合金元素对Cr—Mn—Ni奥氏体不锈钢凝固组织的影响

日本金属工业有限公司的研究人员针对五种类型的Cr—Mn—Ni奥氏体不锈钢：14％Cr-1．2％Ni-10％Mn-0．13％N．15％Cr-4％Ni-8％Mn-0．05％N．15％Cr-4％Ni-8％Mn-0．12％N．17％Cr-4．5％Ni-3．5％Mn-0．3％Mo-0．10％N和17％Cr-4％Mn-6．5％Ni-0．05％N中合金元素对钢锭凝固组织的影响进行了研究。     

不锈钢板坯的高温力学性能及连铸二次冷却工艺中的应用

泰山不锈钢厂采用60 t电弧炉-GOR底吹转炉精炼-160 mm×1600 mm板坯连铸的工艺流程冶炼不锈钢。通过Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机试验研究了奥氏体不锈钢201(6.54Mn-16.71Cr-3.62Ni)和J4(8.93Mn-14.84Cr-1.08Ni-1.25Cu),铁素体不锈钢430(16.29Cr)和马氏体不锈钢410S(13.5Cr)连铸板坯的高温力学性能。结果表明,各不锈钢的第Ⅲ脆性温度区分别为201钢-665~990℃,J4钢-600~950℃,430钢-600~700℃和410S钢-720~930℃;201和J4钢采用较弱二次冷却,矫直温度分别控制为≥1010℃和≥995℃,430钢用较强二次冷却,矫直温度900~950℃;410S钢用较弱二次冷却,矫直温度≥980℃。     

形变马氏体对304L奥氏体不锈钢显微组织和力学性能的影响

非稳态奥氏体不锈钢在经过变形后,极容易产生形变马氏体组织。本实验分析了固溶处理后304L奥氏体不锈钢在5%～50%轧制变形下马氏体显微组织的变化情况,测量了不同变形量下形变马氏体含量。同时分析不同形变马氏体含量对304L奥氏体不锈钢拉伸力学性能,得到形变马氏体含量对材料拉伸力学性能的影响关系。     

用透射电子显微镜研究压水反应堆环境下316不锈钢的晶间应力腐蚀裂纹

近年来，纳米／亚微米奥氏体不锈钢因为其良好的组织控制满足了各种工程性能而倍受关注。在纳米／亚微米晶粒级别，虽然存在明显的晶界强化，但仍保持优良的塑性。为了获得纳米／亚微米晶粒尺寸，对亚稳态奥氏体不锈钢进行大变量冷加工，然后退火，使冷轧过程中形成的形变诱导马氏体转变成奥氏体，转变量与退火温度有关。在本研究中，对一AISI301亚稳态奥氏体不锈钢进行90％冷轧，然后在600～900℃温度下退火，保温30分钟。研究了退火对材料显微组织、奥氏体平均晶粒度、马氏体／奥氏体转化比例以及碳化物形成的影响。     

冷轧压下率对高强度马氏体不锈钢机械性能影响的研究

关于获得不锈钢良好弹性方法，对SUS304等奥氏体不锈钢采取冷轧方法可以获得，对SUS631等析出硬化钢或铁素体 马氏体双相钢采取时效处理可以获得。另外，关于淬火马氏体弹性基本上没有研究。日新制钢公司此次研究了对两种不同的(C N)的马氏体不锈钢机械性能，特别是研究了冷轧压下率对其弹性的影响。试验方法选择两种钢A钢成分(％)16Cr-4Ni-0．14(C N)。     

冷轧和固溶处理对改进型202不锈钢组织和力学性能的影响

研究总冷轧变形量12.5%～46.4%和900～1150℃固溶处理对成分(%)为:0.04C,8.18Mn,15.21Cr,4.05Ni,1.65Cu,0.12N的改进型202亚稳奥氏体不锈钢3 mm板组织和性能的影响。结果表明,经总变形量46.4%冷轧后,形变诱发产生约26%α′马氏体,该钢的强度达1200 MPa;固溶处理使α′马氏体发生逆转变(α′→γ),900℃固溶可使α′马氏体完全转变成γ奥氏体并完成全部再结晶;改进型不锈钢经900～1100℃固溶处理具有预期的组织和良好的综合力学性能。     

冷轧退火温度对301L织构和晶界特征的影响

 利用电子背散射衍射技术,研究了冷轧后亚稳态奥氏体不锈钢301L的退火织构和晶界特征,分析了不同冷轧退火温度对织构和晶界特征的影响。结果表明,冷轧退火后奥氏体不锈钢301L的织构主要由Copper{112}<111>,Brass{110}<112>,Goss{110}<001>和S{123}<634>组成,并且随着退火温度的升高,织构强度逐渐减弱,重位点阵晶界Σ3晶界含量明显增加,其他重位点阵晶界含量没有明显变化。     

冷轧工艺对奥氏体不锈钢组织性能的影响

通过对亚稳定奥氏体不锈钢SUS301L和稳定奥氏体不锈钢SUS309进行10％～70％的冷轧变形,研究了两个典型奥氏体不锈钢的组织和力学性能演变.结果表明,SUS301L不锈钢在冷轧变形过程中发生形变马氏体的转变,马氏体形核于剪切带的交叉点处,形核点的不断连接长大成为板条的形变马氏体;而SUS309通过滑移来协调塑性变形,冷变形过程中不发生马氏体转变.二者均有明显的加工硬化,即硬度和强度均随着冷轧变形量的增加而升高,延伸率表现为相反的趋势.但SUS301L是位错累积和形变马氏体转变量增加的综合作用,而SUS309仅是位错不断累积增多的结果.     

冷轧变形量对304不锈钢力学性能的影响

 研究304奥氏体不锈钢薄板的硬度随冷轧变形量的变化规律,为奥氏体不锈钢薄板工业生产提供指导。同时,采用金相显微镜、维氏硬度测量、X-射线衍射仪和透射电镜研究了不同变形量冷轧对304不锈钢显微组织和机械性能的影响。在室温对0.5mm厚退火板材进行冷轧,使冷轧变形量从10%增加到52%。结果表明,形变诱发马氏体相变是导致304不锈钢冷轧时产生加工硬化的主要原因,冷轧可以显著提高钢的强度和硬度。当冷轧变形至40%时,304不锈钢的维氏硬度是未变形时的2.2倍,屈服强度、抗拉强度分别增大到未变形时的4.2倍（880MPa）和1.8倍（1312MPa）。     

节镍无磁不锈钢Cr18Ni6Mn3N的组织及性能

研究了节镍无磁不锈钢Cr18Ni6Mn3N的热轧及固溶后的力学性能和耐蚀性能,分析了其固溶和时效析出后的组织演变规律、冷变形过程中形变诱发马氏体相变及其磁性能.结果表明:该不锈钢的固溶组织为单相奥氏体,其力学性能和耐蚀性能均高于SUS304不锈钢;800℃保温4 h后,在晶界析出粒状氮化物,随着保温时间延长,逐渐沿晶界凸起片层状析出物并向晶内生长,保温20 h后,凸出的片层状析出物直径达20μm.冷轧压下率18.3%时尚未发现形变诱发马氏体组织,随着变形量增大,马氏体含量增多,磁导率上升,但与相同条件下的SUS304不锈钢相比,冷轧板固溶后相对磁导率可降至1.002,因此可用于低成本无磁不锈钢领域.      

A New Pb-free Machinable Austenitic Stainless Steel

 In the present paper, the machinability tests were conducted by using various processing parameters on a CA6164 lathe with a dynamometer. The metallurgical properties, machinability and mechanical properties of the developed alloy were compared with those of an austenite stainless steel 1Cr-18Ni-9Ti. The results have shown that the machinability of the austenitic stainless steels with free-cutting additives is much better than that of 1Cr-18Ni-9Ti. This is attributed to the present of machinable additives. The inclusions might be composed of MnS. Sulfur and copper addition contributes to the improvement of the machinability of austenitic stainless steel. Bismuth is an important factor to improve the machinability of austenitic stainless steel, and it has a distinct advantage over lead. The mechanical properties of the free cutting austenitic stainless steel are similar to that of 1Cr-18Ni-9Ti. A new Pb-free austenitic stainless steel with high machinability as well as satisfactory mechanical properties has been developed.     

两相区退火处理含铝中锰钢的组织和力学性能

 为了研究两相区退火处理对冷轧含铝中锰钢(0.2C-0.6Si-5Mn-1.2Al)(质量分数,%)微观组织和力学性能的影响规律,利用SEM、XRD及单轴拉伸等试验方法表征了不同工艺状态后的微观组织及测试了拉伸性能。结果表明,冷轧试验钢在退火过程中组织发生奥氏体逆转变,在退火温度为670 ℃、退火时间为10 min时可获得较佳的力学性能,即抗拉强度达到1 276 MPa,总伸长率达到51.8%,强塑积高达66.1 GPa·%。随着退火温度升高,残余奥氏体组织逐渐粗化且向马氏体组织转变,机械稳定性逐渐降低。残余奥氏体机械稳定性主要受残余奥氏体中碳质量分数及其晶粒尺寸的影响,而残余奥氏体中锰质量分数对其影响较小。     

奥氏体不锈钢15Mn-22Cr-0.56N的热塑性和轧制工艺对其性能的影响

通过热模拟试验和20%～60%单道次变形的热轧试验研究了奥氏体不锈钢15Mn-22Cr-0.56N的高温拉伸和压缩塑性以及热轧工艺对组织和机械性能的影响。模拟试验结果表明,该钢最佳热塑性区为1000～1150℃;热轧试验结果表明,15Mn-22Cr-0.56N钢最佳轧制工艺参数为1000～1050℃、40%变形可得到较高的强韧性。     

Austenitic Nickel- and Manganese-Free Fe-15Cr-1Mo-0.4N-0.3C Steel: Tensile Behavior and Deformation-Induced Processes between 298 K and 503 K (25 °C and 230 °C)

The high-temperature austenite phase of a high-interstitial Mn- and Ni-free stainless steel was stabilized at room temperature by the full dissolution of precipitates after solution annealing at 1523 K (1250 °C). The austenitic steel was subsequently tensile-tested in the temperature range of 298 K to 503 K (25 °C to 230 °C). Tensile elongation progressively enhanced at higher tensile test temperatures and reached 79 pct at 503 K (230 °C). The enhancement at higher temperatures of tensile ductility was attributed to the increased mechanical stability of austenite and the delayed formation of deformation-induced martensite. Microstructural examinations after tensile deformation at 433 K (160 °C) and 503 K (230 °C) revealed the presence of a high density of planar glide features, most noticeably deformation twins. Furthermore, the deformation twin to deformation-induced martensite transformation was observed at these temperatures. The results confirm that the high tensile ductility of conventional Fe-Cr-Ni and Fe-Cr-Ni-Mn austenitic stainless steels may be similarly reproduced in Ni- and Mn-free high-interstitial stainless steels solution annealed at sufficiently high temperatures. The tensile ductility of the alloy was found to deteriorate with decarburization and denitriding processes during heat treatment which contributed to the formation of martensite in an outermost rim of tensile specimens.     

Welding character of the cryogenic and non-magnetic steel Fe-23Mn.4Al-5Cr-0.3C

The cold-rolled sheet of cryogenic and non-magnetic steel Fe-23Mn-4Al-5Cr-0.3C was welded by means of argon tungsten arc welding with the filler wire containing 26.65Mn, 3.06Al, 5.31 Cr and 0.31 C (wt.-%). The mechanical properties and microstructure of welded joints were examined at 300 and 77 K. The experimental results indicate that the weld metal and the heat affected zone are possessed of satisfactory mechanical properties suitable for cryogenic use and its austenitic structure is quite stable. No cooling delta-ferrite was observed in the weld metal or the heat affected zone. Thus, it is suggested that the Fe-23Mn-4Al-5Cr-0.3C steel can be used as a new material for weldments at cryogenic temperatures.     

Mechanical properties of isothermally aged high-nitrogen stainless steel

The effects of nitride (Cr₂N) precipitation on the tensile, impact, and hardness properties of a typical high-nitrogen, low-carbon austenitic stainless steel (SS), nominally Fe-19Cr-5Mn-5Ni-3Mo-0.024C0.69N, were determined. Annealed and cold-rolled (20 pct reduction in thickness) specimens were isothermally aged at 700 °C and 900 °C for times ranging from 0.1 to 10 hours. Only grain boundary Cr₂N precipitation occurred in annealed materials aged at 700 °C. Precipitation at 900 °C occurred sequentially at grain boundaries, by cellular precipitation, and, finally, by transgranular precipitation within the matrix. Nitride precipitation had little effect on yield and ultimate strengths but reduced tensile ductility and impact toughness. Embrittlement occurred due to grain boundary separation (700 °C and 900 °C) and fracture through cellular precipitate regions, initiated at nitrides (900 °C). Prior deformation increased precipitation kinetics and had a controlling influence on nitride morphology, enhancing grain boundary and transgranular Cr₂N and retarding cellular precipitation. Nitride structures produced in cold-rolled materials were just as detrimental to material plasticity as those produced in annealed materials, but prior deformation increased the kinetics of embrittlement. Due to strain recovery, the yield and ultimate strengths of cold-rolled materials decreased with aging timeand temperature.     

Influence of annealing treatment on the formation of nano/submicron grain size AISI 301 Austenitic stainless steels

Nano/submicron austenitic stainless steels have attracted increasing attention over the past few years due to fine structural control for tailoring engineering properties. At the nano/submicron grain scales, grain boundary strengthening can be significant, while ductility remains attractive. To achieve a nano/submicron grain size, metastable austenitic stainless steels are heavily cold-worked, and annealed to convert the deformation-induced martensite formed during cold rolling into austenite. The amount of reverted austenite is a function of annealing temperature. In this work, an AISI 301 metastable austenitic stainless steel is 90 pct cold-rolled and subsequently annealed at temperatures varying from 600 °C to 900 °C for a dwelling time of 30 minutes. The effects of annealing on the microstructure, average austenite grain size, martensite-to-austenite ratio, and carbide formation are determined. Analysis of the as-cold-rolled microstructure reveals that a 90 pct cold reduction produces a combination of lath type and dislocation cell-type martensitic structure. For the annealed samples, the average austenite grain size increases from 0.28 μm at 600 °C to 5.85 μm at 900 °C. On the other hand, the amount of reverted austenite exhibits a maximum at 750 °C, where austenite grains with an average grain size of 1.7 μm compose approximately 95 pct of the microstructure. Annealing temperatures above 750 °C show an increase in the amount of martensite. Upon annealing, (Fe, Cr, Mo)₂₃C₆ carbides form within the grains and at the grain boundaries.     

Estimation of the Temperature-Dependent Nitrogen Solubility in Stainless Fe-Cr-Mn-Ni-Si-C Steel Melts During Processing

The influence of chemical composition, temperature, and pressure on the nitrogen solubility of various high alloy stainless steel grades, namely Fe-14Cr-(0.17-7.77)Mn-6Ni-0.5Si-0.03C [wt pct], Fe-15Cr-3Mn-4Ni-0.5Si-0.1C [wt pct], and Fe-19Cr-3Mn-4Ni-0.5Si-0.15C [wt pct], was studied in the melt. The temperature-dependent N-solubility was determined using an empirical approach proposed by Wada and Pehlke. The thus calculated N-concentrations overestimate the actual N-solubility of all the studied Fe-Cr-Mn-Ni-Si-C steel melts at a given temperature and pressure. Consequently, the calculation model has to be modified by Si and C because both elements are not recognized in the original equation. The addition of the 1st and 2nd order interaction parameters for Si and C to the model by Wada and Pehlke allows a precise estimation of the temperature-dependent nitrogen solubility in the liquid steel bath, and fits very well with the measured nitrogen concentrations during processing of the steels. Moreover, the N-solubility enhancing effect of Cr- and Mn-additions has been demonstrated.     

Effect of Heat Treatment on Delayed Fracture Resistance of High Strength Steel 30CrMnSi2NiNb

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Mechanical properties of isothermally aged high-nitrogen stainless steel

The effects of nitride (Cr₂N) precipitation on the tensile, impact, and hardness properties of a typical high-nitrogen, low-carbon austenitic stainless steel (SS), nominally Fe-19Cr-5Mn-5Ni-3Mo-0.024C0.69N, were determined. Annealed and cold-rolled (20 pct reduction in thickness) specimens were isothermally aged at 700 °C and 900 °C for times ranging from 0.1 to 10 hours. Only grain boundary Cr₂N precipitation occurred in annealed materials aged at 700 °C. Precipitation at 900 °C occurred sequentially at grain boundaries, by cellular precipitation, and, finally, by transgranular precipitation within the matrix. Nitride precipitation had little effect on yield and ultimate strengths but reduced tensile ductility and impact toughness. Embrittlement occurred due to grain boundary separation (700 °C and 900 °C) and fracture through cellular precipitate regions, initiated at nitrides (900 °C). Prior deformation increased precipitation kinetics and had a controlling influence on nitride morphology, enhancing grain boundary and transgranular Cr₂N and retarding cellular precipitation. Nitride structures produced in cold-rolled materials were just as detrimental to material plasticity as those produced in annealed materials, but prior deformation increased the kinetics of embrittlement. Due to strain recovery, the yield and ultimate strengths of cold-rolled materials decreased with aging time and temperature.