Cellulose fibers as Reinforcement in Composites: Determination of the stiffness of cellulose fibers

A new method for the determination of the elastic modulus of cellulose fibers is presented. Cellulose fibers separated by different pulping processes were fractionated in order to get the same aspect ratio. Composites were prepared under well-controlled conditions, by impregnating unoriented, laboratory-made handsheets with liquid unsaturated polyester resin. The tensile properties of the composites were determined. The elastic moduli of the cellulose fibers were then calculated, using micromechanical relations for short-fiber composites, and compared with values obtained from measurements on the unbonded fiber systems. Good correlation between the fiber moduli obtained by these different methods was found.     

Simulation and analysis of shape memory alloy fiber reinforced composite based on cohesive zone model

Shape memory alloy (SMA) composite has been wildly used in engineering fields as a smart structure. The interface between SMA fiber and matrix plays an important role in determining the effective response of the composites, since it is the medium through which stress transfer occurs. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate how the variation of interfacial properties affects the overall behavior of the composites. In this paper, the interfacial shear strength and ultimate strength of composites are evaluated based on pull-out tests and uniaxial tensile tests, respectively. An algorithm for the automatic generation of unidirectional random distribution short-fiber reinforced composites is developed by using Monte-Carlo method and boundary condition control equation via ANSYS Parameter Design Language (APDL). Cohesive zone model (CZM) approach is used to characterize the interfacial traction separation relationships. Uniaxial tensile test is simulated using finite element method to study the overall macroscopic behavior of the composite through varying fiber ratios and ambient temperatures. The effects of interfacial debonding process, fiber ratios and ambient temperatures on the response of composites are discussed under the same fiber volume fraction.     

不同长径比聚丙烯纤维增强混凝土的力学特性

纤维长径比对混凝土力学性能影响显著,而长径比变化的实质是纤维直径和形态均发生变化,因此现有研究多是通过改变聚丙烯（PP）纤维（包含粗、细PP纤维）直径或截面形态设置长径比梯度,从而导致变量不唯一。本文对粗PP纤维（d=700 μm）和细PP纤维（d=80 μm）长径比对混凝土力学性能的影响进行了试验研究,分析了粗、细PP纤维增强混凝土的力学特性。结果表明:粗、细PP纤维增强混凝土坍落度随所掺纤维长径比增大而先降低后趋于稳定,抗压、抗弯、劈拉强度随所掺纤维长径比增大而呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,700 μm粗PP纤维最优长径比为42,80 μm细PP纤维最优长径比为200。此外,提出了宏观力学拟合计算理论用于分析粗PP纤维长径比对PP纤维增强混凝土抗弯强度的影响,以此来增强试验结果的预测性和可控性;对粗、细PP纤维在混凝土中的摩擦粘结机制进行了力学分析,掌握了影响摩擦粘结力的具体因素。      

不同荷载条件下型钢-钢纤维混凝土组合结构的界面失效机理研究

为了解决型钢混凝土结构中型钢与钢筋相互干扰、混凝土浇筑困难等施工难题,将型钢混凝土结构中的钢筋笼完全或部分替换成钢纤维,形成了型钢-钢纤维混凝土组合结构.完成了36个试件的推出试验和13个试件的四点弯试验,分别研究了型钢-钢纤维混凝土组合结构在轴心力与弯矩作用下的界面失效,分析了不同荷载条件下的内力传递与破坏机理.钢纤...     

循环荷载作用对CFRP筋力学性能的影响

应用于桥梁工程的碳纤维增强复合材料（CFRP）筋通常受循环荷载作用,导致其力学性能的退化,这将影响桥梁结构的受力。为了考察循环荷载作用对CFRP筋力学性能的影响,首先利用静载试验对CFRP筋的初始力学性能进行了检测,然后结合静载试验结果并利用疲劳试验考察了各阶段循环荷载作用对CFRP筋弹性模量、松弛及抗拉强度的影响。研究结果表明,极限拉力作用下CFRP筋的弹性模量较初始状态高约5%,对于CFRP筋构件的变形对结构内力有较大影响的结构,在设计阶段建议适当地考虑CFRP材料的非线性问题;桥梁工程中,经200万次正常使用设计循环荷载作用的CFRP筋,其弹性模量和松弛性能较初始状态未发生明显退化,经应力幅为4.3%的极限抗拉强度的循环荷载作用后,CFRP筋的抗拉强度提高了1.2%,但应力幅提高至7%的极限抗拉强度时,其抗拉强度与初始状态相比无明显变化。     

固化温度对亚麻纤维及其增强复合材料力学性能的影响

研究热压成型过程中,不同固化温度对亚麻纤维及其增强复合材料力学性能的影响。结果表明:亚麻纤维在120,140℃和180℃分别处理2h后单纤维拉伸性能发生不同程度的下降。环氧树脂E-51在120,140℃和180℃下固化2h后拉伸性能未发生明显变化。基于环氧树脂的单向亚麻纱线增强复合材料分别在120℃和140℃固化成型时,拉伸强度和冲击强度变化不大。但当固化温度达到180℃时,由于亚麻纤维在高温环境下损伤较为严重,其增强复合材料的拉伸强度和冲击强度均发生明显的下降。然而复合材料的拉伸模量随着成型温度的升高有一定幅度的提升。     

玻璃纤维表面纳米SiO_2改性对GF/PCBT复合材料力学性能的影响

为研究玻璃纤维(GF)表面纳米SiO2改性对GF增强树脂基复合材料力学性能的影响,利用真空辅助模压(VAMP)工艺制备了不同含量的纳米SiO2表面改性GF增强聚环状对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PCBT)复合材料。分析了GF表面改性对GF/PCBT复合材料力学性能的影响,研究了纤维表面改性对GF/PCBT复合材料抗湿热老化性能的影响规律。纤维拔出试验结果表明:经表面处理的GF/PCBT复合材料的界面剪切强度提高了1.16倍;采用含量为0.5wt%和2wt%(与树脂质量比)的纳米SiO2处理GF表面后,复合材料的三点弯曲强度分别提高1.5倍和1.67倍,弯曲模量分别提高1.03倍和1.17倍。SEM结果显示:当纳米SiO2用量为2wt%时,破坏后的纤维表面被树脂完全覆盖,树脂与纤维粘结良好。在湿热条件下,由于纳米SiO2颗粒的存在,水分子很难通过界面相扩散到改性后的材料内部,其抗湿热性能提高。     

不同界面SiC纤维束复合材料的拉伸力学行为

利用国产三代SiC纤维通过化学气相渗透工艺(CVI)制备不同界面厚度和基体体积分数的SiC纤维束复合材料,并对其拉伸力学行为进行研究;同时,通过有限元方法研究界面厚度和基体体积分数对SiC纤维束复合材料热残余应力的影响。有限元分析结果表明:该纤维束复合材料的界面存在较为明显的径向和环向热残余应力,而且这两种应力均随着界面厚度增加而减小,随着基体体积分数的增加而增加。拉伸实验结果表明:随着界面厚度增加SiC纤维束复合材料的拉伸强度有增大趋势,且纤维拔出长度也相应增加;但在界面厚度相同的情况下,过高的基体体积分数将导致复合材料拉伸强度和韧性下降。     

基于内聚力模型的形状记忆合金短纤维增强树脂基复合材料的模拟分析

通过单纤维拔出实验和单轴拉伸实验, 测定了形状记忆合金(SMA)增强树脂基复合材料的界面脱粘剪切强度和单向随机分布SMA短纤维增强复合材料的拉伸强度。根据蒙特卡罗法和边界条件控制方程, 编写了适于软件调用的单向随机分布短纤维增强复合材料的APDL语言生成程序, 建立数值模拟模型。基于指数型内聚力模型, 对SMA纤维与环氧树脂基体界面分离(即界面脱粘)过程进行了有限元模拟。结果表明: 相同纤维体积分数下, 随着纤维长细比的减小, 复合材料整体弹性模量逐渐降低; 温度驱使SMA纤维弹性模量发生变化, 可以有效提高复合材料整体弹性模量。     

Aspect ratio requirements for nanotube-reinforced, polymer–matrix composites

A fiber’s efficiency in a short-fiber composite can be accurately solved by shear-lag methods, which can account for fiber geometry, an imperfect interface (or interphase), and extend to low volume fractions. Such an analysis was used to evaluate the aspect ratio requirements for single-walled nanotubes (SWNT) in a polymeric composite and contrast it to conventional fibers. The aspect ratio requirements are indistinguishable among all stiff fibers, except at low volume fractions where stiffer fibers require higher aspect ratios. The required aspect ratio decreases significantly at higher volume fractions. A scaling effect in the interphase term implies the interphase is more important for nano-fibers than for larger fibers. If the interface between nano-fibers and the matrix is not excellent, those fibers will not provide effective reinforcement. The most promising SWNT composites should use higher volume fractions and focus on systems where the fiber can stiffen the matrix in the interphase region.     

Optimal fiber distribution for tensile properties of injection molded composite

The survival rate of a composite is the residual fiber length divided by the initial fiber length, and it decreases with the initial fiber length and fiber volume content (V_f) during injection molding processes. The degree of damage is higher for carbon fiber than for glass fiber, and the survival rate increases with a hyperbolic tangent relationship as the nozzle diameter increases. Higher survival rate corresponds to a stronger material. Five different lengths of fiber with 29 different size fibers were selected based on the distribution and shape of residual fiber in experimental works. These were examined to study the effects of fiber distribution on the tensile properties of a short-fiber reinforced composite (SFRC). Compared with the experimental results, the modulus predicted using the Halpin-Tsai relation shows reasonable agreement with the prediction obtained using the residual fiber length instead of the initial fiber length. It was found that the tensile modulus and strength generally differ by a factor of up to 3.2, depending on the fiber distribution patterns with V_f = 30%, and the trend is more significant as the fiber aspect ratio increases. The interactions between the fiber and matrix and the staggered-type distribution are the most important factors in the reinforcement of the SFRC. With the same combination of short fiber length, an optimized fiber distribution pattern is suggested.     

低模量聚酯纤维/水泥基复合材料抗冲击性能及损伤机制

研究聚酯纤维长径比、掺量对混凝土抗压强度、抗折强度、劈裂抗拉强度、断裂韧性及冲击荷载等力学性能的影响;运用复合材料理论和纤维间距理论对聚酯纤维/混凝土增韧阻裂机制进行研究,结合SEM观察微观形貌分析纤维长径比与掺量对增韧阻裂机制的影响;采用正交试验设计方法及激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(LSCM)研究冲击高度、试件厚度、长径比及掺量对纤维/混凝土抗冲击性能的影响。结果表明,长径比为300与600的聚酯纤维会降低混凝土抗压强度,低掺量长径比为150的聚酯纤维通过提高混凝土致密程度使混凝土抗压强度有所提升;在抗拉强度方面长径比为150的聚酯纤维主要以缺陷形式存在,长径比为300的聚酯纤维对改善混凝土内部拉结作用最显著,3%(与胶凝材料体积比)掺量聚酯纤维对提高混凝土抗折强度最显著;对于混凝土断裂韧性,长径比为300与600的聚酯纤维/混凝土断裂韧性提高明显,通过SEM微观形貌发现纤维拉结作用产生的微裂纹会提高混凝土耗能能力,从而提高混凝土极限荷载与破坏时中心挠度,长径比为300的聚酯纤维/混凝土抗拉强度变化规律与复合材料理论和纤维间距理论分析结果较吻合;冲击高度为影响冲击荷载大小的主要因素,纤维长径比较纤维掺量影响较大,通过LSCM三维损伤形貌分析得出长径比为150的聚酯纤维对混凝土材料损伤改善效果较显著,同等掺量下长径比为150的聚酯纤维间距较小导致混凝土局部力学性能提高,从而提高混凝土抗冲击性能。      

界面相性态对纤维增强复合材料内应力传递的影响

本文用有限元法研究了具有基体裂纹的纤维增强复合材料内的应力传递问题。假设纤维与基体的界面为非理想的，文中运用“弹簧层”模型首先分析了在不同的组分弹性模量比、纤维体积含量与边界约束条件下，界面相性态对复合材料的应力传宾影响，然后进一步考察了在几种典型的损伤模式下界面附近的应力分布情况。     

Micromechanical deformation processes in PP/wood composites: Particle characteristics,adhesion, mechanisms

Polypropylene (PP) was reinforced with four natural fillers having different particle characteristics. Interfacial adhesion was changed by the introduction of maleated polypropylene (MAPP). The properties of the studied PP/wood composites depended strongly on interfacial adhesion and on the particle characteristics of the wood. Coupling with functionalized polymer is necessary for the preparation of composites with acceptable properties if the size of the particles is large and their aspect ratio is small. The effect of adhesion is smaller for particles with large aspect ratio. Several micromechanical deformation processes may occur in PP/wood composites including matrix yielding, debonding, fiber pull-out and fiber fracture both parallel and perpendicular to the fiber axis. The processes are competitive and may take place simultaneously and/or consecutively. The inherent properties of the reinforcement may limit the improvement of composite strength. Micromechanical deformation processes determine composite properties irrespectively of their mechanism.     

T800碳纤维增强复合材料双剪单钉连接的拉伸试验及强度估算

为系统地研究T800碳纤维增强复合材料螺栓连接的力学性能,首先,对T800碳纤维增强复合材料双剪单钉连接进行了面内准静态拉伸试验,探讨了铺层比例、铺层顺序、螺栓直径以及固化工艺对复合材料螺栓连接刚度和2%偏移挤压强度的影响;然后,根据试验结果得到了T800碳纤维增强复合材料螺栓连接的应力集中减缓因子;最后,结合相应铺层比例的无缺口层合板的应力集中减缓因子和拉伸强度,建立了复合材料连接最终挤压强度的工程算法。结果表明:当螺栓断裂时,连接的最终挤压强度由螺栓剪切强度和螺栓直径/板厚比决定;连接存在挤压和剪切2种失效形式,与±45°铺层比例有关;工程算法的计算结果与试验结果吻合良好。所得试验结果和工程算法可为T800碳纤维增强复合材料螺栓连接的初步设计提供理论依据和技术支持。      

Effect of loading rates on pullout behavior of high strength steel fibers embedded in ultra-high performance concrete

In this paper single fiber pull-out performance of high strength steel fibers embedded in ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is investigated. The research emphasis is placed on the experimental performance at various pullout rates to better understand the dynamic tensile behavior of ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHP-FRC). Based on the knowledge that crack formation is strain rate sensitive, it is hypothesized that the formation of micro-splitting cracks and the damage of cement-based matrix in the fiber tunnel are mainly attributing to the rate sensitivity. Hereby, different pull-out mechanisms of straight and mechanically bonded fibers will be examined more closely. The experimental investigation considers four types of high strength steel fibers as follows: straight smooth brass-coated with a diameter of 0.2 mm and 0.38 mm, half end hooked with a diameter of 0.38 mm and twisted fibers with an equivalent diameter of 0.3 mm. Four different pull out loading rates were applied ranging from 0.025 mm/s to 25 mm/s. The loading rate effects on maximum fiber tensile stress, use of material, pullout energy, equivalent bond strength, and average bond strength are characterized and analyzed. The test results indicate that half-hooked fibers exhibit highest loading rate sensitivity of all fibers used in this research, which might be attributed to potential matrix split cracking. Furthermore, the effect of fiber embedment angles on the loading rate sensitivity of fiber pullout behavior is investigated. Three fiber embedment angles, 0°, 20°, and 45°, are considered. The results reveal that there is a correlation between fiber embedment angle and loading rate sensitivity of fiber pullout behavior.     

Mechanical reinforcement of concrete with bi-component fibers

For some applications the reinforcement of concrete with fibers is an economical alternative to conventional steel bar reinforcement. Steel fibers have been the first choice for many years because of their high tensile strength and high elastic modulus. Low modulus fibers, such as polyolefin based fibers generally are thought to be less suitable for this purpose.However, it is shown that polyolefin fibers with sufficient tensile strength can, applying a novel bi-component approach, successfully enhance the mechanical properties of concrete. The effect of the introduction of nanoparticles into the fiber polymers and of a fiber surface structuring on the fiber pull-out characteristics and the fiber–matrix bond strength is presented.The performance of bi-component fiber reinforced concrete is studied in 4-point bending and square slab tests. Ductile post-peak behavior of such fiber reinforced concrete is achieved, making this new fiber technology interesting for applications in pre-cast elements, industrial floors and earth quake protecting systems.     

磁场诱导定向碳纤维增强水泥砂浆的力学性能

首次利用磁场诱导定向技术,制备了具有明显择优取向的碳纤维增强水泥砂浆,表征与测试了不同水灰比、龄期和纤维掺量的水泥砂浆的碳纤维取向、抗压和劈裂抗拉强度,研究了碳纤维的取向性对力学性能提升效果的影响。结果表明:水灰比、纤维掺量对碳纤维的取向性有显著影响;相较于无择优取向的普通碳纤维增强水泥砂浆,经磁场诱导定向的碳纤维增强水泥砂浆的劈裂抗拉强度有显著增加,而抗压强度无明显变化;相同水灰比下,纤维取向和纤维掺量是影响定向碳纤维增强水泥砂浆劈裂抗拉强度的主要因素。其中,定向碳纤维增强水泥砂浆劈裂抗拉强度增强效率的最佳碳纤维掺量为水泥的0.50%。      

Effect of glass fiber hybridization on properties of sisal fiber–polypropylene composites

Natural fiber reinforced polymer composites became more attractive due to their light weight, high specific strength, and environmental concern. However, some limitations such as low modulus, poor moisture resistance were reported. This study aimed to investigate the effect of glass fiber hybridization on the physical properties of sisal–polypropylene composites. Polypropylene grafted with maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA) was used as a compatibilizer to enhance the compatibility between the fibers and polypropylene. Incorporating glass fiber into the sisal–polypropylene composites enhanced tensile, flexural, and impact strength without having significant effect on tensile and flexural moduli. In addition, adding glass fiber improved thermal properties and water resistance of the composites.     

对位芳纶/尼龙66的加工工艺对其力学性能的影响研究

由不同的加工工艺来研究对位芳纶/尼龙66(PPTA/PA66)复合材料的力学性能,结果表明:①随着PPTA纤维含量的增多,使用黏度较大的PA66基体进行复合时,PPTA/PA66复合材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度都随之变大;对于冲击强度来说,PPTA纤维的加入,增加了其脆性,造成PPTA/PA66复合材料冲击强度不如原基体的冲击强度;②PPTA纤维含量在5%的情况下,当挤出机转速达到300r/min时材料的拉伸强度、冲击强度和弯曲强度出现极大值,此时的混合效果最理想;③较高的挤出温度有助于提高复合材料的拉伸强度和弯曲强度,对于冲击强度来说,PPTA/PA66复合材料冲击强度同样不如原基体的冲击强度;④PPTA纤维的长径比集中在65左右,芳纶纤维起到了增强效果。