不同挥发性强度醇基液体燃料发热量检测方法研究

本文采用湖南三德公司的自动量热仪对两种挥发性强度不同的醇基液体燃料发热量进行测定。通过测定两种醇基液体燃料元素和水分含量,利用门捷列夫理论发热量计算两种燃料的理论低位热值从而确定最适合的称样量。在合适称样量的情况下,采用了6种不同的密封方法,分别为聚乙烯安瓿瓶、明胶胶囊、乙酰丁酸脂胶囊、石蜡膜、生料带和乙酸纤维素胶片对两种样品称重过程进行密封,探索不同挥发性强度醇基液体燃料适合的最佳密封方法。     

紫外荧光法测定醇基液体燃料中的总硫含量

鉴于当前国家标准GB 16663中总硫含量分析方法的缺失,采用了紫外荧光法测定醇基液体燃料中的总硫含量。通过考察确定了影响测定结果的最佳试验条件,并建立标准工作曲线来测定总硫含量。验证了方法的精密度和准确度,为国家标准的修订提供了有意义的依据。     

醇基液体燃料在锅炉中的应用研究

本文通过对锅炉中使用醇基液体燃料、煤、天然气等燃料的热值、成本、排放量的对比,突显出了醇基液体燃料在锅炉中的使用优势。     

气相色谱直接进样分析醇基液体燃料中甲醇和水含量

建立了气相色谱直接进样法同时分析醇基液体燃料中甲醇和水。方法采用苯乙烯-二乙烯基苯多孔聚合物的毛细管色谱柱,程序升温,热导检测器(TCD)检测,进样口温度250℃,检测器温度300℃,保留时间定性,峰面积定量,外标法计算含量。结果证明,该方法操作简单,结果准确、重复性好,满足醇基液体燃料中甲醇和水含量的同时准确检测。     

浅谈醇基燃料在我公司的应用

醇基燃料是一种以甲醇为基础开发的一种环保燃料,无毒、无残液、无烟尘、无有害废气、无积垢、无腐蚀、低挥发、热值高,既安全又经济的清洁新燃料,属可再生的生物能源,是国家正式认定的标准能源之一。1997年,国家计委交通能源司、国家农业部环保能源司、国家经贸委资源综合利用司等国家有关部门联合发文（环能管）[1997]30号文要求各地推广利用。由于原油价格急剧上涨,醇基液体燃料作为新型再生能源,以其低成本的显著优势,获得了广泛关注和支持,产能大规模提高,技术发展十分迅速。     

车用醇基燃料及其应用性能评价

推广使用清洁的醇基燃料,可以节约石油能源、减少尾气排放。本文通过对车用醇基燃料复合添加剂的研究,得出了其最佳配方。利用该复合添加剂调和的车用醇基燃料,热值与动力性显著增加,大量降低了有害物质的排放。并且通过行车试验,证明了车用醇基燃料在实际应用中具有优良的环保性、经济性、动力性。     

醇基液体燃料的发展现状及展望

新能源具有清洁、环保、可再生等优点,对我国发展节能减排、调整能源结构、促进经济可持续健康发展具有重要的意义。醇基液体燃料作为新能源的要组成部分,对经济发展做出来重要贡献,本文主要分析了醇基液体燃料资源条件开发利用状况,发展现状,并对其前景作了展望。     

3种清热解毒药品的燃烧热分析

为了对几种清热解毒药品的热值进行质量分析,试验采用氧弹热量计测定三种清热解毒药品的热值.结果表明:这几种清热解毒药品中复方羊角颗粒的热值最大,复方板蓝根颗粒的热值最小,即复方羊角颗粒质量最好,复方板蓝根颗粒的质量相比其他2种质量稍差.     

热解病死畜禽制备清洁液体燃料

着重讲述了利用热解技术分解病死畜禽并分离热解产物制备清洁液体燃料的方法,对热解病死畜禽获得产物的产率和残余固体产率随温度和压力的关系进行了研究,分析了热解产物的元素,测定了清洁液体燃料的闪点,粘度,热值,馏程,冷滤点;研究表明:温度在160℃,压力在1.0Mpa条件下热解液化所得的产率最高,其化学成分包括大部分的酯类、芳香烃,还有醚类、呋喃等其他有机物。此物质和工业甲醇通过特殊工艺制备的清洁液体燃料,经测定闪点在52℃,冷滤点在-2℃,热值在42.1MJ/kg,指标符合国家炉用燃油标准(GB 25989-2010),可作为民用燃料用于酒店、学校食堂、餐饮店,还可以作为工业锅炉、窑炉的供热原料燃烧供热。     

利用浒苔生产液体燃料的途径比较

浒苔灾害在给环境带来灾害的同时,也为我们提供了一种可用的生物质能源。本文对目前采用较多的三种浒苔液体生物燃料转化途径进行了分析,比较了三种转化工艺在工艺复杂程度、工艺参数和反应时间、液体燃料产率及产物成分和热值方面的差别,得到了一些有用结论,为科学选择利用浒苔生产液体燃料的转化途径提供了一定参考。     

液态纳米燃料及其强化燃烧研究进展

液态纳米燃料是一种由纳米颗粒与燃料基液组成的特殊液-固两相混合物,具有热传输能力强、催化助燃性能好、污染物排放低等诸多优点。然而,纳米颗粒的小尺寸特征使得液态纳米燃料的热/质输运机理、雾化蒸发特性以及燃烧化学反应过程极其复杂,导致液态纳米燃料强化燃烧理论与应用研究至今还存在许多问题。本文首先介绍了液态纳米燃料制备与稳定性处理方法,其次分析了纳米颗粒影响下液态燃料热物性参数、雾化、蒸发与燃烧特性的研究进展,然后重点综述了液态纳米燃料在动力装置性能提升与污染物减排领域的潜在应用价值。在此基础上,对液态纳米燃料强化燃烧技术的未来研究方向进行了展望,指出高效可控制备方法、热物性参数变化规律与数学描述、催化助燃与减排机制是液态纳米燃料领域亟需解决的重点问题。     

乙醇在微尺度单电极燃烧器内的雾化与燃烧

采用荷电喷雾燃烧技术是促进微尺度下液体燃料稳定燃烧的重要方法。使用乙醇为燃料,在新型结构的喷嘴内径为0.8 mm微尺度单电极燃烧器内,进行了荷电雾化与燃烧特性的实验研究。结果表明:荷电雾化会随喷嘴电压升高而出现4种模式,对应的荷质比在脉动模式下最低,到达锥-射流模式后出现跃升,在锥-射流模式下最为稳定。荷电雾化后的乙醇在燃烧器网格处稳定燃烧,火焰温度随着当量比增大先上升后下降。火焰温度在当量比=1.0时达到最高值,且随电压增大而上升。锥-射流模式下,当量比=1.0时,燃烧效率可达89%,燃料转换效率可达90%。稳定的雾化模式以及合适的当量比,对燃烧效果具有较大的改善作用。     

利用环己烷/乙醇废液制备凝胶燃料

采用固体酒精的三种典型制备方法,尝试将相图实验的环己烷/乙醇混合废液制成类似固体酒精的凝胶燃料,实验结果表明:(1)醋酸钙法不适用;(2)硬脂酸-氢氧化钠法可用;(3)溶胶-凝胶法中使用羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)较合适;(4)在硬脂酸-氢氧化钠法中加入HPMC(羟丙基甲基纤维素)得到的凝胶燃料性能最好;(5)与固体酒精相比,环己烷/乙醇凝胶燃料优点是火大、耐烧、热值高,缺点是久燃锅底易黑,久放罐中味重。提出了使用消烟剂、加厚工业酒精凝胶包覆层等改进设想。     

Catalytic oxidation of natural gas using flameless burners of a new design

Various aspects of operating burners traditionally used for oxidizing gaseous hydrocarbons and heat exchangers used for heat recovery are considered. A method developed by FAST ENGINEERING LTD. for the efficient burning of fuel with deep heat recovery of waste gases while maintaining a given adiabatic temperature is described. The method is based on using a flameless burner and heat exchangers of a new design. Burner operation is tested on an experimental stand with determination of the dependences for the aerodynamic drag of a granular layer and the content of unburned hydrocarbons, CO, and NO _x in combustion products on the consumption of the fuel-air mixture and the adiabatic temperature of fuel combustion. The described method for burning fuel is shown to provide the desired temperature of combustion products for a consumer of heat energy and to reduce the consumption of fuel by 5–20%. Burning fuel at an adiabatic combustion temperature of no more than 1200°C virtually eliminates the CO and NO _x content in the combustion products. Designed flameless burner, new generation of heat exchangers, and technology for the efficient burning of fuel can be applied to vapor and water-heating boilers, gas turbines, and catalytic reactors to produce synthesis gas from natural gas for processing into hydrogen, ammonia, methanol, synthetic liquid hydrocarbons, and so on.     

Spectroscopic measurements of premixed combustion in diesel engine

Digital imaging and spectroscopic techniques, with high temporal and spatial resolution, were applied in order to study the low temperature combustion process. Injection and combustion phases were analysed by digital imaging. Mixing process, autoignition and pollutants formation were investigated by broadband ultraviolet-visible extinction spectroscopy and flame emission measurements. Moreover, fuel distribution and oxidation were studied as well. Liquid fuel and vapour phase, injected around the top dead centre, were analysed. The liquid diesel fuel was observed by extinction measurements when the liquid jet reached the bowl rim and aromatic compounds due to fuel decomposition were identified. On the other side, the vapour fuel was detected about 2° after the injection start and liquid fuel disappeared. Then, radicals and species were detected in the combustion chamber. They are interesting in order to study the chemical kinetics of low temperature combustion process. The chemiluminescence spectra of HCCI combustion appeared as well as several distinct peaks corresponding to the emission from HCO, HCHO, CH, and OH. In particular, this latter was clearly evident during the whole premixed combustion and dominated the process also after the end of the premixed phase of the heat release. Advancing the combustion, bright spots due to not homogeneous charge were detected. They were the source of the very little soot amount detected at the exhaust pipe. Finally, the injection pressure effect on the development of low temperature combustion was analysed.     

Chemical makeup and physical characterization of a synthetic fuel and methods of heat content evaluation for studies on MSW incineration

A well-characterized synthetic fuel is often needed for research related to the efficiency or completeness of combustion and emissions from municipal solid waste incinerators. Knowledge of the chemical makeup, physical characteristics and heat content of such a synthetic fuel is important to establish accurate baseline operating conditions for experiments and to provide a mechanism for verification of data.A synthetic fuel was formulated to be representative of municipal solid waste (MSW) found in the US waste-stream, after some recycling. A majority of the fuel consists of cellulose in the form of paper and wood. Low-density polyethylene is chosen to represent the plastic polymer content, and iron represents the metal content. The waste food organic content is simulated by animal feed. Water and the inert component silica make up the rest of the fuel. The fuel is fabricated in three stages: (i) mixing the components, (ii) size reduction by shredding and (iii) compaction into cylindrical pellets of 2.5 cm diameter and approximate length 5 cm. Chemical analysis of the fuel includes testing its chlorine, nitrogen and sulfur content. The physical characterization includes tests for fixed carbon, ash, volatile matter and moisture content of the fuel. The heat content of the synthetic fuel is determined by three different methods.The first method to determine the heat content is the standard bomb calorimeter method, in which a powdered sample of fuel is burned with excess oxygen in an adiabatic calorimeter. The second method, also experimental in nature, is to apply calorimetry on the individual components of the synthetic fuel. The third method is to investigate literature values for the heat content of the individual fuel components and then multiply them by their mass fractions and sum to find the total heat content. These three values for the heat content are compared, and close agreement is found. The value determined by all three methods is the ‘higher heating value’ (HHV), that is, it includes the latent heat of condensation of water vapor, which is formed during combustion. Thus, in all three methods, among the final combustion products the water content is taken to be condensed (liquid). The data show that any one of the three methods can accurately determine the heat content of a synthetic fuel.     

乙醇荷电喷雾对冲燃烧的火焰特性

研究液体燃料雾化燃烧的火焰特性,有助于理解整个燃烧的变化过程。基于对冲火焰结构,以无水乙醇为燃料,设计了乙醇荷电喷雾对冲燃烧装置。通过对喷雾和火焰进行拍摄,并对火焰温度进行测量,得到了不同燃料流量下的喷雾形态、火焰形态和火焰温度变化,探讨了不同当量比、应变率对火焰形态和温度的影响规律。结果表明：随着乙醇流量的增加,喷雾的雾化核心区域和卫星区域的分界逐渐消失,当乙醇流量增加到13 ml/h时,喷雾出现液柱。当量比小于1时火焰保持稳定,当量比大于1时火焰出现振荡,火焰的无量纲直径随当量比的增加呈减小趋势。随着应变率的增大,火焰的无量纲直径减小,温度降低。     

Improvements in light oil combustion by adding small quantities of alcohol. Possible application in cold starts up,in thermal power stations

The state of the art techniques concerning the mixing of alcohol with liquid fuels for combustion in furnaces is briefly presented. The test equipment consisting of a combustion chamber is described. Results when alcohol is added to traditional fuel in certain proportions are presented. Finally, conclusions of the mixtures behaviour are derived.     

Air-fuel mixing and combustion in a small-bore direct injection optically accessible diesel engine using a retarded single injection strategy

In this paper, the air-fuel mixing and combustion in a small-bore direct injection optical diesel engine were studied for a retarded single injection strategy. The effects of injection pressure and timing were analyzed based on in-cylinder heat release analysis, liquid fuel and vapor fuel imaging by Laser induced exciplex fluorescence technique, and combustion process visualization. NOx emissions were measured in the exhaust pipe. Results show that increasing injection pressure benefits soot reduction while increases NOx emissions. Retarding injection timing leads to simultaneous reduction of soot and NOx emissions with premixed homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) like combustion modes. The vapor distribution in the cylinder is relatively homogeneous, which confirms the observation of premixed combustion in the current studies. The postulated path of these combustion modes were analyzed and discussed on the equivalence ratio-temperature map.     

麦渣与制浆废液共混制备成型颗粒燃料及其燃烧特性分析

为研究麦渣与制浆废液共混制备的成型颗粒燃料的燃烧特性,通过热重分析法对其燃烧热力学及燃烧动力学进行了研究。结果表明：制浆废液的添加使颗粒燃料出现固定碳的二次燃烧阶段,有利于降低成型颗粒燃料的挥发分、固定碳燃烧阶段的点火温度及最大燃烧速率温度,对颗粒燃料的燃烧有正向协同作用;制备的颗粒燃料的一阶动力学模型拟合曲线的相关系数在0.95以上,颗粒燃料在挥发分燃烧和固定碳燃烧阶段的活化能和指前因子均随制浆废液的添加而降低。当废液固形物质量分数为53%时制备的成型颗粒燃料,其挥发分燃烧阶段和固定碳燃烧阶段的活化能为72.85和83.52 kJ/mol,指前因子为2.82×10⁶和3.73×10⁵ min^-1。制浆废液的添加使颗粒燃料更易燃烧,且燃烧过程稳定不易爆燃。