"Neuropsychological impairments in schizophrenia: Integration of performance-based and brain imaging findings": Correction.

Reports an error in "Neuropsychological impairments in schizophrenia: Integration of performance-based and brain imaging findings" by Abraham Reichenberg and Philip D. Harvey (Psychological Bulletin, 2007[Sep], Vol 133[5], 833-858). In the article, on page 837, right column, first paragraph; in Table 1 (p. 835); and in Table 2 (p. 843), the word perseverations was misspelled as preservations. In addition, on page 846, left column, third paragraph, the last word in the sentence was incorrect. The correct word should be hyperactivation. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2007-12463-006.) Until recently, the dominant view was that schizophrenia patients have limited, if any, neuropsychological impairments, and those that are observed are only secondary to the florid symptoms of the disorder. This view has dramatically changed. This review integrates recent evidence demonstrating the severity and profile of neuropsychological impairments in schizophrenia. We present quantitative evaluation of the literature demonstrating that the most severe impairments are apparent in episodic memory and executive control processes, evident on a background of a generalized cognitive deficit. The neuropsychological impairments potentially represent genetic liability to the disorder, as similar, yet milder, impairments are evident in schizophrenia patients even before the onset of psychotic symptoms, as well as in the nonpsychotic relatives of schizophrenia patients. Corresponding cognitive neuroimaging literature on executive functions, episodic memory, and working memory in schizophrenia documenting abnormalities in frontal and medial temporal lobes is summarized, and current models integrating neuropsychological and neuroimaging data are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Failures to detect moderating effects with ordinary least squares-moderated multiple regression: Some reasons and a remedy.

[Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 100(2) of Psychological Bulletin (see record 2008-10954-001). Several errors went uncorrected. On page 283, the second line of the first full paragraph should read "in Equation 3...." On page 284, in the eighth line of the first full paragraph, the power in the equation should be "1/2," not "12." On page 287, in Table 4, the heading for column 6 should read "Adjusted SS for deletion of X?X?," not just "X?." The heading for column 7 should read "H?: β?=0c, partial F," not "β?." Finally, in line 3 of the table note, "X?X?" should read "X?,X?."] Describes a means for determining circumstances when ordinary least squares/moderated multiple regression (OLS/MMR) may be at risk in moderator applications and suggests an alternative regression procedure that can be used to overcome the threat of Type II error posed by these circumstances. Using field study data on job satisfaction of employees at state institutions for the developmentally disabled, parallel analyses are presented to show how markedly different results can be obtained between OLS/MMR and the remedial procedure. It is suggested that investigators who have reached conclusions with the traditional OLS/MMR approach reexamine their data. (23 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Where the 'Stars' are: The 25 most cited psychologists in Canada": Corrections.

Reports an error in "Where the "stars" are: The 25 most cited psychologists in Canada (1972–1976)" by Norman S. Endler (Canadian Psychological Review, 1979[Jan], Vol 20[1], 12-21). Several corrections should be noted. The corrections are as follows: 1) in Table 1, the subheadings "1975 1974 1973 1972" were improperly aligned with the columns, and Kimura's 1976 citation rank should have been 3 instead of 2; 2) in Table 2, the number 1 calling attention to footnote 1 was omitted from the title; 3) in Table 3, an additional heading "Citations" should have appeared over the columns "1975 1974 1973 1972" on the same line as "Publications;" 4) in Table 3, the probability levels should have read '*p 1980-01842-001) and Endler et al's 1978 American Psychologist article (Vol. 33, pages 1064-1082). CPR also extends apologies to Professors Endler, Melzack and Tulving for typographical errors in the spelling of their names as follows: on the front cover, Professor Endler's middle initial should have been listed as S; on page 16, in the last paragraph, in the left hand column, Melzack's name was misspelled; on page 19, in the second paragraph in the right column, Tulving's name was misspelled. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1980-28686-001.) The Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) for 1972-1976 was used as a data source for citation counts, which reflect scholarly impact, and publication counts reflecting productivity, for the 25 most cited psychologists ("stars") for 1972-1976. These 25 "stars" are located primarily at Ontario Universities and McGill and received their graduate training primarily at McGill, Yale, Harvard or the big 10 mid-western universities. Their major research areas appear to be cognitive processes, memory and verbal learning, personality theory and assessment, social processes and physiological psychology. Most of them are in their 40s or 50s, five of them are past presidents of CPA, three of them are currently departmental chairmen, and two are former departmental chairmen. Despite the limitations of the SSCI citation count, it appears to be the best single indicator of research quality and scholarly impact on the field of academic psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Failures to detect moderating effects with ordinary least squares-moderated multiple regression: Some reasons and a remedy": Correction to Morris et al.

Reports an error in "Failures to detect moderating effects with ordinary least squares-moderated multiple regression: Some reasons and a remedy" by James H. Morris, J. Daniel Sherman and Edward R. Mansfield (Psychological Bulletin, 1986[Mar], Vol 99[2], 282-288). Several errors went uncorrected. On page 283, the second line of the first full paragraph should read "in Equation 3...." On page 284, in the eighth line of the first full paragraph, the power in the equation should be "1/2," not "12." On page 287, in Table 4, the heading for column 6 should read "Adjusted SS for deletion of X?X?," not just "X?." The heading for column 7 should read "H?: β?=0c, partial F," not "β?." Finally, in line 3 of the table note, "X?X?" should read "X?,X?." (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1986-16215-001.) Describes a means for determining circumstances when ordinary least squares/moderated multiple regression (OLS/MMR) may be at risk in moderator applications and suggests an alternative regression procedure that can be used to overcome the threat of Type II error posed by these circumstances. Using field study data on job satisfaction of employees at state institutions for the developmentally disabled, parallel analyses are presented to show how markedly different results can be obtained between OLS/MMR and the remedial procedure. It is suggested that investigators who have reached conclusions with the traditional OLS/MMR approach reexamine their data. (23 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Keselman, Games, and Rogan.

In the article, "Type I and Type II Errors in Simultaneous and Two-Stage Multiple Comparison Procedures," by H. J. Keselman, P. A. Games, and J. C. Rogan (Psychological Bulletin, 1980, Vol. 88, No. 2, pp. 356-358; see record 1980-29319-001), the last sentence of the first column on page 357 is incorrect. In addition, Table 1 (p. 357) contains an error. Corrections to both errors are published here. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Pritchard.

In the article, "Psychophysiology of P300," by Walter S. Pritchard (Psychological Bulletin, 1981, Vol. 89, No. 3, 506-540; see record 1981-20721-001), the sixth sentence in the second paragraph on page 506 contains an error. The corrected sentence is provided here. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Familial Concordance by Sex with Respect to Schizophrenia": Erratum.

Reports an error in the original article by David Rosenthal (Psychological Bulletin, 1962, 59[4], 401-421). The column headings Male and Female should be reversed in Table 1, page 403. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1963-07079-001.) The literature regarding concordance rates with respect to schizophrenia among relatives of both sexes is reviewed. These rates are generally found to be higher for female than male pairs and higher for same-sexed than opposite-sexed pairs of relatives in primary family groups, but not among collateral relatives. The possible role of sampling errors, genetic contributions, and psychological factors in generating such sex-concordance ratios is examined. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Construct validity of WAIS—R factors: Neuropsychological test correlates in adults referred for evaluation of possible head injury": Erratum.

Reports an error in the original article by E. M. S. Sherman et al (Psychological Assessment, 1995[Dec], Vol 7[4], 440–444. On page 444, line 36 of the reference list incorrectly reads, "Reitan, R. M., & Davidson, L. A.' The correct spelling is Davison. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1996-10111-001.) A 3-factor solution of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R; Wechsler, 1981) in 260 adults with suspected head injury suggested relatively good construct validity for the factors, based on correlations with neuropsychological tests purported to measure similar abilities. The Verbal Comprehension factor was related to verbal ability, verbal memory, and executive functioning. The Perceptual Organization factor, although measuring primarily visual-spatial perception and visual construction ability, was related to visual-spatial memory, visual attention, and executive functioning. The Freedom From Distractibility factor was correlated with two attention measures and was not associated with memory measures. Its association with executive functioning was inconsistent. The findings are discussed in terms of the multidimensional nature of neuropsychological tests and WAIS—R factors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Attitudinal Orientations and Cognitive Functioning Among Adolescents:: Erratum.

Reports an error in the original article by Amos Handel (Developmental Psychology, 1975[Nov], Vol 11[6], 667-675). On page 667, the sentence beginning on the fourth line in the third paragraph should read: "This trend focuses on process variables, that is, the actual experiences of children which contribute to their cognitive growth, rather than on status variables (social class, race), which are presumed to represent only surface characteristics of the environment (Wolf, 1964,1966).'In Table 1 on page 670, the first entry under the fourth column ("Progressive Matrices") should read: '-05." In Table 2 on page 671, the third entry under the first column ("Independent variable") should read: "C = A + B = background." (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1976-06752-001.) Examined the pattern of relations of attitudinal orientations to cognitive functioning in 950 Israeli 7th graders. Following the 1966 study by J. S. Coleman et al, attitudinal orientations were represented by measures of locus of control, self-concept, and educational aspirations. Multiple regression analyses showed that 18.1-31.6% of the total variance in 4 measures of cognitive functioning was associated with attitudinal orientations, while only 10.6-18.9% of the total variance in these measures was associated with socioeconomic background variables. In the least economically advantaged group, locus of control was the most potent attitude variable; in the complementary 2 groups of higher socioeconomic status, more of the variance in cognitive functioning was associated with self-concept and aspirations than with locus of control. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Neuropsychological disturbance in schizophrenia: A diffusion tensor imaging study.

Patients with schizophrenia and healthy control subjects underwent both neuropsychological evaluation and magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging, during which the cingulum bundle (CB) and the uncinate fasciculus (UF) were defined with fiber tractography and their integrity was quantified. On the basis of prior findings, it was hypothesized that neuropsychological disturbance in schizophrenia may be characterized, in part, by 2 dissociable functional neuroanatomical relationships: (a) executive functioning-CB integrity and (b) episodic memory-UF integrity. In support of the hypothesis, hierarchical regression results indicated that reduced white matter of the CB and the UF differentially and specifically predicted deficits in executive functioning and memory, respectively. Neuropsychological correlates of the CB also extended to lower generalized intelligence, as well as to reduced visual memory that may be related to failures of contextual monitoring of to-be-remembered scenes. Reduced white matter of the CB and the UF may each make distinct contributions to neuropsychological disturbance in schizophrenia. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Deficient Strategic Control of Verbal Encoding and Retrieval in Individuals With Methamphetamine Dependence.

Methamphetamine (MA) dependence is associated with deficits in episodic verbal memory, but the cognitive mechanisms underlying such impairments are not known. The authors evaluated a component process model of episodic verbal memory in 87 persons with MA dependence (MA+) and 71 demographically similar non-MA-using controls (MA-). Compared with MA- controls, MA+ participants demonstrated deficient overall learning, free recall, and utilization of semantic clustering, as well as higher rates of repetitions and intrusions. No between-groups differences were evident on measures of serial clustering, retention, or recognition discrimination. Taken together, these findings indicate that MA dependence is associated with deficient strategic (i.e., executive) control of verbal encoding and retrieval, which is consistent with the sequelae of MA-related prefronto-striatal circuit neurotoxicity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Addressing executive functioning and cognitive rehabilitation in the treatment of schizophrenia.

ABSTRACT. Schizophrenia spectrum disorders are currently viewed as having a neuropsychological basis included in the etiology. Cognitive deficits that occur in schizophrenia are primarily observed in the areas of attention–concentration, memory, and planning. These abilities are commonly viewed under the broader spectrum of executive functioning. Research has shown that these executive functioning skills can be improved through the use of cognitive rehabilitation interventions. This article includes a case study documenting the use of cognitive rehabilitation strategies with a patient diagnosed with schizophrenia who possessed documented deficits in executive functioning. The discussion illustrates the possible progress that may be made in the treatment of schizophrenia when this additional tier of intervention is used. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychological Bulletin: Correction to Logan et al. (2002).

Reports errors in the original article by T. K. Logan et al (Psychological Bulletin, 2002, Vol 128[6], 851-885). Errors in Table 1 (p. 862), Table 2 (p. 863), and Table 4 (p. 865) are noted and corrected. Errors in the text on page 869 and page 871 also are corrected. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record record 2002-18663-001). This article is focused on examining social and contextual factors related to HIV-risk behavior for women. Specifically, this article has three main purposes: to review the literature on selected social and contextual factors that contribute to the risk for the heterosexual transmission of HIV and AIDS, to review and conduct a meta-analysis of HIV-prevention interventions targeting adult heterosexual populations, and to suggest future directions for HIV-prevention intervention research and practice. Results suggest that the HIV-prevention interventions reviewed for this article had little impact on sexual risk behavior, that social and contextual factors are often minimally addressed, and that there was a large gap between research and practice of HIV-prevention intervention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cognitive impairment in adolescents with schizophrenia

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether adolescent schizophrenia is characterized by neuropsychological deficits. METHOD: The performance on a battery of neuropsychological tests of 17 adolescents with schizophrenia (mean age = 15.71 years) was compared with that of 17 normal adolescents (mean age = 15.12 years). RESULTS: Compared with the normal subjects, the patients were impaired on 10 of the 13 measures; larger effect sizes were shown for measures involving working memory and attention than for those involving secondary memory, generative naming, and executive functions. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents with schizophrenia have generalized cognitive dysfunction, which is most apparent on tests of attention and working memory.     

Longitudinal deficits to attention, executive, and working memory in subtypes of mild cognitive impairment.

Objective: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has emerged as a classification for a prodromal phase of cognitive decline that may precede the emergence of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent research suggests that attention, executive, and working memory deficits may appear much earlier in the progression of AD than traditionally conceptualized, and may be more consistently associated with the later development of AD than memory processing deficits. The present study longitudinally tracked attention, executive and working memory functions in subtypes of MCI. Method: In a longitudinal study, 52 amnestic MCI (a-MCI), 29 nonamnestic MCI (na-MCI), and 25 age- and education-matched controls undertook neuropsychological assessment of visual and verbal memory, attentional processing, executive functioning, working memory capacity, and semantic language at 10 month intervals. Results: Analysis by repeated measures ANOVA indicate that the a-MCI and na-MCI groups displayed a decline in simple sustained attention (ηp2 = .054) with a significant decline on a task of divided attention (ηp2 = .053) being evident in the a-MCI group. Stable deficits were found on other measures of attention, working memory and executive function in the a-MCI and na-MCI groups. The a-MCI group displayed stable impairments to visual and verbal memory. Conclusions: The results indicate that a-MCI and na-MCI display a stable pattern of deficits to attention, working memory, and executive function. The decline in simple sustained attention in a-MCI and n-MCI groups and to divided attention in a-MCI may be early indicators of possible transition to dementia from MCI. However, further research is required to determine this. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cognitive planning in humans: neuropsychological, neuroanatomical and neuropharmacological perspectives

In recent years, considerable progress has been made in understanding the cognitive and neuroanatomical basis of high-level planning behaviour through a combination of neuropsychological, neuropharmacological and functional neuroimaging approaches. In this article, early evidence suggesting a relationship between planning impairments and damage to the frontal lobe is reviewed and several contemporary studies of planning behaviour in patients with circumscribed frontal lobe excisions are described in detail. These neuropsychological investigations, together with recent functional neuroimaging studies of normal control subjects, have identified a specific area within the mid-dorsolateral frontal cortex of humans which appears to be critically involved in the cognitive processes that mediate efficient planning. The functions of this region, both in cognitive planning and in related functions such as working memory, are then discussed in the context of a general theoretical framework for understanding the functional organization of "executive" processes within the human lateral frontal cortex. In the final sections, the relationship between the planning deficits observed after intrinsic frontal lobe damage and those exhibited by patients with neuropathology of primarily sub-cortical origin, such as Parkinson's disease, is discussed. A central model for much of this work has been the concept of cortico-striatal circuitry which emphasizes the relationship between the neocortex and the striatum. The combined evidence from comparative studies in patients and from functional neuroimaging studies on Parkinson's disease suggests that altered cortico-striatal interactions may disrupt normal planning function at a number of levels, possibly consequent upon intrinsic striatal pathology on the one hand and the partial loss of (frontal) cortical input to the basal ganglia on the other.     

Neuropsychological differences among empirically derived clinical subtypes of schizophrenia.

Neuropsychological profile differences between empirically derived clinical subtypes of schizophrenia were examined. Two hundred five patients and 209 demographically matched controls were administered a neuropsychological battery examining 8 domains. Subtypes included negative, disorganized, paranoid, Schneiderian, and mild. All subtypes displayed a neuropsychological profile of generalized impairment with greater deficits in learning, memory, and attention. Results were suggestive of diffuse cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia with more severe deficits in learning and memory relative to executive skills. This pattern of greater learning and memory impairment was pronounced for disorganized patients. In contrast, paranoid patients outperformed disorganized and negative patients in several domains. These findings reflect bilateral frontal–temporal dysfunction, particularly in disorganized and negative patients. Subtype differences highlight the importance of conceptualizing schizophrenia as a multifocal disorder. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cognitive profiles of mild cognitive impairment with and without vascular disease.

This study examined whether the cognitive profile of subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) with vascular disease differs from that of MCI subjects with no vascular disease. Consecutive MCI subjects with vascular disease (n=60) and matched MCI subjects with no vascular disease (n=60) were included in the study and were compared with healthy control subjects (n=60). The neuropsychological assessment comprised tests of speed and attention, episodic memory, visuospatial function, language, and executive function. Control subjects performed significantly better than did both MCI groups on the neuropsychological battery. MCI subjects with no vascular disease performed better overall than did MCI subjects with vascular disease, most clearly on tests of speed and attention, visuospatial function, and executive function. MCI subjects with and without vascular disease exhibited differences, both in terms of overall performance and of cognitive profiles. These differences can be largely explained by deficits in speed and attention and in executive function of the MCI subjects with vascular disease. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Neuroanatomical and cognitive mediators of age-related differences in episodic memory.

Aging is associated with declines in episodic memory. In this study, the authors used a path analysis framework to explore the mediating role of differences in brain structure, executive functions, and processing speed in age-related differences in episodic memory. Measures of regional brain volume (prefrontal gray and white matter, caudate, hippocampus, visual cortex), executive functions (working memory, inhibitory control, task switching, temporal processing), processing speed, and episodic memory were obtained in a sample of young and older adults. As expected, age was linked to reduction in regional brain volumes and cognitive performance. Moreover, neural and cognitive factors completely mediated age differences in episodic memory. Whereas hippocampal shrinkage directly affected episodic memory, prefrontal volumetric reductions influenced episodic memory via limitations in working memory and inhibitory control. Age-related slowing predicted reduced efficiency in temporal processing, working memory, and inhibitory control. Lastly, poorer temporal processing directly affected episodic memory. No direct effects of age on episodic memory remained once these factors were taken into account. These analyses highlight the value of a multivariate approach with the understanding of complex relationships in cognitive and brain aging. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Neuropsychological Correlates of Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Schizophrenia.

Patients with schizophrenia (n = 41) and healthy comparison participants (n = 46) completed neuropsychological measures of intelligence, memory, and executive function. A subset of each group also completed magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies (fractional anisotropy and cross-sectional area) of the uncinate fasciculus (UF) and cingulate bundle (CB). Patients with schizophrenia showed reduced levels of functioning across all neuropsychological measures. In addition, selective neuropsychological-DTI relationships emerged. Among patients but not controls, lower levels of declarative-episodic verbal memory correlated with reduced left UF, whereas executive function errors related to performance monitoring correlated with reduced left CB. The data suggested abnormal DTI patterns linking declarative-episodic verbal memory deficits to the left UF and executive function deficits to the left CB among patients with schizophrenia. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)