国外材料与测试文摘

20 0 4 113　焊接接头在30 0℃下的疲劳裂纹扩展特性[英]./AkihikoOhta ,etal.JournalofPressureVesselTechnology ,2 0 0 3,12 5 :131.对锅炉和压力容器用钢的焊接接头在高温下的疲劳裂纹扩展特性作了试验研究。采用带纵向缺口的中心裂纹试样在一特制的加热炉中试验,当热应力降低到- 1MPa时,焊接接头在30 0℃时的疲劳裂纹扩展特性和在室温下时相似。焊接接头中的拉伸残余应力在焊后为+15 2MPa ,经焊后热处理后为+12MPa。焊接接头在焊后状态、焊后热处理后以及相应母材的疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值分别为2 .7MN·m- 3/2 ,5 .1MN·m- 3/2 和7…     

6061-T6 铝合金激光焊接接头腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展

目的研究6061-T6铝合金激光焊接接头的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展特性,并分析裂纹扩展的影响因素。方法利用光纤激光器,焊接尺寸为150 mm×100 mm×4 mm(焊接方向、横向、熔深方向)的6061-T6铝合金,采用SE(B)三点弯曲疲劳裂纹扩展试验并利用连续降K法,分别在空气和人工海水中进行疲劳裂纹扩展试验,通过使用金相显微镜(OE)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM),对金相结构进行观测分析。结果同样工艺参数的焊接接头,在海水中疲劳裂纹门槛值(4.063 016 MPa·m~(0.5))大于空气中的门槛值(3.479 166 MPa·m~(0.5));在疲劳裂纹扩展中速区(da/dN10~(-5) mm/cycle)时,海水焊接接头疲劳裂纹扩展速率大于空气中的,低速区(da/d N10~(-5) mm/cycle)则小于在空气中的。结论成形良好的焊缝、晶粒细小的焊缝组织有助于接头疲劳裂纹扩展性能的提高;中速区,海水中疲劳裂纹扩展速率偏大,主要是由腐蚀条件下焊缝裂纹尖端阳极溶解和交变载荷共同作用导致;低速区,海水中疲劳裂纹扩展速率偏小,主要原因是腐蚀产物堆积于疲劳裂纹扩展尖端,产生较强裂纹闭合效应。     

疲劳裂纹在奥氏体/铁素体异种钢焊接接头中的扩展行为

采用三点弯曲试样研究了疲劳裂纹在奥氏体/铁素体异种钢焊接接头中的扩展行为与显微组织的关系,测得疲劳裂纹在Cr25Ni13/13CrMo44异种钢焊接接头中的扩展速率da/dN,并且讨论了疲劳裂纹扩展与显微组织之间的关系。实验结果表明,疲劳裂纹在异种钢焊接接头熔合区中扩展的路径,是接头中韧性最低的热影响区过热区,裂纹在铁素体材料侧,跟随熔合线并平行于熔合线5～25μm扩展,而马氏体层对疲劳裂纹有较大的抗力,疲劳裂纹的扩展路径主要受组织韧性的控制。疲劳裂纹在Cr25Ni13/13CrMo44异种钢接头的扩展速率为：da/dN=7.07×10-13(△K)3.863。     

14MnNbq焊接桥梁钢的疲劳裂纹扩展行为研究

该文系统地研究了14MnNbq桥梁钢焊接热影响区的疲劳裂纹扩展行为。首先,由中心穿透裂纹(MT)试样疲劳裂纹扩展试验,获得了不同应力比R下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率和门槛值;然后考察了应力比R的影响,给出了适于不同应力比的疲劳裂纹扩展速率和门槛值的一般表达式;最后提出了一种由疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值▽Kth确定闭合参数U的新方法,将控制疲劳裂纹扩展的有效应力强度因子幅度写为▽Keff=▽K-▽Kth,由此讨论闭合参数U的确定方法。研究结果表明:对于14MnNbq焊接桥梁钢,该文给出的疲劳裂纹扩展速率表达式与试验结果符合得相当好。     

疲劳裂纹在奥氏体／铁素体异种钢接接头中的扩展行为

采用三点弯曲试样研究了疲劳裂纹在奥氏体 /铁素体异种钢焊接接头中的扩展行为与显微组织的关系 ,测得疲劳裂纹在 Cr2 5 Ni13/ 13Cr Mo44异种钢焊接接头中的扩展速率 da/ d N,并且讨论了疲劳裂纹扩展与显微组织之间的关系。实验结果表明 ,疲劳裂纹在异种钢焊接接头熔合区中扩展的路径 ,是接头中韧性最低的热影响区过热区 ,裂纹在铁素体材料侧 ,跟随熔合线并平行于熔合线 5～ 2 5 μm扩展 ,而马氏体层对疲劳裂纹有较大的抗力 ,疲劳裂纹的扩展路径主要受组织韧性的控制。疲劳裂纹在 Cr2 5 Ni13/ 13Cr Mo44异种钢接头的扩展速率为 :da/ d N=7.0 7× 10 - 1 3(△ K ) 3.86 3     

WNQ570桥梁钢及其对接焊缝疲劳裂纹扩展性能试验研究

对WNQ570桥梁钢及其对接焊缝进行了疲劳裂纹扩展速率和疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值测定试验,采用两种不同数据拟合方法分别得到具有95%保证率的疲劳裂纹扩展参数。结果表明:本批次的WNQ570钢材具有良好的疲劳裂纹扩展性能,其中对接焊缝疲劳裂纹扩展速率高于母材;在应力强度因子幅值处于10 MPa·m1/2～70 MPa·m1/2的常规区间时,基于单试件数据点的处理结果对应的裂纹扩展速率明显高于基于成组数据点的处理结果;WNQ570的疲劳裂纹扩展速率随应力比增加而增加,疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值随应力比增加而降低。     

TIG与FSW焊接工艺下2219铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展性能研究

目的 研究钨极惰性气体保护焊（TIG）和搅拌摩擦焊（FSW）对2219铝合金焊接接头疲劳性能的影响,并探究这2种不同焊接技术条件下焊接接头疲劳裂纹的产生与裂纹扩展原理,了解2种焊接接头的抗裂纹扩展能力,为工程实践应用提供数据参考。方法 采用疲劳裂纹扩展试验方法,测试上述2种焊接工艺条件下焊缝金属和热影响区组织的疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/d N和阈值,使用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察并分析金相组织和疲劳断口形貌特征。结果 疲劳裂纹倾向于沿裂纹处萌生,裂纹的存在成为主要的裂纹扩展源头,有利于加速裂纹向前延伸。热影响区由于组织结构不均匀,不同位置的晶粒尺寸存在明显差异,疲劳裂纹扩展路径倾向于沿靠近焊缝一侧向靠近母材区域扩展。TIG焊接工艺下焊缝金属和热影响区的裂纹扩展速率明显低于FSW焊接工艺下的焊缝金属和热影响区,与此同时,TIG焊接接头表现出优良的抗疲劳裂纹扩展性能。结论 通过此研究,建议2219铝合金焊接接头采用TIG焊接工艺,抗疲劳裂纹扩展效果更佳。     

喷丸改性对7050铝合金FSW接头性能的影响

对5 mm厚的7050铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头进行喷丸表面改性处理,并对喷丸前后的接头进行残余应力测量、低周疲劳裂纹扩展试验,研究喷丸改性对焊接接头残余应力分布和焊核区、热影响区疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响。结果表明,喷丸处理提高了接头表面粗糙程度,但接头表层及近表层产生硬化层,二次喷丸处理后的表层硬度值达198HV。二次喷丸最高硬度值比焊接态高33.1%。喷丸引入的残余压应力随喷丸次数增加而增大,最大压应力值位置也移向板材更深处。焊核区、热影响区疲劳裂纹扩展速率相对焊接态均降低,表明喷丸改性提高了接头两微区抗疲劳断裂的能力。     

2(1/4)Cr-1Mo钢的短裂纹低周疲劳扩展特性

对在空气中２（１／４）Ｃｒ－１Ｍｏ钢的短裂纹低周疲劳扩展特性进行研究发现，短裂纹的扩展行为与长裂纹有着相似的三个阶段，并有三个方程分别与之对应。经方程ｄａ／ｄＮ＝ｃ（ΔＪ）ｎ计算得到，临界裂纹扩展门槛值ΔＪｔｈ５６４×１０－６ＭＮ／ｍ。ＳＥＭ断口分析表明，三个阶段的短裂纹扩展特性各不相同。     

回火工艺对65Mn钢疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

采用中温回火和高温回火对65Mn钢进行热处理,测试其拉伸性能,并对其疲劳裂纹扩展行为进行研究,探索其疲劳断裂机制．结果表明,两种回火方案对应的裂纹扩展速率的m值相差不大,而C值差异较大,反映出在稳定扩展区的疲劳裂纹扩展对其微观组织不敏感,塑性变形消耗了裂纹扩展的能量,使裂纹扩展速率下降;随着回火温度的升高,实验钢的疲劳断裂特征由脆性逐渐变为韧性,高温回火提高了其裂纹扩展的门槛值,降低了疲劳裂纹扩展速率,65Mn钢经高温回火后有较优的综合力学性能和疲劳性能．     

The influence of microstructure on the fatigue crack growth rate in marine steels in the Paris Region

This paper presents a study on the effect of microstructure on the fatigue crack growth (FCG) rate in advanced S355 marine steels in the Paris Region of the da/dN versus ΔK log–log plot. The environments of study were air and seawater (SW), under constant amplitude sinewave fatigue loading. Fundamentally, three phenomena (crack tip diversion, crack front bifurcation and metal crumb formation) were observed to influence the rate of FCG. These phenomena appear to be a function of the material microstructure, environment and crack tip loading conditions. The three factors retarded the crack growth by reducing or redistributing the effective driving force at the main active crack tip. A crack path containing extensively the three phenomena was observed to offer strong resistance to FCG. In SW, the degree of the electrochemical dissolution of the microplastic zone appears to be an additional primary factor influencing FCG in the steels.     

The effect of overload on the fatigue crack growth behaviour of 304 stainless steel in hydrogen

Fatigue crack growth (FCG) behaviour and its characteristics following tensile overloads were investigated for AISI 304 stainless steel in three different atmospheres; namely dry argon, moist air and hydrogen. The FCG tests were performed by MTS 810 servohydraulic machine. CT specimens were used for the tests and crack closure measurements were made using an extensometer. FCG rates of 304 stainless steel at both dry argon and moist air atmospheres have shown almost the same behaviour. In other words, the effect of moisture on FCG of this material is very small. However, in a hydrogen atmosphere, the material showed considerably higher crack growth rate in all regimes. In general, for all environments, the initial effect of overloads was to accelerate the FCG rate for a short distance (less than a mm) after which retardation occurred for a considerable amount of time. The main causes for retardation were found as crack blunting and a long reinitiation period for the fatigue crack. Regarding the environmental effect, the overload retardation was lowest in a hydrogen atmosphere. This low degree of retardation was explained by a hydrogen embrittlement mechanism. In a general sense, hydrogen may cause a different crack closure mechanism and hydrogen induced crack closure has come in to the picture. Scanning electron microscope and light microscope examinations agreed well with the above results.     

Fatigue crack growth behavior of Sn-Pb and Sn-based lead-free solders

Solder alloys of lead-rich composition have been commonly used as joining materials in electronic package. However, because of environmental concerns, lead-free solders will replace lead-rich solders more and more in the future. The fatigue characteristics of the solders used are most important in assessing the reliability of joints in electronic packaging. In the present study, the fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior of a wide variety of solders of both lead-rich and lead-free types has been investigated under a range of mean stresses and frequencies. Both time dependent and time independent (cyclic dependent) behaviors were observed. In the cyclic dependent crack growth regime, the FCG rates could be expressed as a function of either ΔK_eff or ΔJ. Further, the lead-free solders were found to have a higher resistance to FCG than did the lead-rich solders. In the time dependent crack growth regime, the FCG rates were found to be a function of C∗. The point of transition between time dependent and time independent behavior was found to depend on the homologous temperature and strength of the alloys.     

Fatigue and creep fatigue crack growth behaviour of alloy 800 at 550°C

Fatigue and creep fatigue crack growth behaviour of alloy 800 at 550°C have been studied to analyse defect assessment in a steam generator. Different grades of alloy 800 have been investigated to reproduce the in service conditions. Fatigue crack growth (FCG) tests were conducted on CT20 and tubular specimens, then on welded tubes. Furthermore the influence of hold times on fatigue crack growth behaviour was studied.

The results obtained on material simulating the weld heat affected zone are in agreement with the tests conducted on welded tubes. Fatigue crack growth characteristics of aged and cold-worked aged material seem to be slightly improved in comparison with base material. Finally a hold time of one minute increases strongly the FCG threshold value determined in pure fatigue but has a negligible influence on crack growth rates.     

The effect of stress ratio on fatigue crack growth rates in steels

The effects of stress ratio on fatigue crack growth thresholds and low and intermediate fatigue crack growth rates are examined on steels with ferrite-pearlite and tempered martensite microstructures, tested in air. The analysis of available experimental data shows that simple empirical relationships can be used to describe the stress ratio dependence of thresholds and fatigue crack growth rates. Results also indicate that thresholds decrease linearly with yield strength.     

A study on fatigue crack growth in dual phase martensitic steel in air environment

Dual phase (DP) steel was intercritically annealed at different temperatures from fully martensitic state to achieve martensite plus ferrite, microstructures with martensite contents in the range of 32 to 76%. Fatigue crack growth (FCG) and fracture toughness tests were carried out as per ASTM standards E 647 and E 399, respectively to evaluate the potential of DP steels. The crack growth rates (da/dN) at different stress intensity ranges (ΔK) were determined to obtain the threshold value of stress intensity range (ΔK_th). Crack path morphology was studied to determine the influence of microstructure on crack growth characteristics. After the examination of crack tortuosity, the compact tension (CT) specimens were pulled in static mode to determine fracture toughness values. FCG rates decreased and threshold values increased with increase in vol.% martensite in the DP steel. This is attributed to the lower carbon content in the martensite formed at higher intercritical annealing (ICA) temperatures, causing retardation of crack growth rate by crack tip blunting and/or deflection. Roughness induced crack closure was also found to contribute to the improved crack growth resistance at higher levels of martensite content. Scanning electron fractography of DP steel in the near threshold region revealed transgranular cleavage fracture with secondary cracking. Results indicate the possibility that the DP steels may be treated to obtain an excellent combination of strength and fatigue properties.     

Effect of stress ratio on the mechanism of environmentally-assisted fatigue crack growth in high strength steels

The environmentally-assisted fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior of high strength steels, the effect of cathodic potential on the FCG rates, and fracture surfaces were examined in some aqueous solutions. The effect of stress ratio on the critical values of maximum stress intensity, as well as cyclic stress intensity range and da/dN, which define quantitatively the role of hydrogen-induced cracking and local anodic dissolution in crack propagation, were also examined.Published inProblemy Prochnosti, Nos. 1–2, pp. 94–102, January–February, 1995.     

Fatigue crack initiation and growth in AlMg4.5Mn butt weldments

The fatigue life of full-penetration and partial-penetration 5 and 25  mm thickness AlMg4.5Mn (AA5083) aluminium alloy butt weldments was investigated under ( R = 0 and R = − 1) constant amplitude loading. The fatigue lives of the tested specimens were predicted using an analytical model which estimated both the crack initiation and crack growth portions of the total fatigue life. The fatigue life of partial-penetration weldments was found to be substantially less than that of full-penetration weldments because of the greater stress concentrations of the incomplete joint penetration and the consequent absence of a substantial crack-initiation life period. Tensile mean stresses ( R = 0 versus R = − 1-test conditions) markedly reduced the fatigue life of the weldments studied and greatly diminished the duration of the fatigue crack growth period. The extra material provided by the weld reinforcement noticeably increased the fatigue life of the partial-penetration weldments. Weld angular distortion-induced bending stresses greatly affected the smaller thickness (5  mm) full-penetration weldments offsetting the fatigue strength bonus anticipated for small-size weldments. Except for the predictions for R = − 1 full-penetration weldments at long life, which the analytical model underestimated, the agreement between experiment and analytical prediction was within a factor of 2, that is, as good as can be generally expected.     

Grain size effects in a Ni-based turbine disc alloy in the time and cycle dependent crack growth regimes

The fatigue crack growth (FCG) behaviour in a Ni-based turbine disc alloy with two grain sized variants, in a low solvus high refractory (LSHR) superalloy has been investigated under a range of temperatures (650–725 °C) and environments (air and vacuum) with trapezoidal waveforms of 1:1:1:1 and 1:20:1:1 durations at an R = 0.1. The results indicate that a coarse grained structure possesses better FCG resistance due to the enhanced slip reversibility promoted by planar slip as well as the reduction in grain boundary area. The fatigue performance of the LSHR superalloy is significantly degraded by the synergistic oxidation effect brought about by high temperature, oxidising environment and dwell at the peak load, associated with increasingly intergranular fracture features and secondary grain boundary cracking. Secondary cracks are observed to be blocked or deflected around primary γ′, carbides and borides, and their occurrence closely relates to the roughness of the fracture surface, FCG rate and grain boundary oxidation. The apparent activation energy technique provides a further insight into the underlying mechanism of the FCG under oxidation–creep–fatigue testing conditions, and confirms that oxidation fatigue is the dominant process contributing to the intergranular failure process. At high enough crack growth rates, at lower temperatures, cycle dependent crack growth processes can outstrip crack-tip oxidation processes.