镀锌钢的液态金属脆现象及其在电阻点焊过程中的表现

液态金属脆是指通常具有韧性的固体金属或者合金与液态金属直接接触且受到拉伸应力时,其塑性降低并发生脆性断裂的现象。钢在液态锌中会发生液态金属脆现象,这在镀锌钢的热拉伸实验中得到了证实。此外,研究人员发现在镀锌高强钢的电阻点焊过程中也会出现液态金属脆现象,表现为在焊点表面出现大量裂纹,这些裂纹对焊点性能存在潜在危害。本文回顾了镀锌钢液态金属脆现象的热拉伸实验研究,阐明了影响脆化现象的实验因素;综述了镀锌钢在电阻点焊过程中发生液态金属脆现象的研究进展,分析了产生裂纹的位置及其影响因素,并总结了可能的解决方案。     

热成形钢22MnB5的Q&P工艺

采用盐浴法对热成形钢22MnB5进行了Q&P工艺(quenching and partitioningprocess)处理,研究了淬火终点温度、分配温度和分配时间对试验钢的显微组织、力学性能和残余奥氏体含量的影响。结果表明:Q&P工艺处理22MnB5钢的显微组织主要为马氏体和残余奥氏体组织,同时有一定量的碳化物析出,随着淬火终点温度和分配温度的升高或分配时间的延长,马氏体和碳化物的微观形貌会发生变化;在淬火终点温度和分配温度为325℃,分配时间为60s时得到的试样强塑积最高,达到20435MPa.%;试样的拉伸断口都显示出良好的韧性断裂特征;XRD分析表明,在Q&P工艺处理后试验钢的残余奥氏体含量可达5.5%。     

6061铝合金/DP600钢电阻点焊接头特征及力学性能

目的 提升6061-T6铝合金/DP600双相钢电阻点焊接头的力学性能,以满足该焊接结构在汽车工业中的应用。方法 对6061-T6铝合金与DP600双相钢分别进行了直接电阻点焊试验及添加Ni中间层的电阻点焊试验,采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜及能谱仪分析了接头界面宏微观组织、化学成分、元素分布等,此外还采用接头拉剪试验进行了2种接头的力学性能测试,并对接头的断口形貌及断裂模式进行了分析。结果 直接点焊接头熔核界面形成了厚度约为2.5μm的金属间化合物层,主要金属间化合物为靠近铝合金侧的Fe₂Al₅及靠近高强钢侧的Fe₄Al₁₃。直接点焊接头的拉剪载荷为3.1 kN,失效形式为界面断裂,断口呈以脆性为主的混合断裂特征。添加Ni中间层的点焊接头界面形成了Ni₄Al₁₃、Ni₂Al₅金属间化合物,抑制了焊接过程中Al-Fe互扩散并降低了Al-Fe金属间化合物的形成以及硬脆性Al-Fe金属间化合物对接头力学性能的影响,使...     

PHS1800热成形钢电阻点焊接头截面特性及工艺优化

目的 研究不同参数下PHS1800热成形钢电阻点焊接头截面特性及其工艺。方法 利用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和万能试验机,对点焊接头的焊点熔透率、压痕率、熔核直径、压痕直径及拉伸性能进行测试。结果 随着焊接时间的增加,各截面特性总体呈线性增长的趋势,当焊接时间超过0.6 s时,接头熔核直径减小;随着焊接电流的增大,各截面特性整体呈上升的趋势,当焊接电流为11.5 kA时,熔透率达到峰值,继续增大焊接电流,压痕率迅速上升;随着焊接压力的增大,熔透率增至59.17%后不断减小,压痕率不断增大,熔核直径与压痕直径无明显变化。基于三因素八水平正交实验,确定点焊接头最大拉伸载荷为16.54 kN,其断口为脆性断裂。结论 焊接时间和焊接电流对点焊接头截面特性的影响较为显著,拉伸性能受焊接电流的影响最大。实验得到了成形良好的焊接接头,最优参数如下：焊接时间为0.6s,焊接电流为11.5 kA,焊接压力为2.0 kN。本实验可为热成形钢在汽车加工中的应用提供理论基础和技术支持。     

Liquid metal embrittlement during resistance spot welding of Zn-coated high-strength steels

Liquid Zn-assisted embrittlement during resistance spot welding of Zn-coated high strength steels induces risks of surface cracking. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review on the surface crack evolution due to liquid metal embrittlement during spot welding. Several aspects of cracking have been discussed such as macroscopic and microscopic features of liquid Zn-assisted cracks, prevalent crack locations in spot welds, sensitivity to welding conditions, and susceptibility of different types of steels and Zn-based coatings. Subsequently, the influence of governing factors like temperature, stress, microstructure, and nature of coating are presented by correlating thermo-mechanical studies with actual spot welding investigations on Zn-coated steels. Finally, the possible mechanisms of embrittlement are discussed and suitable methods to suppress surface crack formation during spot welding are suggested.

This is the winning review of the 2018 Materials Literature Review Prize of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, run by the Editorial Board of MST. Sponsorship of the prize by TWI Ltd is gratefully acknowledged.     

铝/镀锌钢搅拌摩擦铆焊接头组织与力学性能

为实现铝钢之间的优质连接,采用搅拌摩擦铆焊新方法对6061铝合金和DP600镀锌钢进行搭接点焊,利用扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪及拉伸试验对接头的微观组织及力学性能进行了研究.结果表明:接头成形平整美观,中心没有匙孔;接头包含铆接区和扩散区,其中在铆接区铝合金以铝柱的形式嵌入到钢板的圆孔中,形成了一个"铝铆钉",底部有富铝的α固溶体偏聚,圆孔四周形成扩散区,铝和钢形成了冶金结合,依靠金属间化合物Fe Al3连接在一起;接头有3种断裂形式,在最佳工艺参数下接头的抗剪力达到8.2 k N;铝柱上断口的微观形貌是被拉长的韧窝,扩散区的断口由灰色基体和白色颗粒组成.     

Resistance spot welding of AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel: Phase transformations and mechanical properties

The paper aims at investigating the process–microstructure–performance relationship in resistance spot welding of AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel. The phase transformations which occur during weld thermal cycle were analyzed in details, based on the physical metallurgy of welding of the ferritic stainless steels. It was found that the microstructure of the fusion zone and the heat affected zone is influenced by different phenomena including grain growth, martensite formation and carbide precipitation. The effects of welding cycle on the mechanical properties of the spot welds in terms of peak load, energy absorption and failure mode are discussed.     

Resistance spot welding joints of AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel sheets: Phase transformations,mechanical properties and microstructure characterizations

In this paper, we aim to optimize welding parameters namely welding current and time in resistance spot welding (RSW) of the austenitic stainless steel sheets grade AISI 316L. Afterward, effect of optimum welding parameters on the resistance spot welding properties and microstructure of AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel sheets has been investigated. Effect of welding current at constant welding time was considered on the weld properties such as weld nugget size, tensile–shear load bearing capacity of welded materials, failure modes, failure energy, ductility, and microstructure of weld nuggets as well. Phase transformations that took place during weld thermal cycle were analyzed in more details including metallographic studies of welding of the austenitic stainless steels. Metallographic images, mechanical properties, electron microscopy photographs and micro-hardness measurements showed that the region between interfacial to pullout mode transition and expulsion limit is defined as the optimum welding condition. Backscattered electron scanning microscopic images (BE-SEM) showed various types of delta ferrite in weld nuggets. Three delta ferrite morphologies consist of skeletal, acicular and lathy delta ferrite morphologies formed in resistance spot welded regions as a result of non-equilibrium phases which can be attributed to the fast cooling rate in RSW process and consequently, prediction and explanation of the obtained morphologies based on Schaeffler, WRC-1992 and Pseudo-binary phase diagrams would be a difficult task.     

电极压力对WC-10Co/RM80异种金属精密电阻焊接头质量的影响

目的 研究不同电极压力下硬质合金/钢电阻点焊接头力学性能和显微组织的变化规律,探究其影响机理。方法 在不同电极压力条件下,对WC-10Co硬质合金扇形粒子与RM80高强度钢带进行异种金属电阻焊接试验。通过电子拉剪试验机进行剪力试验,检测焊接接头的力学性能,采用钨灯丝扫描电镜与场发射扫描电镜观察焊接接头的组织与形貌,使用能谱仪分析接头元素的分布情况。结果 在不同电极压力下,焊接接头外观形貌良好,焊渣挤出量大致相同。当电极压力由110 N增大至140 N时,平均接头剪断力起伏不大,数值大小稳定,当电极压力为120 N时,平均接头剪断力达到最大值(1 367.36 N)。继续增大电极压力,平均接头剪断力显著下降,数值离散程度增大。结论 当电极压力较小时,γ固溶体填充了由凝固收缩现象产生的缩孔,降低了冷却过程中产生的应力,且此时W固溶体相尺寸较小,分布均匀,故焊接接头强度较稳定。当电极压力逐渐增大时,W固溶体相尺寸也随之增大,产生较大的应力集中,平均接头剪断力因此显著下降。当电极压力达到最大180 N时,会因电极压力过大而导致电阻减小,热输入功率反而比电极压力160 N时的热输入功率小。     

590MPa高强度船用钢板调质工艺的优化

为提高590 MPa船用钢板的综合力学性能,对40 mm厚船用HQ60T钢板进行了调质工艺的研究.采用不同的正火工艺获得了不同的组织结构,进行了不同淬火和回火温度的热处理试验,对不同试样进行了金相分析和力学性能的试验,详细观察了各种热处理状态下试验钢的微观组织,讨论了组织演变规律及其对性能的影响.试验表明:相同调质处理条件下,随着正火温度的提高,钢板强度下降,韧性提高;在580℃回火的条件下,韧性指标随淬火温度的升高,先升高后降低,在920℃时出现峰值;回火温度高于580℃,钢板韧性下降,强度下降加快.研究表明,在920℃时水淬,然后580℃回火时钢板综合力学性能最好.     

Fatigue behaviour of dissimilar Al 5052 and Mg AZ31 resistance spot welds with Sn‐coated steel interlayer

The fatigue property of dissimilar spot welds between an aluminium alloy (AA5052) and a magnesium alloy (AZ31) was studied in this research. The AA5052 and AZ31 coupons were resistance spot welded together by using an interlayer of Sn‐coated steel between the two coupons. The fatigue test results revealed that the Mg/Al joints had the same level of fatigue strength as Mg/Mg resistance spot welds. It was found that within the life range of N_f < 10⁵ cycles, Mg/Al welds degraded faster than Mg/Mg joints. This was attributed to the larger bending moment on the plane of fatigue failure in the Mg/Al welds. Three failure modes were observed under different cyclic loading regimes: Al/steel interfacial failure, Mg coupon failure and Al coupon failure. Fatigue fracture surface of Mg/Al welds consisted of two distinct regions: crack propagation region with brittle morphology and final rupture with ductile morphology.