Orientation imaging microscopy studies of recrystallization in interstitial-free steel

The origin of the γ fiber recrystallization texture in interstitial-free (IF) steel developed during continuous annealing has been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and orientation imaging microscopy (OIM). Nucleation of {111∼<uvw> oriented crystals occurs in deformation banded γ grains and therefore a comprehensive study of microstructure of cold-rolled IF steel in the sections perpendicular to the rolling and transverse directions (TDs) and the rolling plane (RP) has been carried out to understand the formation, geometry, and microstructural features of recrystallization. The RP section gave abundant evidence of orientation gradients formed in γ oriented grains that had been subject to orientation splitting to give deformation bands. These orientation gradients across a single grain are around 5 to 30 deg and this orientation difference is sufficient to form nuclei with mobile interfaces during annealing and hence to create chains of γ oriented new grains in the original hot band γ grain envelopes. A grain impingement model requiring orientation pinning is then proposed to explain how these grains, contained in deformed γ grain envelopes, grow out into their neighbors to dominate the final recrystallization texture of IF steel. The α deformed grains contain only small lattice curvatures, and therefore in-grain nucleation is rare. These grains are mostly consumed by invading γ grains toward the end of the recrystallization process.     

Orientation imaging microscopy studies of recrystallization in interstitial-free steel

The origin of the γ fiber recrystallization texture in interstitial-free (IF) steel developed during continuous annealing has been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and orientation imaging microscopy (OIM). Nucleation of {111∼<uvw> oriented crystals occurs in deformation banded γ grains and therefore a comprehensive study of microstructure of cold-rolled IF steel in the sections perpendicular to the rolling and transverse directions (TDs) and the rolling plane (RP) has been carried out to understand the formation, geometry, and microstructural features of recrystallization. The RP section gave abundant evidence of orientation gradients formed in γ oriented grains that had been subject to orientation splitting to give deformation bands. These orientation gradients across a single grain are around 5 to 30 deg and this orientation difference is sufficient to form nuclei with mobile interfaces during annealing and hence to create chains of γ oriented new grains in the original hot band γ grain envelopes. A grain impingement model requiring orientation pinning is then proposed to explain how these grains, contained in deformed γ grain envelopes, grow out into their neighbors to dominate the final recrystallization texture of IF steel. The α deformed grains contain only small lattice curvatures, and therefore in-grain nucleation is rare. These grains are mostly consumed by invading γ grains toward the end of the recrystallization process.     

退火工艺对冷轧高强IF钢组织及织构的影响

为了观察高强IF钢退火处理后的显微组织和再结晶织构的变化规律,采用两种不同退火工艺对高强IF钢进行热处理。结果表明,IF钢在两种退火方式下均形成了γ-{111}纤维织构,快速升温(350℃/min)退火时,再结晶新核呈等轴状,由变形带内的亚晶合并形成,与冷轧变形基体保持相同取向。慢速升温(2℃/min)退火时,新核在晶界弓出形成,且沿轧制方向呈饼形分布,与基体没有明显取向关系。慢速升温退火样品的γ-{111}取向密度强于快速升温的。对进一步改善薄板钢深冲性能具有指导作用。     

高性能取向硅钢的工业化生产研究

采用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪等分析了宁波钢铁有限公司生产的取向硅钢不同工序下的组织及织构演变规律.结果 表明:铸坯经过热轧后,沿着厚度方向组织不均匀;一次冷轧并经脱碳退火后,组织由条状纤维状变成等轴状的初次再结晶晶粒,初次再结晶平均晶粒尺寸为18.17 μm,织构主要以α织构和γ织构为主;在二次冷轧后,晶粒再次被压缩,转变为纤维状,织构主要为γ织构;经过高温退火后,发生二次再结晶,晶粒异常长大,晶粒尺寸达到厘米级,织构成分为单一且锋锐的Goss织构.     

异步轧制取向硅钢的织构形成与转变机理

采用异步轧制方式将０．７５ ｍ ｍ 厚的工业取向硅钢板材冷轧至０．３５ ｍ ｍ ,然后用工业退火工艺对板材进行热处理,研究了剪切变形条件下的织构形成与转变机理。结果表明：双向轧制能有效地消除剪切应力导致织构组分偏离的影响,并获得比常规轧制板材更为理想的冷轧织构组态;亚表层上形成较强的｛１１１｝＜ １１２＞ 织构可能是源于不同于其它层的特殊形变方式;脱碳退火后板材亚表层上的Ｇｏｓｓ晶粒与绝大多数晶粒都有单轴重合的取向关系,这种特殊性可能是Ｇｏｓｓ晶粒在二次再结晶退火中能够异常长大的一种机制。     

Evolution of Microstructure and Texture During Deformation and Recrystallization of Heavily Rolled Cu-Cu Multilayer

A Cu-Cu multilayer processed by accumulative roll bonding was deformed to large strains and further annealed. The texture of the deformed Cu-Cu multilayer differs from the conventional fcc rolling textures in terms of higher fractions of Bs and RD-rotated cube components, compared with the volume fraction of Cu component. The elongated grain shape significantly affects the deformation characteristics. Characteristic microstructural features of both continuous dynamic recrystallization and discontinuous dynamic recrystallization were observed in the microtexture measurements. X-ray texture measurements of annealing of heavily deformed multilayer demonstrate constrained recrystallization and resulted in a bimodal grain size distribution in the annealed material at higher strains. The presence of cube- and BR-oriented grains in the deformed material confirms the oriented nucleation as the major influence on texture change during recrystallization. Persistence of cube component throughout the deformation is attributed to dynamic recrystallization. Evolution of RD-rotated cube is attributed to the deformation of cube components that evolve from dynamic recrystallization. The relaxation of strain components leads to Bs at larger strains. Further, the Bs component is found to recover rather than recrystallize during deformation. The presence of predominantly Cu and Bs orientations surrounding the interface layer suggests constrained annealing behavior.     

IF钢罩式退火过程中再结晶组织与织构的演变

研究了IF钢(/%:0.005C、0.02Si、0.16Mn、0.011P、0.004S、0.042Als、0.061Ti、0.003 1 N)0.8 mm冷轧板在500～800℃退火时的再结晶组织及织构,采用X射线衍射技术结合微观组织观察分析了IF钢罩式退火过程中{111}再结晶织构形成机制和显微组织演变规律。结果表明,随退火温度的升高,再结晶数量逐渐增多,640℃为实验钢实际再结晶温度,同时{111}再结晶织构强度亦逐渐增大,{111}取向的晶粒主要在再结晶过程中形成,并在{111}取向晶粒长大过程中,γ纤维织构之间也发生相互转化,主要由{111}〈112〉织构转变为{111}〈110〉织构。     

Evolution of Microstructure and Texture during Annealing of Aluminum AA1050 Cold Rolled to High and Ultrahigh Strains

The microstructure and texture of commercial purity aluminum (AA1050) have been investigated after cold rolling to von Mises strains of 3.6 to 6.4 followed by recovery and recrystallization during annealing. The evolution of structural parameters of the deformed microstructure, such as boundary spacing and fraction of high-angle boundaries (HABs), did not reach saturation in the given strain range. Recovery was accompanied by structural coarsening and by a decrease in the fraction of HABs. The coarsening rate increased with increasing strain prior to annealing. Recrystallization nuclei were found to form both in deformation zones around coarse particles and in recovered lamellar structures. The process of recrystallization in the present material can thus be characterized as discontinuous recrystallization. In recrystallized conditions, the average grain size was related to the grain orientation: the mean size of grains having orientations of the rolling texture was smaller than the size of grains with other orientations. The orientation dependence of the recrystallized grain size was more pronounced in the samples rolled to ultrahigh strains.     

Effect of Hot Band Annealing Processes on Microstructure,Texture and r-Value of Ferritic Stainless Steel

The effect of hot band annealing processes,namely simulating batch annealing and continuous annealing,on microstructure,texture,grain boundary character and r-value of ferritic stainless steel was investigated.The hot band displayed a highly elongated ribbon-like structure and a pronounced deformation texture.The fully recrystallized grains were observed after continuous annealing while the "typical" hot rolled structure was remained after batch annealing.Also,the α-fibre texture formed during hot rolling almost disappeared after continuous annealing and a weak γ-fibre texture was obtained.By contract,the α-fibre texture remained very stable after batch annealing.After cold rolling and recrystallization annealing,the favorable γ-fibre texture was achieved in the continuous annealed steel.Instead of forming the γ-fibre texture,the recrystallization texture was notably shifted toward {223}582 in the batch annealed steel.Finally,the improvement in drawability with high r-value and low Δr-value were also displayed in sheet through the initial continuous annealing process.     

薄板坯连铸连轧工艺下Hi-B钢的组织及织构

采用金相显微镜和扫描电镜研究实验室模拟薄板坯连铸连轧（TSCR）工艺试制的高磁感取向硅钢（Hi-B钢）组织、织构的演变特征.研究发现实验室模拟薄板坯连铸连轧工艺试制的Hi-B钢热轧板显微组织及织构在厚度方向上存在不均匀性.常化板表面脱碳层铁素体晶粒明显粗化,常化板织构基本继承了热轧板相应的织构类型,仅织构强度不同.一次大压下率冷轧后,晶粒及其晶界沿轧向被拉长形成鲜明的纤维组织,织构主要为α纤维织构和γ纤维织构,脱碳退火后试样发生回复和再结晶现象并形成初次晶粒组织,脱碳退火后织构分布较为集中.温度升高至1000℃时二次再结晶开始,1010℃时钢中晶粒发生异常长大,高斯织构强度达到61.779.成品磁感为1.915 T,铁损为1.067 W·kg-1.      

中温含铜取向硅钢的形变和再结晶织构特征

通过对比中温含铜取向硅钢与普通取向硅钢和高磁感取向硅钢的组织和织构特征,分析中温含铜取向硅钢独特的织构演变规律及其对二次再结晶行为的影响.结果表明,为了获得有利于高斯晶粒长大的强γ取向线织构,中温含铜钢需经过回复退火处理和高温退火阶段慢速升温.回复过程中γ取向线晶粒储能降低,同时慢速升温有利于γ取向线晶粒的形核和再结晶.中温含铜钢的二次再结晶开始温度超过1000℃,由于初次再结晶晶粒组织以γ织构为主且非γ取向线晶粒较少,导致最终二次晶粒尺寸超大且晶界圆滑,二次再结晶机理以择优长大为主导,超大的二次晶粒尺寸导致最终成品的铁损升高,但通过激光刻痕处理后,整体铁损的降低效果比二次晶粒较小的高磁感取向硅钢更加显著.      

取向硅钢27Q110初次再结晶退火对组织和织构的影响

通过检测取向硅钢27Q110一次冷轧板再结晶温度退火试验后的硬度及显微组织,确定取向硅钢脱碳退火(初次再结晶)阶段最佳退火温度为850℃.对冷轧硅钢厂取向硅钢27Q110脱碳退火后显微组织和织构进行检测和分析.结果表明,取向硅钢27Q110脱碳最佳退火温度为850℃,且主要织构γ在{111}<112>处最强.     

摩擦对IF钢铁素体区热轧和退火织构的影响

采用X射线衍射仪分析IF钢铁素体区热轧织构以及退火织构的演化,在实验室热轧机上进行了IF钢的铁素体区热轧,研究了摩擦对IF钢铁素体区热轧、退火织构的影响。结果表明：无润滑轧制时,钢板表层形成强高斯织构组分{110}〈001〉,弱γ纤维织构,导致再结晶织构中高斯组分强度高,γ纤维织构强度低;润滑轧制时,钢板表层高斯织构组分强度降低,{100}〈011〉、γ纤维织构强度提高,退火后γ纤维织构强度提高。钢板中心受摩擦作用影响较小,轧制过程中发展为较强的α和γ纤维织构,退火后γ纤维织构成为主要织构组分。     

Fe-6.5%Si钢极薄带的试制

 为了研究Fe-6.5%Si钢极薄带的制备工艺,并获得良好的产品磁性能,以薄带铸轧试验机制备的6.5%Si钢铸带为原料,分别采用一次温轧法、二次温轧法和基于应变诱导无序(DID)原理的高硅钢室温冷轧3种工艺制备出厚度为0.1 mm的Fe-6.5%Si钢。分析结果显示,一次温轧法退火后以高强度γ织构为主,由于压下率达到90%,形变储能高,晶粒尺寸最大,铁损最低,同时磁感也最低;二次温轧的退火板除了γ织构外,还有较强的η织构,故其磁感值高于一次温轧法,该方法得到的6.5%Si钢薄带综合磁性能最优,但生产成本高,效率低;基于DID原理,对6.5%Si钢热轧板在温度为300～450 ℃、压下率为45%～65%的条件下进行温轧,实现了6.5%Si钢软化,随后可将6.5%Si钢室温冷轧至0.1 mm,此时温轧板和冷轧板内部有序相消失,基体变成无序态;室温冷轧板退火后晶粒更细,铁损略有升高。此外,室温冷轧可促进{111}<112>形变晶粒在冷轧剪切带中形核形成有利织构,因此磁感值得到更大提升;采用DID原理进行室温冷轧,效率较高,后续可通过优化退火工艺使其进一步降低铁损,该方法为薄带铸轧工艺批量生产磁性能优异的6.5%Si钢极薄带提供技术参考。     

Quantitative Analysis of Micro‐Textures during Recrystallization in an Interstitial‐Free Steel

Two interstitial‐free steel samples were prepared by normal and by cross rolling. The effect of the resulting different deformation textures and microstructures on the subsequent recrystallization behavior was studied by micro‐texture analysis. The differences in recrystallization textures of the two differently rolled samples can be attributed to the microstructural differences in the as‐deformed state. The orientation distribution of the recrystallized grains forming at the early stages of the recrystallization dominated the final recrystallization textures, pointing to the importance of oriented nucleation in the formation of recrystallization textures of interstitial‐free steels.     

Formation of Nuclei With {111}<110> and {111}<112> Orientations of IF Steel at Early Stage of Recrystallization Using EBSD Analysis

The excellent deep drawability of interstitial free steel (IF steel) is closely related to its texture formed during recrystallization. The nucleation process of cold rolled IF steel at the early stage of recrystallization was investigated by electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD). The characteristics of the microstructure after deformation and the orientation of nucleation were observed. The results show that the deformed microstructure with 80% reduction could be subdivided into two groups. These two types of microstructure were characterized by their orientation and internal local misorientations. The nuclei with γ-orientation preferred to form in deformed bands with γ-orientation and at the boundaries between deformed grains with different orientations. The recrystallized grains with {111}<110> orientation appeared firstly in deformed matrix with {111}<112> orientation and consumed the matrix with {111}<112> to grow up, while the recrystallized grains with {111}<112> orientation were observed secondly in deformed matrix with {111}<110> orientation and consumed matrix with {111}<110> to grow up.     

轧制方式对SUS430铁素体不锈钢组织和性能的影响

 采用X射线衍射技术和光学显微分析等方法,研究了同步和异步冷轧方式对SUS430铁素体不锈钢微观组织、织构演变以及力学和成形性能的影响。结果表明,与同步冷轧相比,由于异步轧制剪切变形的引入,可使异步冷轧板材的平均晶粒尺寸减小。在同步冷轧过程中,其二次冷轧再结晶织构为完整的γ纤维织构,导致铁素体不锈钢的最终性能优于同步一次冷轧;而在异步冷轧过程中,异步一次冷轧再结晶织构为强点{111}<[1][1]2>的γ纤维织构,异步二次冷轧再结晶织构属于随机取向织构,其结果是异步一次冷轧板材的性能优于异步二次冷轧。综合分析表明,与异步二次冷轧方式相比,同步二次冷轧方式有利于铁素体不锈钢性能的提高。     

Aspects of orientation-dependent grain growth in extra-low carbon and interstitial-free steels during continuous annealing

The present work concentrates on the application of orientation imaging microscopy (OIM) based on the electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) technique to the investigation of the microstructural evolution of an extra-low carbon (ELC) steel and a Ti-Nb-bearing interstitial-free (IF) steel, during continuous annealing. Aspects like the nucleation, the evolution of the recrystallized volume fraction and grain size of grains with different orientations, the interface area limiting recrystallized {111} regions, and the apparent growth rates have been considered. Different criteria have been applied in order to identify crystallites produced during annealing. During the first stages of annealing, a network of grain boundaries with misorientations higher than 10 deg is produced, mainly inside the deformed γ-fiber grains. The crystallites formed within this network, free from cells or subgrains at their interiors, can be considered as potential nuclei. However, among all, only some of them become effective due to an important selection. The {111} recrystallized grains have a significant size and number advantage as compared with other texture components, and a hard impingement between clusters of {111} grains is produced during grain growth. The effect of grain growth behind the recrystallization front seems to be negligible as compared with the grain coarsening produced by the migration of this front, driven by the cold-work stored energy.     

Fe-6.5%Si合金温轧后退火过程中再结晶行为

用电子背散射技术观察了700℃温轧板在退火过程中的组织及织构演变以了解其再结晶行为.结果表明,温轧织构由强的（111）〈112〉、较弱的〈110〉∥RD及Goss组成,再结晶织构与之相似.〈110〉∥RD及（111）〈112〉新晶粒首先形成于与之构成小角度晶界的形变晶粒的晶界附近,而在角隅及组织不均匀区等位置孕育出与周围晶粒构成大角度晶界的晶核,择优取向不明显.退火过程中（111）〈112〉在形变组织中累积,最终转化为（111）〈112〉再结晶晶粒.分析认为,温轧后退火是不均匀组织在低储存能驱动下的再结晶过程.（112）〈110〉及（111）〈112〉形变拉长晶粒多发生连续再结晶从而退火织构与形变态相似.在角隅区形成核心进而发生不连续再结晶,核心取向的统计性及不连续晶核的长大弱化再结晶织构,其中Goss晶粒多以此方式形成于（111）〈112〉晶粒内部.      

冷轧压下率对无抑制剂取向硅钢初次再结晶退火的影响

对无抑制剂取向硅钢不同压下率下初次再结晶退火后的显微组织、宏观织构和微观织构进行了研究.结果表明,冷轧板织构主要为α取向线{001}＜110＞、{112}＜110＞和{111}＜110＞织构以及γ取向线{111}＜110＞织构.初次再结晶退火后,α取向线织构减弱,织构主要为γ取向线{111}＜112＞织构.随冷轧压下率的增加,冷轧和初次再结晶织构强度增加.当压下率为88％时,初次再结晶退火后 Goss 织构和{111}＜112＞织构强度最高,最有利于发生二次再结晶.EBSD 分析显示,Goss 取向晶粒大多与{111}＜112＞取向晶粒相邻.提高冷轧压下率,Goss取向晶粒和{111}＜112＞取向晶粒都增加,Goss 取向晶粒偏离理想取向角度减少.