淬火微观组织对重轨钢疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响

以U75V重轨钢CT(Compaction test)试样为研究对象,分别研究了冷速为3℃/s、5℃/s及空冷轧态的组织对稳定区(疲劳扩展Ⅱ区)疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响,疲劳试验在高频共振疲劳试验机上进行。研究结果表明:疲劳裂纹扩展速率随着珠光体片层间距的减小而降低,冷速由大到小(5℃/s、3℃/s、空冷)所对应的n值分别为3.603 05、3.631 18和3.885 28;珠光体组织的疲劳裂纹断裂形式主要以穿晶断裂为主,同时伴随部分沿晶断裂;片层间距影响裂纹扩展路径的偏折程度,偏折程度随片层间距的减小而增大,增大的裂纹偏折路径对裂纹扩展的阻碍作用增强,有利于疲劳裂纹扩展速率的降低。     

自回火对重轨钢疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

针对重轨钢在线淬火后自回火造成的抗疲劳裂纹扩展能力降低的问题,在淬火冷速分别为3℃/s、5℃/s、8℃/s,终冷温度为450℃条件下,研究了自回火对重轨钢疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响,测算了疲劳裂纹扩展速率的Paris公式,采用扫描电镜及硬度计分别对自回火后钢轨的疲劳断口进行观察及硬度测试.结果表明:经过自回火后,钢轨的疲劳裂纹扩展速率增快、硬度降低,且自回火之前钢轨的淬火冷速越大,自回火后其硬度降低越显著,硬度的降低增加了裂纹扩展的可能性;自回火后钢轨在Ⅰ区的疲劳裂纹扩展速率远大于直接淬火试样,使钢轨疲劳裂纹扩展的整体进程缩短,这是疲劳裂纹扩展速率增快的重要原因.不同淬火冷速后的自回火试样在应力强度因子范围 ΔK(ΔK=Kmax-Kmin)为10 MPa·m1/2时,断口的疲劳辉纹、解理面和二次裂纹较少,河流花样数量较多、面积小、沟壑浅,而在ΔK=13.5 MPa·m1/2时,断口的疲劳辉纹间距增大,解理面和二次裂纹较多,河流花样数量增多、面积增大,疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/dN较快.     

疲劳裂纹在奥氏体/铁素体异种钢焊接接头中的扩展行为

采用三点弯曲试样研究了疲劳裂纹在奥氏体 /铁素体异种钢焊接接头中的扩展行为与显微组织的关系 ,测得疲劳裂纹在 Cr2 5 Ni13/ 13Cr Mo44异种钢焊接接头中的扩展速率 da/ d N,并且讨论了疲劳裂纹扩展与显微组织之间的关系。实验结果表明 ,疲劳裂纹在异种钢焊接接头熔合区中扩展的路径 ,是接头中韧性最低的热影响区过热区 ,裂纹在铁素体材料侧 ,跟随熔合线并平行于熔合线 5～ 2 5 μm扩展 ,而马氏体层对疲劳裂纹有较大的抗力 ,疲劳裂纹的扩展路径主要受组织韧性的控制。疲劳裂纹在 Cr2 5 Ni13/ 13Cr Mo44异种钢接头的扩展速率为 :da/ d N=7.0 7× 10 - 1 3(△ K ) 3.86 3     

几种高强度钢腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展行为的研究

本文研究了ＧＣ－４,３０ＣｒＭｎＳｉＮｉ２Ａ和３００Ｍ超高强钢的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展行为。考虑了环境,热处理制度,应力比和频率对裂纹扩展的影响。研究结果表明：腐蚀环境和热处理制度对疲劳裂纹扩展有显著影响。在侵蚀性环境中随频率降低,裂纹扩展大幅度上升,随应力比提高,环境影响加剧。利用扫描电镜对试样断口形貌进行了分析,并讨论了高强钢的腐蚀疲劳机理。     

珠光体重轨钢疲劳裂纹尖端的应力应变场

用扫描电镜（SEM）观察不同冷速的在线轧态、在线热处理态、实验室热处理态（冷速递增）珠光体重轨钢的珠光体片层,用疲劳试验机和应变仪测定重轨钢的拉-拉疲劳实验中长度不同的裂纹尖端应变场云图并基于Abaqus建立应力和应变模型,研究重轨钢的疲劳裂纹尖端的力学行为。结果表明：随着冷速的递增珠光体片层的间距递减,随着疲劳裂纹的扩展裂纹周围的应力场强和裂纹尖端的应力强度因子K增大,应力场呈显著的“蝴蝶状”,其中实验室热处理态重轨钢长度为1、2、3 mm处裂纹的应力强度因子K分别为13.53、14.58和15.54 MPa·m^1/2,远比相同裂纹长度的在线轧态和在线热处理态重轨钢的大。随着疲劳裂纹长度的增大,裂纹尖端附近等效应变区域增大。三种冷速的重轨钢的裂纹长度相同时,随着珠光体片层间距的递减裂纹尖端等效应变值随之递减,裂纹长度为较长的3 mm时等效应变值模拟结果分别为0.074、0.067、0.055,而应变实验分别为0.082、0.064、0.058。模拟仿真结果与应变场实验结果最大误差为9.7%,验证了模型的可靠性。模拟和实验结果均表明,重轨钢珠光体片层间距越小则扩展过程中的疲劳裂纹其尖端的应力强度因子K越大,产生的等效应变越小,其抵抗断裂能力越强和疲劳性能越高。     

低合金高强度钢的微观组织和疲劳裂纹扩展行为

用透射电镜观察了３０ＣｒＭｎＳｉＮｉ２Ａ钢等温的微观组织，疲劳裂纹扩展行为、裂纹尖端塑性区和位错结构，结果表明，等温状态组织由马氏体和贝氏体组成。在一个奥氏体晶粒内一般存在四个板条领域、裂纹尖端的塑性区内存在主位错带，疲劳断裂的基本组织单元为板条晶或板条束。裂纹遇到板条束界时方向发生较大偏斜。     

微观组织对贝氏体钢疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

为了研究组织对疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响,对3种不同贝氏体组织钢进行了疲劳裂纹扩展实验,并采用SEM和EBSD等方法对裂纹进行了分析.结果表明,板条贝氏体组织在近门槛区和稳定扩展区阻碍裂纹扩展的能力最强,具有最小的裂纹扩展速率.板条贝氏体组织中的大角度晶界使裂纹更容易发生偏折,导致断口表面粗糙度增加,裂纹扩展受到较强的粗糙度诱导裂纹闭合效应的作用.随着ΔK的增大,塑性诱导裂纹闭合效应取代粗糙度诱导裂纹闭合效应开始占据主导作用,是板条贝氏体组织中裂纹扩展速率对ΔK的变化较敏感的原因.     

疲劳裂纹在奥氏体/铁素体异种钢焊接接头中的扩展行为

采用三点弯曲试样研究了疲劳裂纹在奥氏体/铁素体异种钢焊接接头中的扩展行为与显微组织的关系,测得疲劳裂纹在Cr25Ni13/13CrMo44异种钢焊接接头中的扩展速率da/dN,并且讨论了疲劳裂纹扩展与显微组织之间的关系。实验结果表明,疲劳裂纹在异种钢焊接接头熔合区中扩展的路径,是接头中韧性最低的热影响区过热区,裂纹在铁素体材料侧,跟随熔合线并平行于熔合线5～25μm扩展,而马氏体层对疲劳裂纹有较大的抗力,疲劳裂纹的扩展路径主要受组织韧性的控制。疲劳裂纹在Cr25Ni13/13CrMo44异种钢接头的扩展速率为：da/dN=7.07×10-13(△K)3.863。     

回火工艺对65Mn钢疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

采用中温回火和高温回火对65Mn钢进行热处理,测试其拉伸性能,并对其疲劳裂纹扩展行为进行研究,探索其疲劳断裂机制．结果表明,两种回火方案对应的裂纹扩展速率的m值相差不大,而C值差异较大,反映出在稳定扩展区的疲劳裂纹扩展对其微观组织不敏感,塑性变形消耗了裂纹扩展的能量,使裂纹扩展速率下降;随着回火温度的升高,实验钢的疲劳断裂特征由脆性逐渐变为韧性,高温回火提高了其裂纹扩展的门槛值,降低了疲劳裂纹扩展速率,65Mn钢经高温回火后有较优的综合力学性能和疲劳性能．     

On propagation of short rolling contact fatigue cracks

Recent accidents involving railway rails have aroused demand for improved and more efficient rail maintenance strategies to reduce the risk of unexpected rail fracture. Numerical tools can aid in generating maintenance strategies: this investigation deals with the numerical modelling and analysis of short crack growth in rails. Factors that influence the fatigue propagation of short surface‐breaking cracks (head checks) in rails are assessed. A proposed numerical procedure incorporates finite element (FE) calculations to predict short crack growth conditions for rolling contact fatigue (RCF) loading. A parameterised FE model for the rolling‐sliding contact of a cylinder on a semi‐infinite half space, with a short surface breaking crack, presented here, is used in linear‐elastic and elastic–plastic FE calculations of short crack propagation, together with fracture mechanics theory. The crack length and orientation, crack face friction, and coefficient of surface friction near the contact load are varied. The FE model is verified for five examples in the literature. Comparison of results from linear‐elastic and elastic–plastic FE calculations, shows that the former cannot describe short RCF crack behaviour properly, in particular 0.1–0.2 mm long (head check) cracks with a shallow angle; elastic–plastic analysis is required instead.     

在线钢轨断裂原因分析

U75V热轧钢轨铺设在曲线地段使用超过3a(年),其中一支钢轨发生断裂,部分钢轨出现剥离掉块。当查找断裂原因,对断裂钢轨进行了理化检验。结果表明:轮轨接触应力过大,超过了钢轨接触疲劳强度,由于疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展的速率大于磨耗速率,在钢轨塑性变形层表面萌生并形成了疲劳裂纹,并沿变形流线方向疲劳扩展,在轮轨接触圆角处距表面2 mm处形成了疲劳核伤,在车轮的反复作用下发生了断裂。     

Fatigue crack propagation prediction by cyclic plasticity damage accumulation models

Different analytical models of damage accumulation by cyclic plasticity have been developed to predict fatigue crack growth from monotonic, cyclic, fracture toughness and crack propagation threshold properties. The models' development logic is condensed as a flowchart, which emphasizes, in a clear and easily comprehensive way, all the required modeling steps. 1020 and API 5L X60 steels and 7075‐T6 aluminum alloy were used in the experimental verification of the models. Samples were extracted from materials of the same heat, in order to have a reliable comparison. The experimental results are better predicted by the models that use the plastic part of Coffin–Manson's equation to calculate the fatigue life of small volume elements ahead of the crack tip, and expressions of the HRR type to represent the elastic–plastic strain amplitude in the cyclic plastic zone.     

铁素体不锈钢的疲劳裂纹扩展

本文用线弹性断裂力学法研究了 AISI409与18Cr—Nb 铁素体不锈钢在 25～649℃ (77～1200°F) 空气环境下的疲劳裂纹扩展 (FCP) 行为。疲劳裂纹扩展速率 (da)/(dN) 满足 Paris 关系:(da)/(dN)=C(⊿k)~n。室温下应力比 (R) 对(da)/(dN)的影响在低⊿k下较为敏感。(da)/(dN)随温度的提高和加载频率的减小而增加,但对18Cr—Nb,475℃(885°F)下的(da)/(dN)却高于538℃(1000°F)下的(da)/(dN),这与含Cr量高于15％时的475℃脆性有关。文中还测定了室温与高温下的材料常数c与n值。并对疲劳裂纹扩展机理进行了探讨。     

Effect of microstructure on crack propagation in high-temperature fatigue of directionally solidified Ni-based superalloy

In order to clarify the crack propagation properties of an anisotropic material (Ni‐based directionally solidified superalloy), longitudinally loaded specimens (L‐specimens) and transversely loaded specimens (T‐specimens) with a crack are subjected to high temperature fatigue. The crack propagation rate is reasonably well correlated with the effective stress intensity factor range regardless of the propagation direction (specimens L and T), the stress range and the stress ratio. However, the crack propagation rate shows a notable fluctuation particularly in the T‐specimens. It is at most about five times faster than the average. The fracture surface features can be classified into four types with three transgranular and one intergranular types. In the former, though the crack is along the {100} or {110} planes on a macroscopic scale, it threads through the {111} or {100} planes on a microscopic scale. Crack propagation is notably accelerated in the intergranular region, while deceleration is caused by crack branching.     

Effect of microstructure on the plain and notched fatigue properties of IMI 550 Ti alloy

The fatigue crack initiation and propagation in plain and notched specimens of titanium IMI 550 alloy with different percentages of transformed β-phase has been investigated. The S/N curves for plain specimens having a two-phase α/β microstructure were superior to those having a 100% transformed β microstructure. It is thought that this difference is due to easier crack paths in the β-stabilized samples, which contain very large grains. The notched S/N curves, however, were not dependent on microstructure. The overall crack propagation rates were similar for the three microstructures studied.