蓖麻油改性含氟拒水剂的合成及其对棉织物应用效果的研究

以蓖麻油和2,2,2-三氟乙醇为原料,合成了蓖麻油改性含氟拒水剂.采用傅里叶变换红外光谱对合成物质的结构进行了表征,同时测定了对棉织物整理后的接触角、水滴消失时间、白度以及断裂强力,确定了用其整理棉织物的较佳工艺条件:二浸二轧(蓖麻油改性含氟拒水剂40 g/L)→预烘(100℃,40 min)→焙烘(170℃,3 min).结果表明:经过蓖麻油改性含氟拒水剂整理后,棉织物具有良好的拒水性能(接触角可达到122.0°,水滴消失时间2 108.0 s),但白度和断裂强力稍有下降.     

棕榈油改性含氟拒水剂合成及其拒水性能

以棕榈油和2,2,2-三氟乙醇为原料,合成了棕榈油改性含氟拒水剂-高级脂肪酸三氟乙酯;采用傅里叶变换红外光谱,对合成物质的结构进行了表征;测定了该拒水剂整理棉织物的接触角、水滴消失时间、白度以及断裂强力等指标;确定了棉织物的最佳整理工艺条件:以乙醚为溶剂,棕榈油改性含氟拒水试剂用量40 g/L,二浸二轧,100℃预烘40 min,170℃焙烘3 min。结果表明,经过该棕榈油改性含氟拒水剂整理后,棉织物具有良好的拒水性能和透气性能,白度和断裂强力稍有下降。     

短链含氟丙烯酸酯拒水剂的合成及应用

以甲基丙烯酸六氟丁酯(Actyflon-G02)、苯乙烯(SM)和丙烯酸异辛酯(2-EHA)为聚合单体进行乳液聚合,采用半连续种子乳液聚合方式制备了短链含氟丙烯酸酯拒水剂;对制备的共聚物进行傅里叶红外光谱表征,并将其应用于织物整理上。通过研究拒水剂用量、轧余率、预烘温度、焙烘温度和焙烘时间对织物拒水性能的影响,优化的应用工艺为:棉织物→二浸二轧(短链含氟丙烯酸酯拒水整理剂50 g/L,轧余率75%)→预烘(80℃,3 min)→焙烘(160℃,3 min)。整理后织物对水的接触角可达134.5°,具有良好的拒水性能。     

棉织物的硅溶胶/短链含氟聚丙烯酸酯复合拒水整理

为实现棉织物绿色环保拒水整理，利用硅溶胶和短链含氟聚丙烯酸酯对棉织物进行复合整理和工艺优化，赋予棉织物优异的拒水性。探讨了硅溶胶用量、短链含氟聚丙烯酸酯质量浓度、浸渍时间、预烘温度、烘焙温度和烘焙时间等因素对棉织物拒水效果的影响，得到其最佳整理工艺为：硅溶胶用量0.3%(o.w.f),短链含氟聚丙烯酸酯质量浓度30 g/L,浸渍时间20 min,预烘温度80℃,170℃焙烘2 min。利用扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶红外光谱仪、热重分析仪对整理后棉织物的表面形貌和结构进行分析，并通过表面接触角测试仪及织物风格仪测试其表面润湿性、耐酸碱性和风格变化。结果表明：复合整理后棉织物表面形成硅溶胶/短链含氟聚丙烯酸酯疏水层，最大接触角为155.6°,经50次洗涤后，接触角仍大于90°;对强酸(pH值为3)和强碱(pH值为12)液滴的接触角分别可达100°和93°,具有良好的耐酸碱性；整理后棉织物折皱回复率提升约20%,热稳定性及柔软度也略有改善。     

基于短链含氟丙烯酸酯细乳液的棉织物拒水拒油整理

针对织物拒水拒油整理过程中出现的环境污染、整理效果不佳以及耐洗牢度差等问题,通过细乳液聚合法合成了四碳短链含氟丙烯酸酯细乳液,考察了其对棉织物的拒水拒油整理效果。以单因素分析法探讨预处理方式、细乳液质量浓度、预烘工艺及焙烘工艺对棉织物的水油接触角的影响,得到等离子体预处理棉织物拒水拒油整理的最佳工艺条件:细乳液质量浓度为60 g/L,浸渍时间为30 min,80 ℃预烘3 min,160 ℃焙烘3 min。在此最佳条件下,棉织物对水、橄榄油和十六烷的接触角分别为160°、154°、135°;经30次洗涤后,棉织物对水、橄榄油和十六烷的接触角分别为145°、133°、113°;整理后棉织物的折皱回复角提高36%,断裂强力及白度均无明显下降。     

涤/棉织物拒水拒油整理及性能

采用浸轧焙烘工艺对涤/棉织物进行拒水拒油整理。通过测试分析整理后织物的水接触角、油接触角、静水压值及拒水拒油等级,研究拒水拒油剂质量浓度、架桥剂质量浓度、焙烘温度及焙烘时间因素对织物拒水拒油性能的影响。由单因素试验,获得采用防水剂3679A对涤/棉织物进行拒水拒油整理的优化工艺如下:防水剂3679A质量浓度30 g/L,架桥剂3523质量浓度4. 5 g/L,100℃下预烘120 s,165℃下焙烘90 s。     

棉织物的无氟拒水整理性能分析

采用九种无氟拒水剂对棉织物进行拒水整理,通过测试无氟拒水剂的粒径分布以及拒水整理棉织物的表面形态、静态接触角和耐水洗性能,分析了影响棉织物无氟拒水整理性能的因素。研究结果表明:无氟拒水剂乳液的粒径分布处于150~400 nm,乳液分散均匀;九种无氟拒水剂整理后的棉织物,静态接触角均在140°以上,但具有一定差异性,部分无氟拒水整理棉织物的静态接触角超过150°,达到超疏水效果;无氟拒水剂在棉织物表面可形成的拒水膜,拒水性能与棉纤维的表面形态和成膜结构有关;在水洗过程中,棉织物表面的拒水膜局部受到破坏,导致拒水性能下降。     

短链含氟防水整理剂的合成及应用性能

以丙烯酸六氟丁酯(FA-01)及甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)、丙烯酸丁酯(BA)为原料,采用乳液聚合方法,制备了含氟织物防水整理剂乳液.结果表明,取聚合温度为80℃,反应时间为2h,BA∶MMA为5∶2,丙烯酸六氟丁酯35％,乳化剂1.8％,引发剂0.6％(以上均为占总单体质量分数)时,可以得到外观透亮、细腻、稳定的聚合物乳液.优化的防水整理工艺为:二浸二轧(防水整理剂60 g/L,浸置时间25 min,轧余率75％)→预烘(100℃,3min)→焙烘(180℃,3min).经该防水整理剂整理后棉织物对水的接触角可以达到129.3°.     

光固化SiO_2溶胶在棉织物拒水整理中的应用

利用溶胶-凝胶技术,以正硅酸四乙酯、3-叠氮丙基三乙氧基硅烷为前驱体,氨水为催化剂制备光固化二氧化硅溶胶,以十六烷基三甲氧基硅烷为拒水剂对棉织物进行拒水整理.先浸轧光固化二氧化硅溶胶,再浸渍烷烃硅氧烷,无需焙烘,通过紫外光照直接赋予织物拒水性能.采用扫描电镜、X射线光电子能谱仪对整理后的棉织物进行测试.结果表明,光固化二氧化硅溶胶沉积在织物表面,提高了棉织物的粗糙度.接触角测试表明,棉织物对水接触角(5μL)达到155°;整理后的棉织物经30次皂洗后,与水的接触角仍大于135°.     

聚氨酯/有机硅水凝胶整理棉织物的拒水性能

以聚氨酯/有机硅水凝胶对棉织物进行整理,研究整理后棉织物的拒水性能。结果表明,聚氨酯/有机硅水凝胶整理棉织物的静态水接触角为102.4°,拒水性为90分,抗静水压为2.02 kPa,表明整理棉织物具有良好的拒水性能;整理棉织物经过50次水洗后,静态水接触角为91.2°,仍具有较好的拒水性能。此外整理棉织物的白度、柔软度和断裂强力均有所增加。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the