激励油液磨粒传感器难以实现全流量润滑油监测的问题,提出了一种基于多激励结构的感应式磨粒监测传感器。在传感器流道周向均匀布置多个激励结构,扩大检测范围,从而实现全流量磨粒监测。建立三维有限元模型,分析了感应线圈的静磁场和瞬态特性,揭示了激励结构数量与y-z平面周向磁场均匀性的关系。同时,优化了传感器的磁极形状。单颗粒模拟实验表明激励电流、电流方向和激励结构数量直接影响磨粒感应信号波形,验证了激励结构数量是影响传感器有效检测范围的重要因素。润滑油系统循环条件下的磨粒注入实验结果显示,传感器能够在直径为40 mm的流道中检测到13μm的铁磁性磨粒。     

电涡流磨粒传感器磁场仿真研究

针对电感式磨粒传感器易受磨粒连续性影响和无法识别磨粒材质的问题,通过增大电感式磨粒传感器中磨粒的涡流作用,提出一种电涡流磨粒传感器。结合有限元软件ANSYS Maxwell建立电涡流磨粒传感器的仿真模型,并对不同材质和尺寸的磨粒进行仿真分析,验证电涡流原理在磨粒监测中的可行性。对不同激励频率及线圈内径的电涡流磨粒传感器进行仿真分析。仿真结果表明:电涡流作用可以识别磨粒尺寸,磨粒产生的涡流作用与磨粒尺寸成三次方关系;电涡流作用可以识别磨粒材质,不同材质的磨粒在相同的磁场环境中产生的涡流作用不同;线圈的激励频率越高,磨粒的涡流作用越大;线圈的内径越大,磨粒的涡流作用越小。     

一种基于微流体制备的电阻-电感式磨粒传感器

为了实现油液金属磨粒的高精度测量,基于微流体制备了一种可检测电阻-电感参数的磨粒传感器。通过仿真获得了金属颗粒在时谐磁场中的磁化和涡流效应特征,并通过实验研究了电阻-电感检测的电压特性和频率特性。高频激励可以增强金属颗粒内部的涡流效应,而激励电压对传感器检测结果的影响不大。研究表明电感参数对铁磁性金属的检测能力强,电阻参数对非铁磁性金属的检测能力强。采用2.0 V、2.0 MHz的激励,通过比较分析电阻和电感检测结果,该传感器可有效识别直径60μm的铜颗粒和直径16μm的铁颗粒。这种基于线圈电阻参数检测非铁磁性金属磨粒的方法为增强磨粒传感器的综合测量性能提供了新思路。     

高精度双线圈式磨粒传感器的设计及研究

提出了一种可检测电感和电阻参数的高精度双线圈式磨粒传感器,其可对液压油污染物的检测提供技术支持.激励硅钢片和内置硅钢片通过磁化作用以及对磁场的聚集作用在检测区域中生成了高强度磁场,从而提升了传感器的检测精度.正方形检测通道的设计充分利用了两电感线圈之间的区域,提高了传感器的检测通量.试验表明,内置硅钢片不会改变磨粒传感器的信号噪声,有助于获取更优的信噪比.并且激励硅钢片和内置硅钢片对置区域的磁场强度最强,金属颗粒通过该区域时就会产生电感和电阻变化的脉冲峰值.在搭建的测量系统对油液中的金属磨粒进行检测试验,结果表明电感参数能够检测到25 μm铁颗粒和100 μm铜颗粒,电阻参数方式可检测35 μm铁颗粒和85 μm铜颗粒.通过结合电感参数检测结果和电阻参数检测结果,磨粒传感器可实现对25 μm铁颗粒和85 μm铜颗粒的区分检测.     

油液磨粒感应电压特征辨识研究

准确监测滑油液中磨损微粒的大小和分布信息是评估机械设备服役状态和预测剩余生命的重要手段。然而在实际应用中,感应式磨粒检测传感器输出信号常常伴随着各种噪声和干扰,导致微弱的磨粒信号特征难以准确辨识。为此,本文提出了一种自适应感应电压特征辨识方法。首先对检测信号进行多尺度滤波,利用多组不同截止频率滤波结果之间的稳定性进行目标信号的定位和分割。然后,根据信号的数学模型提取数值特征并进行感应电压辨识,从而实现磨损微粒的精确计数和特征分析。实验结果表明,新方法能较为完整地保留磨粒信号的形态特征,并成功提取出直径70μm磨损颗粒所产生的感应电压信号,对传感器检测精度的提高以及磨损状态准确评估提供了基础。     

脉冲磁场传感器的理论计算与检测

本文通过对脉冲感应型磁场传感器的感应电压进行精确的理论推导，得到检测量与传感器结构、激励磁场、被测磁场之间的定性关系，讨论两种测量方案：单线圈双向励磁和双线圈单向励磁，它们的误差来源、影响和消除措施，从而得出各自的适用范围。     

基于GMR磁传感器的油液铁磁性磨粒在线监测实验研究

为实现对油液中铁磁性磨粒的在线监测,设计搭建一套在线监测装置;基于GMR磁传感器芯片可有效检测微弱磁场的特点,利用GMR磁传感器监测单个铁磨粒被磁化后的剩余磁场;采取"模拟在线"的形式,从GMR磁传感器输出的磁场信号中获取磨粒信息。通过优化装置和试验参数,研究温度、磨粒运动速度对测试系统输出结果的影响,探讨传感器的磨粒检出能力及检出结果的一致性。试验结果显示:在95℃以内的温度和5 cm/s以内的磨粒运动速度条件下,传感器的输出值基本不受影响;运动速度一定时,装置对不同粒度的磨粒输出一致性良好。试验初步表明了GMR磁传感器可用于油液铁磁性磨粒的在线监测,可有效检测出尺寸在75μm以上的铁磨粒。     

静电传感器对滑油系统磨粒 电量测量方法研究

根据静电感应原理,磨粒出现在空间不同位置时,静电传感器电极感应到的电荷量相差很大,由于磨粒出现的位置是未知的,因此很难精确测量磨粒的带电量。借助数学模型,对传感器输出信号与磨粒的关系进行仿真分析。由仿真结果可知,信号的幅值与磨粒携带的电荷量以及磨粒在传感器中所处的径向位置有关;而在已知管道中滑油流速分布的情况下,脉冲宽度只与径向位置有关。提出了通过脉冲宽度确定磨粒所处的径向位置,根据传感器在该径向位置处的灵敏度获得比较准确的磨粒带电量的测量方法。通过带电油滴模拟磨粒,对该方法进行实验验证,实验结果与仿真分析结果基本重合,该方法的测量结果与通过静电计测得的结果相比,误差不超过5%。     

基于平面线圈线阵的直线时栅位移传感器

针对现有磁场式直线时栅位移传感器行波磁场产生过程中,齿槽的存在影响行波磁场的匀速性,提出基于平面线圈线阵的直线时栅位移传感器。无齿槽的结构形式提高了行波磁场的匀速性,可实现大极距下的高精度测量。传感器将施加正交信号的两相励磁线圈相间排列形成平面线圈线阵,产生的行波磁场通过磁场拾取线圈感应出电行波信号,处理后得到位移量。通过电磁场分析软件对传感器进行建模仿真,根据仿真结果得到测量误差;通过理论分析对测量误差进行分析溯源,并根据分析结果对传感器结构进行优化。基于分析和优化结果研制出传感器样机,并进行了精度实验。实验表明,传感器在240 mm内测量精度为±1μm,实现了精密测量。     

An integrated intelligence system for wear debris analysis

Wear debris generated from two moving surfaces inside a machine is a direct wear product of operating machinery. The study of the debris can reveal wear mechanisms, wear modes and wear phases undergoing in the machine. Hence, wear debris analysis can be a very useful means to assess the condition of the machine. However, the current techniques for individual particle analysis are usually time-consuming and costly due to the requirement of analyst’s expertise to perform particle inspection, morphology characterisation and data interpretation. The limitation has obstructed the wide application of this method. Therefore, it is necessary to develop effective, reliable and cost-efficient techniques to perform wear debris analysis for industrial application. This paper presents a fully computerised package for wear debris analysis. The package includes three major systems corresponding to a three-dimensional particle analysis system, an automatic particle identification system and an expert system, communicating with each other through user-friendly interfaces. The successful development of such a system has demonstrated the possibility to achieve a fully computerised analysis system for routine and in-depth wear debris study for machine condition monitoring and fault diagnosis.     

On the wear debris of polyetheretherketone: fractal dimensions in relation to wear mechanisms

It has been recognized that wear debris contains extensive information about wear and friction of materials. Investigation of wear debris is important for tribological research. In order to find out an effective way that is able to diagnose and predict the wear state of polymers, the authors investigated the relationship between the wear debris morphology and the wear behaviour of the bulk material. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) was employed as the model material. Its sliding wear and friction properties were measured by means of a pin-on-disc apparatus. At a constant sliding velocity of 1 m s⁻¹, the specific wear rate was independent of load under lower loading conditions (1–4 MPa) but increased with a rise in load under higher loading conditions (4–8 MPa). The coefficient of friction was insensitive to the variation of contact pressure. The possible mechanisms involved were analysed on the basis of the wear debris morphology as well as the wear performance. Fractal geometry, which describes non-Euclidean objects, was applied to the quantitative analysis of the boundary texture of the wear debris due to the fact that the qualitative assessment of the wear debris morphology was not effective enough to reflect the geometrical variation of the fragmental shapes. The experimental results demonstrated that the wear debris were fractals, and could be characterized with the fractal dimensions which were determined by the slit island method. In addition, it was found that the fractal dimension of the wear debris was closely related to the wear behaviour of PEEK, and can be regarded as a measure of wear rate.     

Effect of wear debris on wear in rolling-sliding motion

The effect of wear particles on wear was investigated using a four-ball extreme pressure lubricant test apparatus. The wear particles present in both filtered and unfiltered oil samples were examined using a duplex Ferrograph analyser and a bichromatic microscope. The wear track widths were measured for various wear modes and were found to increase if the wear debris was recirculated. The size of the wear particles increased with test duration.     

Quantitative correlation of wear debris morphology: grouping and classification

Considerable interest has been expressed in the quantitative analysis of wear debris to minimize the subjectivity of visual assessment of debris morphology. Recent works involve the quantification of wear debris morphology using numerical parameters. In this paper, more comprehensive quantitative analysis of wear debris is performed: wear debris morphology is quantified with numerical parameters and, furthermore, quantitative correlation is performed to demonstrate how specific statistical data analysis techniques can be applied to carry out grouping and classification of debris. Grouping and classification are multivariate statistical techniques that can be used to find out morphological groups of wear debris and to classify wear debris into the predefined wear conditions, respectively. It is shown that statistical data analysis can provide systematic quantitative correlation of wear debris without subjective individual judgment.     

Different aspects of the role of wear debris in fretting wear

Two different aspects of the role of oxide wear debris in fretting wear are studied by allowing them to escape from the interface during sliding. This is accomplished by laser surface texturing that forms regular micro-pores topography on the friction surfaces which enables this escape. It is found that the role of oxide wear debris depends on the dominant fretting wear mechanism. Their presence in the interface protects the friction surfaces when the dominant wear mechanism is adhesive and harms the friction surfaces when this mechanism is abrasive. The escape of oxide wear debris into the micro-pores results in up to 84% reduction in the electrical contact resistance of the textured fretting surfaces.     

Biological reactions to wear debris in total joint replacement

The vast majority of total hip prostheses currently implanted consist of a hard metal or ceramic femoral head articulating against an ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) acetabular cup. Over the last 10 years, evidence has accumulated to show that these prostheses are prone to failure due to late aseptic loosening and few survive beyond 25 years. With an increasing need to implant hip prostheses in the younger, more active patient the need to understand the mechanisms of failure and to develop artificial hip joints using alternative materials have become major issues in the orthopaedic community. This review focuses initially on our current understanding of the biological reactions to UHMWPE prosthetic wear debris in vivo and in vitro since this is believed to be the main cause of late aseptic loosening. While the precise mechanisms of osteolysis induced by UHMWPE wear debris have not been elucidated, the major message to emerge is that it is not the wear volume that determines the biological response to the debris, but the concentration of the wear volume that is within the critical size range (0.2-0.8 micron) for macrophage activation. The review then considers whether the problem of wear-debris-induced osteolysis may be overcome with the use of new generation metal-on-metal or ceramic-on-ceramic prostheses. For metal-on-metal prostheses, the prospects for increasing the osteolysis free life of the implant are good but additional biological problems associated with the nanometre size and reactivity of the wear particles in vivo may emerge. For the ceramic-on-ceramic prostheses, although initial prospects are encouraging, more data are needed on the characteristics of the wear particles generated in vivo before predictions can be made. It is concluded that the pre-clinical testing of any new materials for joint replacement must include an analysis of the wear particle characteristics and their biological reactivity in addition to the usual assessment of wear.     

全视场在线图像可视铁谱磨粒显微成像特性分析

为了评估全视场在线图像可视铁谱磨粒显微成像特性,提出了一种反射光显微成像模型。首先,基于朗伯余弦与小角度散射理论建立了全视场(OLVF)的反射光辐照度模型,实现了磨粒显微成像清晰度定量评价。然后,仿真计算磨粒显微成像的反差透视比,确定了最优光学倍率和适用于全视场OLVF探测的油液衰减系数范围,明确了光学参数对磨粒显微成像质量的影响规律。结果显示：光学倍率为2.0×且油液衰减系数≤2.0条件下,磨粒沉积于物方视场的主光轴附近,全视场OLVF可获得最佳磨粒显微成像清晰度。最后,开展了磨粒显微成像实验测试,结果表明：全视场OLVF能够从油液衰减系数小于2.0的在用液压油和齿轮油中获取反射光谱片图像,并提取磨粒视觉信息进行磨损在线监测。     

A study on the formation of wear debris during abrasion

A set of five material specimens have been tested on five abrasives, some of which are harder, some softer than the materials, using the dynamic abrasive wear tester. Characteristics of selected wear debris have been observed by sem and wear debris of 9Cr2Mo steel analysed by Mossbauer spectroscopy. The test results show three wear mechanisms operating during abrasion: microcutting, plougging deformation and brittle fragmentation. Different abrasives formed different constituents of wear debris due to dissimilar wear conditions. Softer abrasive tended to form more ploughing debris, although some typical microcutting chips were produced. Crushing strength of abrasive may be an important factor in addition to hardness of abrasive. The microstructure of 9Cr2Mo steel wear debris has been changed by abrasion heat; this temperature could be estimated by Mossbauer spectroscopy.     

Examination of wear debris produced using a four-ball machine

The original aim of this work was to identify characteristic wear debris from systems which scuff. The wear debris was identified but could not be considered characteristic as similar debris has been observed in delamination wear. During the metallographic examination of scuffed surfaces, a featureless white layer both on and below the surface was observed. This white layer was similar to adiabatic shear bands. It is suggested that the white layer is a form of microscopic friction weld between asperities. This implies that scuffing is a result of hot welding rather than cold welding, as accepted at present. The tests showed that the trapping and subsequent adhesion of wear debris onto the contact surfaces is a negligible factor in the overall wear process in this system.